Triapenthenol or RSW 0411 (B(-cyclohexalmethylene)-gamma-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole-1-... more Triapenthenol or RSW 0411 (B(-cyclohexalmethylene)-gamma-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole-1-ethanol), a triazole plant growth regulator, applied preemergence as a separate broadcast application, protected tolerant and midtolerant soybean cultivars from metribuzin (4-amino-6-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-3-(methylthio)-1,2,4-triazin-5(4H)-one)-induced necrotic injury, and stabilized seedling fresh weight and dry weight loss to herbicide treatment. Soybean yields were not significantly reduced by triapenthenol treatment alone, but 1.12 kg ai/ha metribuzin and a 0.56 kg ai/ha triapenthenol plus 1.12 kg ai/ha metribuzin combination reduced crop yield averaged across cultivars.
Three in vitro experiments were conducted to determine the rumen fermentability of Mucuna (M) pru... more Three in vitro experiments were conducted to determine the rumen fermentability of Mucuna (M) pruriens (24g 3,4-dihydroxy-l-phenylalanine (l-dopa)/kg dry matter (DM) and soybean meal treated with (SBD) or without (SB) 138g l-dopa/kg DM). Additional objectives were to determine if l-dopa inhibits rumen fermentation, and if ruminal microbes can adapt to l-dopa or M. In Experiment 1, ground (1mm) substrates were incubated in triplicate at 38°C in 9ml nutrient media and 1ml rumen fluid in a series of six, 48h, consecutive batch cultures. The first culture was inoculated with rumen fluid from two donor cows. Subsequent cultures were inoculated with fluid (1ml) from the previous culture. The DM digestibility (DMD, 616g/kg vs. 540g/kg; P<0.01) and gas production (51.7ml/g vs. 44.2ml/g DM; P<0.05) were higher from fermentation of M versus SB but similar for SB and SBD (540g/kg vs. 554g/kg and 44.2ml/g DM vs. 43.5ml/g DM, respectively). The slopes of the relationships between DMD (g/kg) or gas production (ml/g DM) and fermentation period were not reduced by fermenting M (−0.014 DMD slope; 2.28 gas production slope) or SBD (−0.014 DMD slope; 0.459 gas production slope), instead of SB (−0.002 DMD slope; 1.039 gas production slope), indicating microbial adaptation to M and SBD. Total volatile fatty acid concentration (VFA; 53.7, 54.9 and 54.9mmol/l) and molar proportions of VFA were similar among substrates. Gas production kinetics of M versus SB (Experiment 2), and SB versus SBD (Experiment 3) were also measured after substrates were incubated in triplicate in buffered rumen fluid for 24h using a non-linear exponential model to fit the data. Residual l-dopa was measured after separate fermentation of substrates in triplicate for 0, 4, 8, 16 and 24h. Fermentation of M versus SB produced more (P<0.05) gas (250ml/g vs. 100ml/g DM) and total VFA (203mmol/l vs. 180mmol/l) and a lower (P<0.05) acetate:propionate ratio (1.35 vs. 1.87; P<0.05). Adding l-dopa to SB increased (P<0.01) gas production (92ml/g DM vs. 200ml/g DM), and total VFA concentration (132mmol/l vs. 188mmol/l), but reduced (P<0.05) gas production rate (0.08ml/h vs. 0.05ml/h). The concentration of l-dopa in fermented M and SBD decreased by 53 and 47%, respectively during fermentation. In conclusion, M was more fermented than SB and degradation of l-dopa during ruminal fermentation and microbial adaptation to l-dopa were confirmed. Adding l-dopa to SB did not impair ruminal fermentation.
Potato Seed. ACCATINO, PRIMO, Jose L. Rueda, and Donald Berrios, International Potato Center, Lim... more Potato Seed. ACCATINO, PRIMO, Jose L. Rueda, and Donald Berrios, International Potato Center, Lima, Peru. Results for agronomic research carried out to produce consumer potatoes from botanical seed following two planting approaches, direct seeding and ...
Tepary bean and pigeonpea were highly drought tolerant food legumes and were profitable in arid r... more Tepary bean and pigeonpea were highly drought tolerant food legumes and were profitable in arid regions with sustainable productivity. Protein and starch, major constituents of legume grain, were used in various forms for human and animal consumption. Therefore, present investigation was carried out with an objective to evaluate protein content and various factors influencing qualities of starch in pigeonpea and tepary bean. Significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed for protein and starch qualities among the two crops and between the drought responsive cultivars of these crops. The protein content of pigeon pea (22.5-26.2 mg/100 mg) was high compared to tepary bean (17 to 26 mg/100 mg) seed. The resistant starch content of pure starch extracted from drought responsive cultivars varied from 1.09 (TB #7) to 8.75 (TB #31) in teparybean and 14.68% (G2) - 21.35 % (W1) in pigeonpea. Amylose content of pigeonpea varied from 7.76 to 12.31% and the degree of crystallinity were 13.42 - 19.30% with X-ray diffraction pattern of the C-type. The pigeonpea starch granules were large, oval to ellipsoidal shape with a smooth surface and mean granule size of 47.6 μm in length X 36.4 μm in width. The transition temperatures and enthalpy of gelatinization ranged from 67.25-68.29 oC (To); 71.4-72.49 oC (Tp) and 77.04-78.51 oC (Tc) and 4.80-6.43 J/g respectively. Amylose content of tepary starch varied from 8.08 to 12.38% and the degree of crystallinity were 13.52-18.29% with X-ray diffraction pattern of the C-type. The tepary bean starch granules were round to oval shape with a smooth surface and mean granule size of 39.26 μm in length X30.36 μm in width. The transition temperatures and enthalpy of gelatinization ranged from 73.12-74.65 oC (To); 77.71-78.85 oC (Tp); 82.65-84.29 oC (Tc) and 2.21-5.27 J/g respectively. Pigeon pea starches were with low molecular weights of amylopectin (5.26 x 108 Da) and high molecular weights of amylose (4.63 × 105 Da) compared to those in tepary bean (13.6 × 108; 1.35 × 105) on an average. In both crops, the gelatinization showed significant correlation with amylose content, crystallinity and granule size. Pigeonpea grain was superior with quality starch and protein with adequate amounts of digestible fiber without any reduction in quality during extraction of starch compared to tepary bean. Black seed coated tepary had lowest gelatinization energy compared to brown and white. The drought tolerant cultivars identified in teparybean (TB #24) and Pigeonpea (W1) with high resistant starch and protein content will be useful in selection for crop production, developing homozygous line for industrial use in southern USA. Keywords: cultivars, resistant starch, amylose, amylopectin, crystallinity, granule size and shape, physiochemical properties 1. Introduction Drought is the major constraint for agricultural production in USA. The severe impact
Crops with increased biomass production and yield under suboptimal water availability are vital f... more Crops with increased biomass production and yield under suboptimal water availability are vital for sustainable production under abiotic stress. We identified drought tolerance in pigeonpea and mungbean cultivars by measuring chlorophyll florescence, an indicator to evaluate the efficiency of PSII photochemistry. Significant variation (p < 0.05) observed among cultivars and crops with high quantum yields (Fv/Fm) in Mungbean (Texas sprout) and Pigeonpea (W1, W3, G1) and were highly drought tolerant. Pigeonpea (Fv/Fm = 0.7933) and mungbean (Fv/Fm = 0.7993) were equally potential and significantly (p < 0.05) more tolerant to water stress (50 % field capacity) during early vegetative growth stage compared to soybean (Fv/Fm = 0.7870). The quantum yields were high (0.79-0.81) during early growth stage indicating high water use efficiency and low (0.71, pigeonpea; 0.77, mungbean) during podding and flowering stages respectively indicating distribution of photosynthetic assimilates. Among all the growth stages evaluated, the podding and maturity stages were with less water use efficiency as indicated by relatively less values of Fv/Fm in both crops requiring relatively less amount of water compared to active vegetative growth stage. The cultivars with shortest plant height and tan seed coat were observed with drought tolerance in pigeonpea. Among the six food legumes studied for mean comparisons, the chickpea, pigeonpea and mungbean were highly tolerant followed by soybean, mothbean and tepary bean while fababean was less tolerant to drought stress. Keywords: quantum yield, Fv/Fm, Cajanus cajan, Vigna radiata, fabaceae
The largest challenge facing much of Georgia agriculture is the development of a new low input su... more The largest challenge facing much of Georgia agriculture is the development of a new low input sustainable system agriculture system before the current industry driven one destroys our entire natural resource base and agriculture infrastructure system.
