Fig. 4. Expression of pituitary hormones of Rhamdia quelen fed with different concentrations of d... more Fig. 4. Expression of pituitary hormones of Rhamdia quelen fed with different concentrations of dietary essential oil of Lippia alba (EOLA). A) growth hormone (GH), B) prolactin (PRL) and C) somatolactin (SL). Mean ± SEM. Different letters indicate significant differences (P <0.05) between treatments.
Fig. 1. Plasma lactate (A), glucose (B) and cortisol (C) of Rhamdia quelen fed with different con... more Fig. 1. Plasma lactate (A), glucose (B) and cortisol (C) of Rhamdia quelen fed with different concentrations of dietary essential oil of Lippia alba (EOLA). Mean ± SEM. Different letters indicate significant differences (P <0.05) between treatments.
Fig. 3. Osmoregulatory parameters of Rhamdia quelen with different concentrations of dietary esse... more Fig. 3. Osmoregulatory parameters of Rhamdia quelen with different concentrations of dietary essential oil of Lippia alba (EOLA). A) plasma ion levels and B) gill Na+/K+-ATPase and H+/ATPase activities. Mean ± SEM. Different letters indicate significant differences (P <0.05) between treatments.
Fig. 2. Plasma and hepatic activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (A) and alanine aminotr... more Fig. 2. Plasma and hepatic activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (A) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (B) of Rhamdia quelen fed with different concentrations of dietary essential oil of Lippia alba (EOLA). Mean ± SEM. Different letters indicate significant differences (P <0.05) between treatments.
Fig 1. Net ion (Na+, K+, Cl̅) fluxes (a-b) and ammonia excretion (c-d) in silver catfish through ... more Fig 1. Net ion (Na+, K+, Cl̅) fluxes (a-b) and ammonia excretion (c-d) in silver catfish through 8 h of exposure to essential oils of Citrus x aurantium (EOCA) and Citrus x latifolia (EOCL). Values are means ± SEM. Different letters indicate significant differences between treatments (P <0.05). Positive values indicate net influxes and negative values net effluxes.
Acetylcholinesterase activity in the brain and muscle of Cyprinus carpio and Aristichthys nobilis... more Acetylcholinesterase activity in the brain and muscle of Cyprinus carpio and Aristichthys nobilis exposed to azimsulfuron and metsulfuron-Methyl
Os efeitos do herbicida glifosate (1,0 e 5,0 mg/L) sobre o crescimento, enzimas digestivas e parâ... more Os efeitos do herbicida glifosate (1,0 e 5,0 mg/L) sobre o crescimento, enzimas digestivas e parâmetros toxicologicos foram avaliados em juvenis de piavas (Leporinus sp.), apos 90 dias de exposicao. O grupo controle foi mantido em agua sem herbicida. Os peixes foram alimentados ate a saciedade aparente, duas vezes ao dia, com racao comercial peletizada (38% de proteina bruta, Purina®). A qualidade da agua foi mantida atraves de sifonagem de residuos de alimento e fezes. A agua das caixas foi renovada a cada 48 horas para manter a concentracao do glifosate constante durante o periodo de exposicao. Apos o periodo experimental (90 dias), o sangue dos peixes foi rapidamente coletado para determinacao dos parâmetros hematologicos. Figado, musculo branco, cerebro, estomago e intestino foram removidos e utilizados para determinar parâmetros toxicologicos e enzimas digestivas. Depois de 90 dias de exposicao, o ganho de peso, taxas de crescimento especifico e conversao alimentar diminuiram c...
ABSTRACT: The goal of this study was to investigate the sedative and anesthetic properties of ess... more ABSTRACT: The goal of this study was to investigate the sedative and anesthetic properties of essential oils (EOs) in map treefrog tadpoles (Hypsiboas geographicus) and to determine the sedation and deep anesthesia induction times as well as the recovery time. The tadpoles were exposed to one of the EOs from three plant species: Aniba rosaeodora (EOAR - 25, 50, 100 or 200µL L-1), Lippia origanoides (EOLO - 13, 25, 50, 100 or 200µL L-1), and Lippia alba (either chemotype citral [EOL-C - 25, 50, 100 or 200µL L-1] or linalool [EOL-L - 50, 75, 100 or 200µL L-1]) (n = 8 per replicate). The tadpoles exposed to 25 and 50µL L-1 EOL-C and EOL-L, respectively, were not anesthetized within 30min (the maximum time of observation), and those exposed to 200µL L-1 EOLO did not recover within 30min. Sedation, deep anesthesia and recovery times showed a concentration-dependent relationship for all EOs tested, with the exception of the recovery with EOLO. The results allowed concluding that all inves...
Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B, 2020
Abstract This study assessed the hematological, enzymatic and osmoregulatory responses of silver ... more Abstract This study assessed the hematological, enzymatic and osmoregulatory responses of silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) exposed to sublethal concentrations (1.125 and 3.750 µg/L) of a commercial thiamethoxam-containing insecticide used on rice crops. Groups of 6 fish per tank (in triplicate, n = 3, total 54 fish) were exposed for up to 96 h to different concentrations of the compound. After this period, fish were placed in clean water for 48 h. Two fish from each tank (6 per treatment) that had been exposed to the insecticide for 24 h were anesthetized with eugenol and blood was collected to evaluate hematological and biochemical parameters. Blood, liver and muscle were collected for determination of metabolic parameters, plasma cortisol, Cl-, Na+ and K+ levels and H+-ATPase and Na+/K+-ATPase activity in the gill. H+-ATPase activity was higher in fish exposed to 1.125 µg/L insecticide at 24 h compared to control (0.0 µg/L). Differences in cortisol levels were evidenced throughout the experimental period. These results indicated that exposure to the insecticide changed the hematological, biochemical and metabolic profile of the animals, suggesting concern about environmental safety. Therefore, we discourage the use of this pesticide in areas that come into contact with water bodies inhabited by fish.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the resistance of Rhamdia quelen (silver catfish) to Aeromo... more The aim of this study was to evaluate the resistance of Rhamdia quelen (silver catfish) to Aeromonas hydrophila infection after treatment with pure and nanoencapsulated forms either terpinen-4-ol, thymol, or carvacrol and the effects of these treatments on fish metabolic responses. After A. hydrophila inoculation, fish were treated with 30 min daily baths for 6 consecutive days with terpinen-4-ol, thymol, or carvacrol in their pure or nanoencapsulated forms at concentrations of 5, 10, 15 or 25 mg L. A positive control group, negative control group and saline group were also included. Survival was evaluated at the end of treatment for six consecutive days. Muscle and liver were collected to determine glucose and lactate levels. The fish treated with the nanoencapsulated form of the compounds had a high survival rate, similar to saline group and negative control groups. The carvacrol, thymol and terpinen-4-ol nanoencapsulated forms improved survival of silver catfish infected with A. hydrophila. Muscle and liver glucose and lactate levels are not indicated as biomarkers because they did not present any correlation between the metabolic state of the fish and the bacterial infection.
This study investigated the anesthetic effect of the essential oils (EOs) from the peel of Citrus... more This study investigated the anesthetic effect of the essential oils (EOs) from the peel of Citrus x aurantium (EOCA) and Citrus x latifolia (EOCL) on silver catfish Rhamdia quelen. Fish were exposed to different concentrations of EOCA and EOCL to determine time of anesthesia induction and recovery. Induction of anesthesia was observed in all fish exposed to 400, 600 or 800 μL L−1 EOCA and 300, 400 or 500 μL L−1 EOCL. Another group of fish were exposed for 8 h to 50, 100, or 200 μL L−1 of either EOs. Overall, fish exposed to ethanol and both EOs presented higher ventilatory frequencies (VF) than the control group throughout the 8 h of exposure. Net ion (Na+, K+ and Cl−) effluxes and ammonia excretion were significantly lower in fish exposed to 50, 100 or 200 μL L−1 of either EOs compared to control fish. Mortality was 37% in fish exposed to 200 μL L−1 of either EOs after 8 h. These findings suggest that EOCA and EOCL are useful anesthetics and sedatives for Rhamdia quelen, but their ...
Environmental toxicology and pharmacology, Jan 3, 2018
Precise coupling of spatially separated intracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-producing and ... more Precise coupling of spatially separated intracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-producing and ATP-consuming processes exerts a pivotal role in bioenergetic homeostasis of living organisms, and the phosphotransfer network pathway, catalyzed by adenylate kinase (AK) and pyruvate kinase (PK), is fundamental in cellular and tissue energetic homeostasis. Measurement of the phosphotransfer network can provide new information for understanding the alterations in hepatic energetic metabolism during exposition to insecticides, such as thiamethoxam. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate whether exposition to thiamethoxam negatively affects the hepatic enzymes of the phosphotransfer network in silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen). Hepatic AK and PK activities were inhibited at 3.75 μg L after 24 h of exposure and at 1.125 and 3.75 μg L after 96 h of exposure compared with the control group. The hepatic ATP levels were decreased following 3.75 μg L thiamethoxam treatment after 24 h of ...