ABSTRACT Annual legumes and mixtures of annual legumes and grasses can perform several functions ... more ABSTRACT Annual legumes and mixtures of annual legumes and grasses can perform several functions as understory cover crops in pecan orchards, such as providing nitrogenrich organic matter to improve soil fertility, or by sustaining lady beetles and other arthropods that may aid the biological control of pecan pests. Remaining questions concern selection of appropriate plant materials; whether to use cover crops singly or in mixtures; how to ensure reseeding as well as a substantial N contribution; whether, when, and how to use mowing and tillage; and fertilization options. Different considerations apply when dealing with cool- vs. warm-season cover crops. With minor adjustments, growers could adapt present cultural practices to include cool-season cover crops. These could be used throughout the orchard, by establishing appropriate self-reseeding species and avoiding both excessive mowing and indiscriminate placement of N-rich fertilizers. Within alleys, alternating 2-m strips of cool-season cover crops could be tilled in mid to late April or allowed to mature. The tilled strips would supply N to pecan trees immediately, whereas the adjoining untilled (remnant) strips could be mowed after seed is mature, to ensure dispersal of seed and reestablishment of cover crops over the entire alley. Cool-season annual legumes that die or are killed in late spring will probably furnish N and other nutrients at a suitable time, particularly in orchards with sprinkler irrigation. Warm-season cover crops, if desired, should be restricted to alleys to reduce possible competition with pecan. Alleys provide better illumination than do tree rows during periods when pecan trees are in leaf, and the tillage mentioned above will encourage emergence of warm-season cover crops. If these die or are killed in late summer or early fall, timing of N release may not be optimal, in the absence of adequate irrigation. Many options and tradeoffs need to be explored before choosing a cover-crop system. Attimes, several objectives may appear to conflict, and even delicately-managed mixtures of species may not fulfill all the desired functions.
MANAGING PESTS WITH COVER CROPS
By Sharad C. Phatak and Juan Carlos Diaz-Perez. Pp 25-33.
Cover c... more MANAGING PESTS WITH COVER CROPS By Sharad C. Phatak and Juan Carlos Diaz-Perez. Pp 25-33. Cover crops are poised to play increasingly important roles on North American farms. In addition to slowing erosion, improving soil structure and providing fertility, we are learn - ing how cover crops help farmers to manage pests (390). With limited tillage and careful attention to cultivar choice, placement and timing, cover crops can reduce infestations by insects, diseases, nematodes and weeds. Pest-fighting cover crop systems help minimize reliance on pesticides, and as a result cut costs, reduce your chemical expo sure, protect the environment, and increase con sumer confidence in the food you produce. Farmers and researchers are using cover crops to design new strategies that preserve a farm’s natural resources while remaining profitable. Key to this approach is to see a farm as an “agro - ecosystem”—a dynamic relationship of the min - eral, biological, weather and human resources involved in producing crops or livestock. Our goal is to learn agricultural practices that are environ mentally sound, economically feasible and socially acceptable. Environmentally sustainable pest management starts with building healthy soils. Research in south Georgia (see Georgia Cotton, Peanut Farmers, p. 26) shows that crops grown on biologically active soils resist pest pressures better than those grown on soils of low fertility, extreme pH, low biological activity and poor soil structure. There are many ways to increase biological activity in soil. Adding more organic material by growing cover crops or by applying manure or compost helps. Reducing or eliminating pesticides favors diverse, healthy populations of beneficial soil flora and fauna. So does reducing or eliminating tillage that causes losses of soil structure, biological life or organic matter. These losses make crops more vulnerable to pest damage. Farming on newly cleared land shows the process well. Land that has been in a “cover crop”of trees or pastures for at least 10 years remains productive for row crops and vegetables for the first two to three years. High yields of agronomic and horticultural crops are profitable, with comparatively few pesticide and fertilizer inputs.
What Growers Can Do to Enhance Biological Control of Insects
Sharad C. Phatak
Department of Horti... more What Growers Can Do to Enhance Biological Control of Insects Sharad C. Phatak Department of Horticulture Coastal Plain Experiment Station University of Georgia College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences Tifton, Georgia. Pp 13-16
Cuphea llavea selection ‘Georgia Scarlet’
has potential use as a perennial landscape
and ornament... more Cuphea llavea selection ‘Georgia Scarlet’ has potential use as a perennial landscape and ornamental plant for the southeastern United States and as an annual bedding plant in regions to the north. This plant is adapted to full sun and has winter hardiness in U.S. Dept. of Agriculture Plant Hardiness Zone 8A (U.S. Dept. Agr., 1990). The plants produce a large mass of red flowers from mid- June until mid-October. Natural propagation is by underground stolons and by rooting of prostrate shoots.
Information from multidisciplinary on-farm research can help improve understanding and promote ad... more Information from multidisciplinary on-farm research can help improve understanding and promote adaptation of sustainable systems. We formed a team of scientists to develop information to help reduce barriers to adaption fo cover crops and conservation tillage. The project promoted use of cover crops to improve beneficial insect habitat and soil productivity. We present here a compilation of the approaches, results and outlook.
BHARAT P. SINGH1*, DARBIE M.GRANBERRY2, W. TERRY KELLEY2, GEORGE BOYHAN4, UPENDRA M. SAINJU6, SHA... more BHARAT P. SINGH1*, DARBIE M.GRANBERRY2, W. TERRY KELLEY2, GEORGE BOYHAN4, UPENDRA M. SAINJU6, SHARAD C. PHATAK3, PAUL E. SUMNER2, MICHAEL J. BADER2, THEODORE M. WEBSTER5, A. STANLEY CULPEPPER2, DAVID G. RILEY3, DAVID B. LANGSTON2, GREG E. FONSAH2 1Fort Valley State University, 1005 State University Drive, Fort Valley, GA 31030 USA. *e-mail: singhb@fvsu.edu 2University of Georgia, Rural Development Centre, P.O. Box 1209, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. 3University of Georgia, Coastal Plain Experiment Station, P.O. Box 748, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. 4University of Georgia, East Georgia Extension Centre, PO Box 8112, GSU, Statesboro, GA 30460 USA. 5USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. 6USAD- Agricultural Research Service, Sidney, MT 59270 USA 1.Farming is the number one industrial enterprise both in the United States and the world. Like any other industry stakeholder,farmers strive for maximum profit from their investment. The most obvious way to increase profit is by obtaining maximum output from per unit land area while keeping the production cost to a minimum. Similar to other industries, sustaining farm profitability requires continuous investment in the upkeep of its underlying foundation, soil and water being the most important. Continuous cropping the same land is not sustainable without inputs. Early civilizations, which were unaware of this, were only able to develop along alluvial flood plains of rivers where the land was renewed annually with fresh deposits from rich flood water. Sustainability in this context then refers not to the lack of input, but the sources of inputs and how they are managed.
Crop Protection 10(!):23-27. 1991
Suhas R. Ghate, Donald R. Summer, Sharad C. Phatak
Abstract
A... more Crop Protection 10(!):23-27. 1991
Suhas R. Ghate, Donald R. Summer, Sharad C. Phatak
Abstract A cucumber (Cucumis sativis L.) crop was established in various tillage systems from gel-sown germinated seed. Fungicides (flutolanil plus metalaxyl) were mixed with a gel or applied as a drench after seeding to control Rhizoctonia and Pythium seedling diseases. The benefit of mixing fungicides with a gel was similar to that of drenching the seeded area with fungicides. There was no advantage in using germinated seed for cucumber production in conservation tillage. Germinated seed was more susceptible to fungal diseases in the absence of fungicides. Crop yield was greater in conventionally prepared soil than in conversation tillage.
Sumner, D. R., Phatak, S. C., Smittle, D., Johnson, A. W. and Glaze, N. C. Plant Disease 65:401-4... more Sumner, D. R., Phatak, S. C., Smittle, D., Johnson, A. W. and Glaze, N. C. Plant Disease 65:401-404. 1981 Abstract will be added later.
Sharad C. Phatak,, Jinsheng Liu,, Casimir A. Jaworski and
A. Fazal Sultanbawa
Univers... more Sharad C. Phatak,, Jinsheng Liu,, Casimir A. Jaworski and A. Fazal Sultanbawa
University of Georgia and ARS, USDA
Abstract
The functional male sterile (fms) eggplant (Solanum melohgena L.) germplasm UGA 1-MS was crossed with two cultivars, `UGA 18 White' and `Florida Market' with normal anthers to derive F1, F2, and BC populations. Functional male sterility (fms) was governed by a single recessive allele. The gene symbol fms is proposed for this male sterile characteristic. The functional male sterility gene was linked to purple fruit color at the X/x locus. Our observations also revealed that the purple or violet color ware not only on the fruit peel, but also on the anthers and leaf buds if the eggplant fruit was purple or violet. In the transmission of parents and progenies of the cross of UGA 1-MS × `UGA 18 White', the purple line on the anther and leaf bud purple color ware tightly associated with fruit purple color. Thus, it is assumed that the allele X controls not only purple fruit, but also the expression of the purple line on the anther and purple leaf bud. HortScience Vol 90(9):1168
Triapenthenol or RSW 0411 (B(-cyclohexalmethylene)-gamma-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole-1-... more Triapenthenol or RSW 0411 (B(-cyclohexalmethylene)-gamma-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole-1-ethanol), a triazole plant growth regulator, applied preemergence as a separate broadcast application, protected tolerant and midtolerant soybean cultivars from metribuzin (4-amino-6-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-3-(methylthio)-1,2,4-triazin-5(4H)-one)-induced necrotic injury, and stabilized seedling fresh weight and dry weight loss to herbicide treatment. Soybean yields were not significantly reduced by triapenthenol treatment alone, but 1.12 kg ai/ha metribuzin and a 0.56 kg ai/ha triapenthenol plus 1.12 kg ai/ha metribuzin combination reduced crop yield averaged across cultivars.
Three in vitro experiments were conducted to determine the rumen fermentability of Mucuna (M) pru... more Three in vitro experiments were conducted to determine the rumen fermentability of Mucuna (M) pruriens (24g 3,4-dihydroxy-l-phenylalanine (l-dopa)/kg dry matter (DM) and soybean meal treated with (SBD) or without (SB) 138g l-dopa/kg DM). Additional objectives were to determine if l-dopa inhibits rumen fermentation, and if ruminal microbes can adapt to l-dopa or M. In Experiment 1, ground (1mm) substrates were incubated in triplicate at 38°C in 9ml nutrient media and 1ml rumen fluid in a series of six, 48h, consecutive batch cultures. The first culture was inoculated with rumen fluid from two donor cows. Subsequent cultures were inoculated with fluid (1ml) from the previous culture. The DM digestibility (DMD, 616g/kg vs. 540g/kg; P<0.01) and gas production (51.7ml/g vs. 44.2ml/g DM; P<0.05) were higher from fermentation of M versus SB but similar for SB and SBD (540g/kg vs. 554g/kg and 44.2ml/g DM vs. 43.5ml/g DM, respectively). The slopes of the relationships between DMD (g/kg) or gas production (ml/g DM) and fermentation period were not reduced by fermenting M (−0.014 DMD slope; 2.28 gas production slope) or SBD (−0.014 DMD slope; 0.459 gas production slope), instead of SB (−0.002 DMD slope; 1.039 gas production slope), indicating microbial adaptation to M and SBD. Total volatile fatty acid concentration (VFA; 53.7, 54.9 and 54.9mmol/l) and molar proportions of VFA were similar among substrates. Gas production kinetics of M versus SB (Experiment 2), and SB versus SBD (Experiment 3) were also measured after substrates were incubated in triplicate in buffered rumen fluid for 24h using a non-linear exponential model to fit the data. Residual l-dopa was measured after separate fermentation of substrates in triplicate for 0, 4, 8, 16 and 24h. Fermentation of M versus SB produced more (P<0.05) gas (250ml/g vs. 100ml/g DM) and total VFA (203mmol/l vs. 180mmol/l) and a lower (P<0.05) acetate:propionate ratio (1.35 vs. 1.87; P<0.05). Adding l-dopa to SB increased (P<0.01) gas production (92ml/g DM vs. 200ml/g DM), and total VFA concentration (132mmol/l vs. 188mmol/l), but reduced (P<0.05) gas production rate (0.08ml/h vs. 0.05ml/h). The concentration of l-dopa in fermented M and SBD decreased by 53 and 47%, respectively during fermentation. In conclusion, M was more fermented than SB and degradation of l-dopa during ruminal fermentation and microbial adaptation to l-dopa were confirmed. Adding l-dopa to SB did not impair ruminal fermentation.