Thiamethoxam is a broad-spectrum pesticide widely used in agricultural practice throughout the wo... more Thiamethoxam is a broad-spectrum pesticide widely used in agricultural practice throughout the world. Worryingly, this pesticide is considered a potential contaminant on the surface and underground water, being a significant risk to aquatic ecosystems and humans. In this sense, we decided to evaluate the activity of enzymes belonging to purinergic system, which is linked with regulation of extracellular nucleotides and nucleosides, as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and adenosine (Ado) molecules involved in the regulation of immune and inflammatory responses. Such as the neurotoxic effects of thiamethoxam remain poorly understood, the aim of this study was to evaluate whether purinergic signaling may be considered a potential target of thiamethoxam-induced neurotoxicity in silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen). Brain ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase (ATP as substrate) and 5'-nucleotidases activities were inhibited at 3.75 µg Lafter 24 h of exposure and at 1.125 and 3.75 µg ...
This study evaluated anesthetic efficacy and possible effects of the essential oils (EOs) of Cuni... more This study evaluated anesthetic efficacy and possible effects of the essential oils (EOs) of Cunila galioides (EOC) and Origanum majorana (EOO) on ventilatory rate (VR) and ionoregulation in Rhamdia quelen. In the anesthesia assessments, 50, 100, 200 and 300 μL L-1 EOC and 50, 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 μL L-1 EOO were tested, and time for induction to sedation and anesthesia stages, as well as recovery, were taken. A second trial employed lower concentrations of both EOs, 10, 25, 50 and 100 μL L-1, in order to verify VR and Na+, K+ and Cl- whole body net fluxes. Sedation was achieved with both oils at 100 µL L-1, and anesthesia at ≥ 200 µL L-1. There was no significant difference between control and EO-treated groups regarding VR, but all fish subjected to 100 µL L-1 EOC died within 2 h of exposure. Overall, ionic loss declined in the presence of the EOs. The EOC at 200 - 300 μL L-1 and EOO at 400 - 500 μL L-1 present the potential to promote fast anesthesia in R. quelen.
The transport of live fish is a routine practice in aquaculture and constitutes a considerable so... more The transport of live fish is a routine practice in aquaculture and constitutes a considerable source of stress to the animals. The addition of anesthetic to the water used for fish transport can prevent or mitigate the deleterious effects of transport stress. This study investigated the effects of the addition of eugenol (EUG) (1.5 or 3.0 µL L–1) and essential oil of Lippia alba (EOL) (10 or 20 µL L–1) on metabolic parameters (glycogen, lactate and total protein levels) in liver and muscle, acetylcholinesterase activity (AChE) in muscle and brain, and the levels of protein carbonyl (PC), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and nonprotein thiol groups (NPSH) and activity of glutathione-S-transferase in the liver of silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen; Quoy and Gaimard, 1824) transported for four hours in plastic bags (loading density of 169.2 g L–1). The addition of various concentrations of EUG (1.5 or 3.0 µL L–1) and EOL (10 or 20 µL L–1) to the transport water is advisable...
The aim of this study was to evaluate if Lippia alba has different chemotypes according to the ch... more The aim of this study was to evaluate if Lippia alba has different chemotypes according to the chemical composition of the essential oil (EO) considering collection site, and if the EO may have different effects on blood and plasma parameters in silver catfish, Rhamdia quelen, during and immediately after anesthesia. The citral (EO-C) and linalool (EO-L) chemotypes were identified, and both presented similar anesthetic effects for silver catfish. Fish were exposed to two concentrations of each EO, which induced slow and fast anesthesia (100 and 300 µL L-1, respectively). Blood ions did not change at any time of anesthesia induction and recovery and, therefore, the electrolyte balance was not altered. Blood gases oscillated through all exposure and recovery times, but there was an increase in pO2 after 10 min recovery in fish anesthetized with EO-C. Glucose increased in fish exposed to both EOs when compared with the control group. Overall, exposure to both EOs (except 100 µL L-1 EO-...