Potato Seed. ACCATINO, PRIMO, Jose L. Rueda, and Donald Berrios, International Potato Center, Lim... more Potato Seed. ACCATINO, PRIMO, Jose L. Rueda, and Donald Berrios, International Potato Center, Lima, Peru. Results for agronomic research carried out to produce consumer potatoes from botanical seed following two planting approaches, direct seeding and ...
Tepary bean and pigeonpea were highly drought tolerant food legumes and were profitable in arid r... more Tepary bean and pigeonpea were highly drought tolerant food legumes and were profitable in arid regions with sustainable productivity. Protein and starch, major constituents of legume grain, were used in various forms for human and animal consumption. Therefore, present investigation was carried out with an objective to evaluate protein content and various factors influencing qualities of starch in pigeonpea and tepary bean. Significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed for protein and starch qualities among the two crops and between the drought responsive cultivars of these crops. The protein content of pigeon pea (22.5-26.2 mg/100 mg) was high compared to tepary bean (17 to 26 mg/100 mg) seed. The resistant starch content of pure starch extracted from drought responsive cultivars varied from 1.09 (TB #7) to 8.75 (TB #31) in teparybean and 14.68% (G2) - 21.35 % (W1) in pigeonpea. Amylose content of pigeonpea varied from 7.76 to 12.31% and the degree of crystallinity were 13.42 - 19.30% with X-ray diffraction pattern of the C-type. The pigeonpea starch granules were large, oval to ellipsoidal shape with a smooth surface and mean granule size of 47.6 μm in length X 36.4 μm in width. The transition temperatures and enthalpy of gelatinization ranged from 67.25-68.29 oC (To); 71.4-72.49 oC (Tp) and 77.04-78.51 oC (Tc) and 4.80-6.43 J/g respectively. Amylose content of tepary starch varied from 8.08 to 12.38% and the degree of crystallinity were 13.52-18.29% with X-ray diffraction pattern of the C-type. The tepary bean starch granules were round to oval shape with a smooth surface and mean granule size of 39.26 μm in length X30.36 μm in width. The transition temperatures and enthalpy of gelatinization ranged from 73.12-74.65 oC (To); 77.71-78.85 oC (Tp); 82.65-84.29 oC (Tc) and 2.21-5.27 J/g respectively. Pigeon pea starches were with low molecular weights of amylopectin (5.26 x 108 Da) and high molecular weights of amylose (4.63 × 105 Da) compared to those in tepary bean (13.6 × 108; 1.35 × 105) on an average. In both crops, the gelatinization showed significant correlation with amylose content, crystallinity and granule size. Pigeonpea grain was superior with quality starch and protein with adequate amounts of digestible fiber without any reduction in quality during extraction of starch compared to tepary bean. Black seed coated tepary had lowest gelatinization energy compared to brown and white. The drought tolerant cultivars identified in teparybean (TB #24) and Pigeonpea (W1) with high resistant starch and protein content will be useful in selection for crop production, developing homozygous line for industrial use in southern USA. Keywords: cultivars, resistant starch, amylose, amylopectin, crystallinity, granule size and shape, physiochemical properties 1. Introduction Drought is the major constraint for agricultural production in USA. The severe impact
Crops with increased biomass production and yield under suboptimal water availability are vital f... more Crops with increased biomass production and yield under suboptimal water availability are vital for sustainable production under abiotic stress. We identified drought tolerance in pigeonpea and mungbean cultivars by measuring chlorophyll florescence, an indicator to evaluate the efficiency of PSII photochemistry. Significant variation (p < 0.05) observed among cultivars and crops with high quantum yields (Fv/Fm) in Mungbean (Texas sprout) and Pigeonpea (W1, W3, G1) and were highly drought tolerant. Pigeonpea (Fv/Fm = 0.7933) and mungbean (Fv/Fm = 0.7993) were equally potential and significantly (p < 0.05) more tolerant to water stress (50 % field capacity) during early vegetative growth stage compared to soybean (Fv/Fm = 0.7870). The quantum yields were high (0.79-0.81) during early growth stage indicating high water use efficiency and low (0.71, pigeonpea; 0.77, mungbean) during podding and flowering stages respectively indicating distribution of photosynthetic assimilates. Among all the growth stages evaluated, the podding and maturity stages were with less water use efficiency as indicated by relatively less values of Fv/Fm in both crops requiring relatively less amount of water compared to active vegetative growth stage. The cultivars with shortest plant height and tan seed coat were observed with drought tolerance in pigeonpea. Among the six food legumes studied for mean comparisons, the chickpea, pigeonpea and mungbean were highly tolerant followed by soybean, mothbean and tepary bean while fababean was less tolerant to drought stress. Keywords: quantum yield, Fv/Fm, Cajanus cajan, Vigna radiata, fabaceae
The largest challenge facing much of Georgia agriculture is the development of a new low input su... more The largest challenge facing much of Georgia agriculture is the development of a new low input sustainable system agriculture system before the current industry driven one destroys our entire natural resource base and agriculture infrastructure system.
ABSTRACT Annual legumes and mixtures of annual legumes and grasses can perform several functions ... more ABSTRACT Annual legumes and mixtures of annual legumes and grasses can perform several functions as understory cover crops in pecan orchards, such as providing nitrogenrich organic matter to improve soil fertility, or by sustaining lady beetles and other arthropods that may aid the biological control of pecan pests. Remaining questions concern selection of appropriate plant materials; whether to use cover crops singly or in mixtures; how to ensure reseeding as well as a substantial N contribution; whether, when, and how to use mowing and tillage; and fertilization options. Different considerations apply when dealing with cool- vs. warm-season cover crops. With minor adjustments, growers could adapt present cultural practices to include cool-season cover crops. These could be used throughout the orchard, by establishing appropriate self-reseeding species and avoiding both excessive mowing and indiscriminate placement of N-rich fertilizers. Within alleys, alternating 2-m strips of cool-season cover crops could be tilled in mid to late April or allowed to mature. The tilled strips would supply N to pecan trees immediately, whereas the adjoining untilled (remnant) strips could be mowed after seed is mature, to ensure dispersal of seed and reestablishment of cover crops over the entire alley. Cool-season annual legumes that die or are killed in late spring will probably furnish N and other nutrients at a suitable time, particularly in orchards with sprinkler irrigation. Warm-season cover crops, if desired, should be restricted to alleys to reduce possible competition with pecan. Alleys provide better illumination than do tree rows during periods when pecan trees are in leaf, and the tillage mentioned above will encourage emergence of warm-season cover crops. If these die or are killed in late summer or early fall, timing of N release may not be optimal, in the absence of adequate irrigation. Many options and tradeoffs need to be explored before choosing a cover-crop system. Attimes, several objectives may appear to conflict, and even delicately-managed mixtures of species may not fulfill all the desired functions.
MANAGING PESTS WITH COVER CROPS
By Sharad C. Phatak and Juan Carlos Diaz-Perez. Pp 25-33.
Cover c... more MANAGING PESTS WITH COVER CROPS By Sharad C. Phatak and Juan Carlos Diaz-Perez. Pp 25-33. Cover crops are poised to play increasingly important roles on North American farms. In addition to slowing erosion, improving soil structure and providing fertility, we are learn - ing how cover crops help farmers to manage pests (390). With limited tillage and careful attention to cultivar choice, placement and timing, cover crops can reduce infestations by insects, diseases, nematodes and weeds. Pest-fighting cover crop systems help minimize reliance on pesticides, and as a result cut costs, reduce your chemical expo sure, protect the environment, and increase con sumer confidence in the food you produce. Farmers and researchers are using cover crops to design new strategies that preserve a farm’s natural resources while remaining profitable. Key to this approach is to see a farm as an “agro - ecosystem”—a dynamic relationship of the min - eral, biological, weather and human resources involved in producing crops or livestock. Our goal is to learn agricultural practices that are environ mentally sound, economically feasible and socially acceptable. Environmentally sustainable pest management starts with building healthy soils. Research in south Georgia (see Georgia Cotton, Peanut Farmers, p. 26) shows that crops grown on biologically active soils resist pest pressures better than those grown on soils of low fertility, extreme pH, low biological activity and poor soil structure. There are many ways to increase biological activity in soil. Adding more organic material by growing cover crops or by applying manure or compost helps. Reducing or eliminating pesticides favors diverse, healthy populations of beneficial soil flora and fauna. So does reducing or eliminating tillage that causes losses of soil structure, biological life or organic matter. These losses make crops more vulnerable to pest damage. Farming on newly cleared land shows the process well. Land that has been in a “cover crop”of trees or pastures for at least 10 years remains productive for row crops and vegetables for the first two to three years. High yields of agronomic and horticultural crops are profitable, with comparatively few pesticide and fertilizer inputs.
What Growers Can Do to Enhance Biological Control of Insects
Sharad C. Phatak
Department of Horti... more What Growers Can Do to Enhance Biological Control of Insects Sharad C. Phatak Department of Horticulture Coastal Plain Experiment Station University of Georgia College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences Tifton, Georgia. Pp 13-16
Cuphea llavea selection ‘Georgia Scarlet’
has potential use as a perennial landscape
and ornament... more Cuphea llavea selection ‘Georgia Scarlet’ has potential use as a perennial landscape and ornamental plant for the southeastern United States and as an annual bedding plant in regions to the north. This plant is adapted to full sun and has winter hardiness in U.S. Dept. of Agriculture Plant Hardiness Zone 8A (U.S. Dept. Agr., 1990). The plants produce a large mass of red flowers from mid- June until mid-October. Natural propagation is by underground stolons and by rooting of prostrate shoots.
Information from multidisciplinary on-farm research can help improve understanding and promote ad... more Information from multidisciplinary on-farm research can help improve understanding and promote adaptation of sustainable systems. We formed a team of scientists to develop information to help reduce barriers to adaption fo cover crops and conservation tillage. The project promoted use of cover crops to improve beneficial insect habitat and soil productivity. We present here a compilation of the approaches, results and outlook.
BHARAT P. SINGH1*, DARBIE M.GRANBERRY2, W. TERRY KELLEY2, GEORGE BOYHAN4, UPENDRA M. SAINJU6, SHA... more BHARAT P. SINGH1*, DARBIE M.GRANBERRY2, W. TERRY KELLEY2, GEORGE BOYHAN4, UPENDRA M. SAINJU6, SHARAD C. PHATAK3, PAUL E. SUMNER2, MICHAEL J. BADER2, THEODORE M. WEBSTER5, A. STANLEY CULPEPPER2, DAVID G. RILEY3, DAVID B. LANGSTON2, GREG E. FONSAH2 1Fort Valley State University, 1005 State University Drive, Fort Valley, GA 31030 USA. *e-mail: singhb@fvsu.edu 2University of Georgia, Rural Development Centre, P.O. Box 1209, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. 3University of Georgia, Coastal Plain Experiment Station, P.O. Box 748, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. 4University of Georgia, East Georgia Extension Centre, PO Box 8112, GSU, Statesboro, GA 30460 USA. 5USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. 6USAD- Agricultural Research Service, Sidney, MT 59270 USA 1.Farming is the number one industrial enterprise both in the United States and the world. Like any other industry stakeholder,farmers strive for maximum profit from their investment. The most obvious way to increase profit is by obtaining maximum output from per unit land area while keeping the production cost to a minimum. Similar to other industries, sustaining farm profitability requires continuous investment in the upkeep of its underlying foundation, soil and water being the most important. Continuous cropping the same land is not sustainable without inputs. Early civilizations, which were unaware of this, were only able to develop along alluvial flood plains of rivers where the land was renewed annually with fresh deposits from rich flood water. Sustainability in this context then refers not to the lack of input, but the sources of inputs and how they are managed.
Crop Protection 10(!):23-27. 1991
Suhas R. Ghate, Donald R. Summer, Sharad C. Phatak
Abstract
A... more Crop Protection 10(!):23-27. 1991
Suhas R. Ghate, Donald R. Summer, Sharad C. Phatak
Abstract A cucumber (Cucumis sativis L.) crop was established in various tillage systems from gel-sown germinated seed. Fungicides (flutolanil plus metalaxyl) were mixed with a gel or applied as a drench after seeding to control Rhizoctonia and Pythium seedling diseases. The benefit of mixing fungicides with a gel was similar to that of drenching the seeded area with fungicides. There was no advantage in using germinated seed for cucumber production in conservation tillage. Germinated seed was more susceptible to fungal diseases in the absence of fungicides. Crop yield was greater in conventionally prepared soil than in conversation tillage.
Sumner, D. R., Phatak, S. C., Smittle, D., Johnson, A. W. and Glaze, N. C. Plant Disease 65:401-4... more Sumner, D. R., Phatak, S. C., Smittle, D., Johnson, A. W. and Glaze, N. C. Plant Disease 65:401-404. 1981 Abstract will be added later.