Fig. 4. Expression of pituitary hormones of Rhamdia quelen fed with different concentrations of d... more Fig. 4. Expression of pituitary hormones of Rhamdia quelen fed with different concentrations of dietary essential oil of Lippia alba (EOLA). A) growth hormone (GH), B) prolactin (PRL) and C) somatolactin (SL). Mean ± SEM. Different letters indicate significant differences (P <0.05) between treatments.
Fig. 1. Plasma lactate (A), glucose (B) and cortisol (C) of Rhamdia quelen fed with different con... more Fig. 1. Plasma lactate (A), glucose (B) and cortisol (C) of Rhamdia quelen fed with different concentrations of dietary essential oil of Lippia alba (EOLA). Mean ± SEM. Different letters indicate significant differences (P <0.05) between treatments.
Fig. 3. Osmoregulatory parameters of Rhamdia quelen with different concentrations of dietary esse... more Fig. 3. Osmoregulatory parameters of Rhamdia quelen with different concentrations of dietary essential oil of Lippia alba (EOLA). A) plasma ion levels and B) gill Na+/K+-ATPase and H+/ATPase activities. Mean ± SEM. Different letters indicate significant differences (P <0.05) between treatments.
Fig. 2. Plasma and hepatic activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (A) and alanine aminotr... more Fig. 2. Plasma and hepatic activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (A) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (B) of Rhamdia quelen fed with different concentrations of dietary essential oil of Lippia alba (EOLA). Mean ± SEM. Different letters indicate significant differences (P <0.05) between treatments.
Fig 1. Net ion (Na+, K+, Cl̅) fluxes (a-b) and ammonia excretion (c-d) in silver catfish through ... more Fig 1. Net ion (Na+, K+, Cl̅) fluxes (a-b) and ammonia excretion (c-d) in silver catfish through 8 h of exposure to essential oils of Citrus x aurantium (EOCA) and Citrus x latifolia (EOCL). Values are means ± SEM. Different letters indicate significant differences between treatments (P <0.05). Positive values indicate net influxes and negative values net effluxes.
Acetylcholinesterase activity in the brain and muscle of Cyprinus carpio and Aristichthys nobilis... more Acetylcholinesterase activity in the brain and muscle of Cyprinus carpio and Aristichthys nobilis exposed to azimsulfuron and metsulfuron-Methyl
Os efeitos do herbicida glifosate (1,0 e 5,0 mg/L) sobre o crescimento, enzimas digestivas e parâ... more Os efeitos do herbicida glifosate (1,0 e 5,0 mg/L) sobre o crescimento, enzimas digestivas e parâmetros toxicologicos foram avaliados em juvenis de piavas (Leporinus sp.), apos 90 dias de exposicao. O grupo controle foi mantido em agua sem herbicida. Os peixes foram alimentados ate a saciedade aparente, duas vezes ao dia, com racao comercial peletizada (38% de proteina bruta, Purina®). A qualidade da agua foi mantida atraves de sifonagem de residuos de alimento e fezes. A agua das caixas foi renovada a cada 48 horas para manter a concentracao do glifosate constante durante o periodo de exposicao. Apos o periodo experimental (90 dias), o sangue dos peixes foi rapidamente coletado para determinacao dos parâmetros hematologicos. Figado, musculo branco, cerebro, estomago e intestino foram removidos e utilizados para determinar parâmetros toxicologicos e enzimas digestivas. Depois de 90 dias de exposicao, o ganho de peso, taxas de crescimento especifico e conversao alimentar diminuiram c...
ABSTRACT: The goal of this study was to investigate the sedative and anesthetic properties of ess... more ABSTRACT: The goal of this study was to investigate the sedative and anesthetic properties of essential oils (EOs) in map treefrog tadpoles (Hypsiboas geographicus) and to determine the sedation and deep anesthesia induction times as well as the recovery time. The tadpoles were exposed to one of the EOs from three plant species: Aniba rosaeodora (EOAR - 25, 50, 100 or 200µL L-1), Lippia origanoides (EOLO - 13, 25, 50, 100 or 200µL L-1), and Lippia alba (either chemotype citral [EOL-C - 25, 50, 100 or 200µL L-1] or linalool [EOL-L - 50, 75, 100 or 200µL L-1]) (n = 8 per replicate). The tadpoles exposed to 25 and 50µL L-1 EOL-C and EOL-L, respectively, were not anesthetized within 30min (the maximum time of observation), and those exposed to 200µL L-1 EOLO did not recover within 30min. Sedation, deep anesthesia and recovery times showed a concentration-dependent relationship for all EOs tested, with the exception of the recovery with EOLO. The results allowed concluding that all inves...
Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B, 2020
Abstract This study assessed the hematological, enzymatic and osmoregulatory responses of silver ... more Abstract This study assessed the hematological, enzymatic and osmoregulatory responses of silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) exposed to sublethal concentrations (1.125 and 3.750 µg/L) of a commercial thiamethoxam-containing insecticide used on rice crops. Groups of 6 fish per tank (in triplicate, n = 3, total 54 fish) were exposed for up to 96 h to different concentrations of the compound. After this period, fish were placed in clean water for 48 h. Two fish from each tank (6 per treatment) that had been exposed to the insecticide for 24 h were anesthetized with eugenol and blood was collected to evaluate hematological and biochemical parameters. Blood, liver and muscle were collected for determination of metabolic parameters, plasma cortisol, Cl-, Na+ and K+ levels and H+-ATPase and Na+/K+-ATPase activity in the gill. H+-ATPase activity was higher in fish exposed to 1.125 µg/L insecticide at 24 h compared to control (0.0 µg/L). Differences in cortisol levels were evidenced throughout the experimental period. These results indicated that exposure to the insecticide changed the hematological, biochemical and metabolic profile of the animals, suggesting concern about environmental safety. Therefore, we discourage the use of this pesticide in areas that come into contact with water bodies inhabited by fish.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the resistance of Rhamdia quelen (silver catfish) to Aeromo... more The aim of this study was to evaluate the resistance of Rhamdia quelen (silver catfish) to Aeromonas hydrophila infection after treatment with pure and nanoencapsulated forms either terpinen-4-ol, thymol, or carvacrol and the effects of these treatments on fish metabolic responses. After A. hydrophila inoculation, fish were treated with 30 min daily baths for 6 consecutive days with terpinen-4-ol, thymol, or carvacrol in their pure or nanoencapsulated forms at concentrations of 5, 10, 15 or 25 mg L. A positive control group, negative control group and saline group were also included. Survival was evaluated at the end of treatment for six consecutive days. Muscle and liver were collected to determine glucose and lactate levels. The fish treated with the nanoencapsulated form of the compounds had a high survival rate, similar to saline group and negative control groups. The carvacrol, thymol and terpinen-4-ol nanoencapsulated forms improved survival of silver catfish infected with A. hydrophila. Muscle and liver glucose and lactate levels are not indicated as biomarkers because they did not present any correlation between the metabolic state of the fish and the bacterial infection.
This study investigated the anesthetic effect of the essential oils (EOs) from the peel of Citrus... more This study investigated the anesthetic effect of the essential oils (EOs) from the peel of Citrus x aurantium (EOCA) and Citrus x latifolia (EOCL) on silver catfish Rhamdia quelen. Fish were exposed to different concentrations of EOCA and EOCL to determine time of anesthesia induction and recovery. Induction of anesthesia was observed in all fish exposed to 400, 600 or 800 μL L−1 EOCA and 300, 400 or 500 μL L−1 EOCL. Another group of fish were exposed for 8 h to 50, 100, or 200 μL L−1 of either EOs. Overall, fish exposed to ethanol and both EOs presented higher ventilatory frequencies (VF) than the control group throughout the 8 h of exposure. Net ion (Na+, K+ and Cl−) effluxes and ammonia excretion were significantly lower in fish exposed to 50, 100 or 200 μL L−1 of either EOs compared to control fish. Mortality was 37% in fish exposed to 200 μL L−1 of either EOs after 8 h. These findings suggest that EOCA and EOCL are useful anesthetics and sedatives for Rhamdia quelen, but their ...
Environmental toxicology and pharmacology, Jan 3, 2018
Precise coupling of spatially separated intracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-producing and ... more Precise coupling of spatially separated intracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-producing and ATP-consuming processes exerts a pivotal role in bioenergetic homeostasis of living organisms, and the phosphotransfer network pathway, catalyzed by adenylate kinase (AK) and pyruvate kinase (PK), is fundamental in cellular and tissue energetic homeostasis. Measurement of the phosphotransfer network can provide new information for understanding the alterations in hepatic energetic metabolism during exposition to insecticides, such as thiamethoxam. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate whether exposition to thiamethoxam negatively affects the hepatic enzymes of the phosphotransfer network in silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen). Hepatic AK and PK activities were inhibited at 3.75 μg L after 24 h of exposure and at 1.125 and 3.75 μg L after 96 h of exposure compared with the control group. The hepatic ATP levels were decreased following 3.75 μg L thiamethoxam treatment after 24 h of ...