Sharad C. Phatak,, Jinsheng Liu,, Casimir A. Jaworski and
A. Fazal Sultanbawa
Univers... more Sharad C. Phatak,, Jinsheng Liu,, Casimir A. Jaworski and A. Fazal Sultanbawa
University of Georgia and ARS, USDA
Abstract
The functional male sterile (fms) eggplant (Solanum melohgena L.) germplasm UGA 1-MS was crossed with two cultivars, `UGA 18 White' and `Florida Market' with normal anthers to derive F1, F2, and BC populations. Functional male sterility (fms) was governed by a single recessive allele. The gene symbol fms is proposed for this male sterile characteristic. The functional male sterility gene was linked to purple fruit color at the X/x locus. Our observations also revealed that the purple or violet color ware not only on the fruit peel, but also on the anthers and leaf buds if the eggplant fruit was purple or violet. In the transmission of parents and progenies of the cross of UGA 1-MS × `UGA 18 White', the purple line on the anther and leaf bud purple color ware tightly associated with fruit purple color. Thus, it is assumed that the allele X controls not only purple fruit, but also the expression of the purple line on the anther and purple leaf bud. HortScience Vol 90(9):1168
Uploads
sustainable productivity. Protein and starch, major constituents of legume grain, were used in various forms for
human and animal consumption. Therefore, present investigation was carried out with an objective to evaluate
protein content and various factors influencing qualities of starch in pigeonpea and tepary bean. Significant
differences (p < 0.05) were observed for protein and starch qualities among the two crops and between the
drought responsive cultivars of these crops. The protein content of pigeon pea (22.5-26.2 mg/100 mg) was high
compared to tepary bean (17 to 26 mg/100 mg) seed. The resistant starch content of pure starch extracted from
drought responsive cultivars varied from 1.09 (TB #7) to 8.75 (TB #31) in teparybean and 14.68% (G2) - 21.35
% (W1) in pigeonpea. Amylose content of pigeonpea varied from 7.76 to 12.31% and the degree of crystallinity
were 13.42 - 19.30% with X-ray diffraction pattern of the C-type. The pigeonpea starch granules were large, oval
to ellipsoidal shape with a smooth surface and mean granule size of 47.6 μm in length X 36.4 μm in width. The
transition temperatures and enthalpy of gelatinization ranged from 67.25-68.29 oC (To); 71.4-72.49 oC (Tp) and
77.04-78.51 oC (Tc) and 4.80-6.43 J/g respectively. Amylose content of tepary starch varied from 8.08 to 12.38%
and the degree of crystallinity were 13.52-18.29% with X-ray diffraction pattern of the C-type. The tepary bean
starch granules were round to oval shape with a smooth surface and mean granule size of 39.26 μm in length
X30.36 μm in width. The transition temperatures and enthalpy of gelatinization ranged from 73.12-74.65 oC (To);
77.71-78.85 oC (Tp); 82.65-84.29 oC (Tc) and 2.21-5.27 J/g respectively. Pigeon pea starches were with low
molecular weights of amylopectin (5.26 x 108 Da) and high molecular weights of amylose (4.63 × 105 Da)
compared to those in tepary bean (13.6 × 108; 1.35 × 105) on an average. In both crops, the gelatinization showed
significant correlation with amylose content, crystallinity and granule size. Pigeonpea grain was superior with
quality starch and protein with adequate amounts of digestible fiber without any reduction in quality during
extraction of starch compared to tepary bean. Black seed coated tepary had lowest gelatinization energy
compared to brown and white. The drought tolerant cultivars identified in teparybean (TB #24) and Pigeonpea
(W1) with high resistant starch and protein content will be useful in selection for crop production, developing
homozygous line for industrial use in southern USA.
Keywords: cultivars, resistant starch, amylose, amylopectin, crystallinity, granule size and shape,
physiochemical properties
1. Introduction
Drought is the major constraint for agricultural production in USA. The severe impact
production under abiotic stress. We identified drought tolerance in pigeonpea and mungbean cultivars by
measuring chlorophyll florescence, an indicator to evaluate the efficiency of PSII photochemistry. Significant
variation (p < 0.05) observed among cultivars and crops with high quantum yields (Fv/Fm) in Mungbean (Texas
sprout) and Pigeonpea (W1, W3, G1) and were highly drought tolerant. Pigeonpea (Fv/Fm = 0.7933) and
mungbean (Fv/Fm = 0.7993) were equally potential and significantly (p < 0.05) more tolerant to water stress (50
% field capacity) during early vegetative growth stage compared to soybean (Fv/Fm = 0.7870). The quantum
yields were high (0.79-0.81) during early growth stage indicating high water use efficiency and low (0.71,
pigeonpea; 0.77, mungbean) during podding and flowering stages respectively indicating distribution of
photosynthetic assimilates. Among all the growth stages evaluated, the podding and maturity stages were with less
water use efficiency as indicated by relatively less values of Fv/Fm in both crops requiring relatively less amount
of water compared to active vegetative growth stage. The cultivars with shortest plant height and tan seed coat
were observed with drought tolerance in pigeonpea. Among the six food legumes studied for mean comparisons,
the chickpea, pigeonpea and mungbean were highly tolerant followed by soybean, mothbean and tepary bean
while fababean was less tolerant to drought stress.
Keywords: quantum yield, Fv/Fm, Cajanus cajan, Vigna radiata, fabaceae
By Sharad C. Phatak and Juan Carlos Diaz-Perez. Pp 25-33.
Cover crops are poised to play increasingly
important roles on North American farms.
In addition to slowing erosion, improving
soil structure and providing fertility, we are learn -
ing how cover crops help farmers to manage
pests (390). With limited tillage and careful attention
to cultivar choice, placement and timing,
cover crops can reduce infestations by insects,
diseases, nematodes and weeds. Pest-fighting
cover crop systems help minimize reliance on
pesticides, and as a result cut costs, reduce your
chemical expo sure, protect the environment, and
increase con sumer confidence in the food you
produce.
Farmers and researchers are using cover crops
to design new strategies that preserve a farm’s
natural resources while remaining profitable. Key
to this approach is to see a farm as an “agro -
ecosystem”—a dynamic relationship of the min -
eral, biological, weather and human resources
involved in producing crops or livestock. Our
goal is to learn agricultural practices that are environ
mentally sound, economically feasible and
socially acceptable.
Environmentally sustainable pest management
starts with building healthy soils. Research in
south Georgia (see Georgia Cotton, Peanut
Farmers, p. 26) shows that crops grown on biologically
active soils resist pest pressures better
than those grown on soils of low fertility, extreme
pH, low biological activity and poor soil structure.
There are many ways to increase biological
activity in soil. Adding more organic material by
growing cover crops or by applying manure or
compost helps. Reducing or eliminating pesticides
favors diverse, healthy populations of beneficial
soil flora and fauna. So does reducing or
eliminating tillage that causes losses of soil structure,
biological life or organic matter. These losses
make crops more vulnerable to pest damage.
Farming on newly cleared land shows the
process well. Land that has been in a “cover crop”of trees or pastures for at least 10 years remains
productive for row crops and vegetables for the
first two to three years. High yields of agronomic
and horticultural crops are profitable, with comparatively
few pesticide and fertilizer inputs.
Sharad C. Phatak
Department of Horticulture
Coastal Plain Experiment Station
University of Georgia
College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences
Tifton, Georgia. Pp 13-16
has potential use as a perennial landscape
and ornamental plant for the southeastern
United States and as an annual bedding plant
in regions to the north. This plant is adapted
to full sun and has winter hardiness in U.S.
Dept. of Agriculture Plant Hardiness Zone
8A (U.S. Dept. Agr., 1990). The plants produce
a large mass of red flowers from mid-
June until mid-October. Natural propagation
is by underground stolons and by rooting of prostrate shoots.
PHATAK3, PAUL E. SUMNER2, MICHAEL J. BADER2, THEODORE M. WEBSTER5, A. STANLEY CULPEPPER2, DAVID G. RILEY3,
DAVID B. LANGSTON2, GREG E. FONSAH2
1Fort Valley State University, 1005 State University Drive, Fort Valley, GA 31030 USA. *e-mail: singhb@fvsu.edu
2University of Georgia, Rural Development Centre, P.O. Box 1209, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. 3University of Georgia,
Coastal Plain Experiment Station, P.O. Box 748, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. 4University of Georgia, East Georgia
Extension Centre, PO Box 8112, GSU, Statesboro, GA 30460 USA. 5USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Tifton,
GA 31793 USA. 6USAD- Agricultural Research Service, Sidney, MT 59270 USA
1.Farming is the number one industrial enterprise both in the United States and the world. Like any other industry stakeholder,farmers strive for maximum profit from their investment. The most obvious way to increase profit is by obtaining maximum output from per unit land area while keeping the production cost to a minimum. Similar to other industries, sustaining farm profitability requires continuous investment in the upkeep of its underlying foundation, soil and water being the most important. Continuous cropping the same land is not sustainable without inputs. Early civilizations, which were unaware of this, were only able to develop along alluvial flood plains of rivers where the land was renewed annually with fresh deposits from rich flood water. Sustainability in this context then refers not to the lack of input, but the sources of inputs and how they are managed.
Suhas R. Ghate, Donald R. Summer, Sharad C. Phatak
Abstract
A cucumber (Cucumis sativis L.) crop was established in various tillage systems from gel-sown germinated seed. Fungicides (flutolanil plus metalaxyl) were mixed with a gel or applied as a drench after seeding to control Rhizoctonia and Pythium seedling diseases. The benefit of mixing fungicides with a gel was similar to that of drenching the seeded area with fungicides. There was no advantage in using germinated seed for cucumber production in conservation tillage. Germinated seed was more susceptible to fungal diseases in the absence of fungicides. Crop yield was greater in conventionally prepared soil than in conversation tillage.
Abstract will be added later.
A. Fazal Sultanbawa
University of Georgia and ARS, USDA
Abstract
The functional male sterile (fms) eggplant (Solanum melohgena L.) germplasm UGA 1-MS was crossed with two cultivars, `UGA 18 White' and `Florida Market' with normal anthers to derive F1, F2, and BC populations. Functional male sterility (fms) was governed by a single recessive allele. The gene symbol fms is proposed for this male sterile characteristic. The functional male sterility gene was linked to purple fruit color at the X/x locus. Our observations also revealed that the purple or violet color ware not only on the fruit peel, but also on the anthers and leaf buds if the eggplant fruit was purple or violet. In the transmission of parents and progenies of the cross of UGA 1-MS × `UGA 18 White', the purple line on the anther and leaf bud purple color ware tightly associated with fruit purple color. Thus, it is assumed that the allele X controls not only purple fruit, but also the expression of the purple line on the anther and purple leaf bud.
HortScience Vol 90(9):1168
I. INTRODUCTION
Initial interest in herbicide safeners was stimulated by an accidental discovery
involving 2,4-D and related compounds. In 1947 Hoffman (1978) noticed that
tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) plants treated with 2,4,6-T were
protected from the injurious 2,4-D vapors. That initial observation led to an
extensive screening of compounds for activity as antidotes. Herbicide safening
involves an interaction between two (or more) chemicals and because many
pesticides used in crop production are often applied tank-mixed or sequentially,
the chances of detecting antidote activity are ever-increasing. Several growthregulating
substances, fungicides, and other agrochemicals have exhibited
herbicide safening.
This chapter reviews the potential of selected growth regulators, fungicides,
and other agrochemicals as crop safeners against injury from specific herbicides.
A case history evaluating the efficacy of the growth retardants triapenthenol and
BAS 140 810 as safeners against the herbicide metribuzin on soybeans [Glycine
max (L.) Merr.] is discussed in greater detail.
Crop Safeners for Herbicides Copyright © 1989 by Academic Press, Inc. All rights of reproduction in any form reserved.
1989, Pages 299–315
sustainable productivity. Protein and starch, major constituents of legume grain, were used in various forms for
human and animal consumption. Therefore, present investigation was carried out with an objective to evaluate
protein content and various factors influencing qualities of starch in pigeonpea and tepary bean. Significant
differences (p < 0.05) were observed for protein and starch qualities among the two crops and between the
drought responsive cultivars of these crops. The protein content of pigeon pea (22.5-26.2 mg/100 mg) was high
compared to tepary bean (17 to 26 mg/100 mg) seed. The resistant starch content of pure starch extracted from
drought responsive cultivars varied from 1.09 (TB #7) to 8.75 (TB #31) in teparybean and 14.68% (G2) - 21.35
% (W1) in pigeonpea. Amylose content of pigeonpea varied from 7.76 to 12.31% and the degree of crystallinity
were 13.42 - 19.30% with X-ray diffraction pattern of the C-type. The pigeonpea starch granules were large, oval
to ellipsoidal shape with a smooth surface and mean granule size of 47.6 μm in length X 36.4 μm in width. The
transition temperatures and enthalpy of gelatinization ranged from 67.25-68.29 oC (To); 71.4-72.49 oC (Tp) and
77.04-78.51 oC (Tc) and 4.80-6.43 J/g respectively. Amylose content of tepary starch varied from 8.08 to 12.38%
and the degree of crystallinity were 13.52-18.29% with X-ray diffraction pattern of the C-type. The tepary bean
starch granules were round to oval shape with a smooth surface and mean granule size of 39.26 μm in length
X30.36 μm in width. The transition temperatures and enthalpy of gelatinization ranged from 73.12-74.65 oC (To);
77.71-78.85 oC (Tp); 82.65-84.29 oC (Tc) and 2.21-5.27 J/g respectively. Pigeon pea starches were with low
molecular weights of amylopectin (5.26 x 108 Da) and high molecular weights of amylose (4.63 × 105 Da)
compared to those in tepary bean (13.6 × 108; 1.35 × 105) on an average. In both crops, the gelatinization showed
significant correlation with amylose content, crystallinity and granule size. Pigeonpea grain was superior with
quality starch and protein with adequate amounts of digestible fiber without any reduction in quality during
extraction of starch compared to tepary bean. Black seed coated tepary had lowest gelatinization energy
compared to brown and white. The drought tolerant cultivars identified in teparybean (TB #24) and Pigeonpea
(W1) with high resistant starch and protein content will be useful in selection for crop production, developing
homozygous line for industrial use in southern USA.