Thiamethoxam is a broad-spectrum pesticide widely used in agricultural practice throughout the wo... more Thiamethoxam is a broad-spectrum pesticide widely used in agricultural practice throughout the world. Worryingly, this pesticide is considered a potential contaminant on the surface and underground water, being a significant risk to aquatic ecosystems and humans. In this sense, we decided to evaluate the activity of enzymes belonging to purinergic system, which is linked with regulation of extracellular nucleotides and nucleosides, as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and adenosine (Ado) molecules involved in the regulation of immune and inflammatory responses. Such as the neurotoxic effects of thiamethoxam remain poorly understood, the aim of this study was to evaluate whether purinergic signaling may be considered a potential target of thiamethoxam-induced neurotoxicity in silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen). Brain ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase (ATP as substrate) and 5'-nucleotidases activities were inhibited at 3.75 µg Lafter 24 h of exposure and at 1.125 and 3.75 µg ...
This study evaluated anesthetic efficacy and possible effects of the essential oils (EOs) of Cuni... more This study evaluated anesthetic efficacy and possible effects of the essential oils (EOs) of Cunila galioides (EOC) and Origanum majorana (EOO) on ventilatory rate (VR) and ionoregulation in Rhamdia quelen. In the anesthesia assessments, 50, 100, 200 and 300 μL L-1 EOC and 50, 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 μL L-1 EOO were tested, and time for induction to sedation and anesthesia stages, as well as recovery, were taken. A second trial employed lower concentrations of both EOs, 10, 25, 50 and 100 μL L-1, in order to verify VR and Na+, K+ and Cl- whole body net fluxes. Sedation was achieved with both oils at 100 µL L-1, and anesthesia at ≥ 200 µL L-1. There was no significant difference between control and EO-treated groups regarding VR, but all fish subjected to 100 µL L-1 EOC died within 2 h of exposure. Overall, ionic loss declined in the presence of the EOs. The EOC at 200 - 300 μL L-1 and EOO at 400 - 500 μL L-1 present the potential to promote fast anesthesia in R. quelen.
The transport of live fish is a routine practice in aquaculture and constitutes a considerable so... more The transport of live fish is a routine practice in aquaculture and constitutes a considerable source of stress to the animals. The addition of anesthetic to the water used for fish transport can prevent or mitigate the deleterious effects of transport stress. This study investigated the effects of the addition of eugenol (EUG) (1.5 or 3.0 µL L–1) and essential oil of Lippia alba (EOL) (10 or 20 µL L–1) on metabolic parameters (glycogen, lactate and total protein levels) in liver and muscle, acetylcholinesterase activity (AChE) in muscle and brain, and the levels of protein carbonyl (PC), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and nonprotein thiol groups (NPSH) and activity of glutathione-S-transferase in the liver of silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen; Quoy and Gaimard, 1824) transported for four hours in plastic bags (loading density of 169.2 g L–1). The addition of various concentrations of EUG (1.5 or 3.0 µL L–1) and EOL (10 or 20 µL L–1) to the transport water is advisable...
The aim of this study was to evaluate if Lippia alba has different chemotypes according to the ch... more The aim of this study was to evaluate if Lippia alba has different chemotypes according to the chemical composition of the essential oil (EO) considering collection site, and if the EO may have different effects on blood and plasma parameters in silver catfish, Rhamdia quelen, during and immediately after anesthesia. The citral (EO-C) and linalool (EO-L) chemotypes were identified, and both presented similar anesthetic effects for silver catfish. Fish were exposed to two concentrations of each EO, which induced slow and fast anesthesia (100 and 300 µL L-1, respectively). Blood ions did not change at any time of anesthesia induction and recovery and, therefore, the electrolyte balance was not altered. Blood gases oscillated through all exposure and recovery times, but there was an increase in pO2 after 10 min recovery in fish anesthetized with EO-C. Glucose increased in fish exposed to both EOs when compared with the control group. Overall, exposure to both EOs (except 100 µL L-1 EO-...
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