Keywords: cultivars, resistant starch, amylose, amylopectin, crystallinity, granule size and shape,
physiochemical properties
1. Introduction
Drought is the major constraint for agricultural production in USA. The severe impact
production under abiotic stress. We identified drought tolerance in pigeonpea and mungbean cultivars by
measuring chlorophyll florescence, an indicator to evaluate the efficiency of PSII photochemistry. Significant
variation (p < 0.05) observed among cultivars and crops with high quantum yields (Fv/Fm) in Mungbean (Texas
sprout) and Pigeonpea (W1, W3, G1) and were highly drought tolerant. Pigeonpea (Fv/Fm = 0.7933) and
mungbean (Fv/Fm = 0.7993) were equally potential and significantly (p < 0.05) more tolerant to water stress (50
% field capacity) during early vegetative growth stage compared to soybean (Fv/Fm = 0.7870). The quantum
yields were high (0.79-0.81) during early growth stage indicating high water use efficiency and low (0.71,
pigeonpea; 0.77, mungbean) during podding and flowering stages respectively indicating distribution of
photosynthetic assimilates. Among all the growth stages evaluated, the podding and maturity stages were with less
water use efficiency as indicated by relatively less values of Fv/Fm in both crops requiring relatively less amount
of water compared to active vegetative growth stage. The cultivars with shortest plant height and tan seed coat
were observed with drought tolerance in pigeonpea. Among the six food legumes studied for mean comparisons,
the chickpea, pigeonpea and mungbean were highly tolerant followed by soybean, mothbean and tepary bean
while fababean was less tolerant to drought stress.
Keywords: quantum yield, Fv/Fm, Cajanus cajan, Vigna radiata, fabaceae
By Sharad C. Phatak and Juan Carlos Diaz-Perez. Pp 25-33.
Cover crops are poised to play increasingly
important roles on North American farms.
In addition to slowing erosion, improving
soil structure and providing fertility, we are learn -
ing how cover crops help farmers to manage
pests (390). With limited tillage and careful attention
to cultivar choice, placement and timing,
cover crops can reduce infestations by insects,
diseases, nematodes and weeds. Pest-fighting
cover crop systems help minimize reliance on
pesticides, and as a result cut costs, reduce your
chemical expo sure, protect the environment, and
increase con sumer confidence in the food you
produce.
Farmers and researchers are using cover crops
to design new strategies that preserve a farm’s
natural resources while remaining profitable. Key
to this approach is to see a farm as an “agro -
ecosystem”—a dynamic relationship of the min -
eral, biological, weather and human resources
involved in producing crops or livestock. Our
goal is to learn agricultural practices that are environ
mentally sound, economically feasible and
socially acceptable.
Environmentally sustainable pest management
starts with building healthy soils. Research in
south Georgia (see Georgia Cotton, Peanut
Farmers, p. 26) shows that crops grown on biologically
active soils resist pest pressures better
than those grown on soils of low fertility, extreme
pH, low biological activity and poor soil structure.
There are many ways to increase biological
activity in soil. Adding more organic material by
growing cover crops or by applying manure or
compost helps. Reducing or eliminating pesticides
favors diverse, healthy populations of beneficial
soil flora and fauna. So does reducing or
eliminating tillage that causes losses of soil structure,
biological life or organic matter. These losses
make crops more vulnerable to pest damage.
Farming on newly cleared land shows the
process well. Land that has been in a “cover crop”of trees or pastures for at least 10 years remains
productive for row crops and vegetables for the
first two to three years. High yields of agronomic
and horticultural crops are profitable, with comparatively
few pesticide and fertilizer inputs.
Sharad C. Phatak
Department of Horticulture
Coastal Plain Experiment Station
University of Georgia
College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences
Tifton, Georgia. Pp 13-16
has potential use as a perennial landscape
and ornamental plant for the southeastern
United States and as an annual bedding plant
in regions to the north. This plant is adapted
to full sun and has winter hardiness in U.S.
Dept. of Agriculture Plant Hardiness Zone
8A (U.S. Dept. Agr., 1990). The plants produce
a large mass of red flowers from mid-
June until mid-October. Natural propagation
is by underground stolons and by rooting of prostrate shoots.
PHATAK3, PAUL E. SUMNER2, MICHAEL J. BADER2, THEODORE M. WEBSTER5, A. STANLEY CULPEPPER2, DAVID G. RILEY3,
DAVID B. LANGSTON2, GREG E. FONSAH2
1Fort Valley State University, 1005 State University Drive, Fort Valley, GA 31030 USA. *e-mail: singhb@fvsu.edu
2University of Georgia, Rural Development Centre, P.O. Box 1209, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. 3University of Georgia,
Coastal Plain Experiment Station, P.O. Box 748, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. 4University of Georgia, East Georgia
Extension Centre, PO Box 8112, GSU, Statesboro, GA 30460 USA. 5USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Tifton,
GA 31793 USA. 6USAD- Agricultural Research Service, Sidney, MT 59270 USA
1.Farming is the number one industrial enterprise both in the United States and the world. Like any other industry stakeholder,farmers strive for maximum profit from their investment. The most obvious way to increase profit is by obtaining maximum output from per unit land area while keeping the production cost to a minimum. Similar to other industries, sustaining farm profitability requires continuous investment in the upkeep of its underlying foundation, soil and water being the most important. Continuous cropping the same land is not sustainable without inputs. Early civilizations, which were unaware of this, were only able to develop along alluvial flood plains of rivers where the land was renewed annually with fresh deposits from rich flood water. Sustainability in this context then refers not to the lack of input, but the sources of inputs and how they are managed.
Suhas R. Ghate, Donald R. Summer, Sharad C. Phatak
Abstract
A cucumber (Cucumis sativis L.) crop was established in various tillage systems from gel-sown germinated seed. Fungicides (flutolanil plus metalaxyl) were mixed with a gel or applied as a drench after seeding to control Rhizoctonia and Pythium seedling diseases. The benefit of mixing fungicides with a gel was similar to that of drenching the seeded area with fungicides. There was no advantage in using germinated seed for cucumber production in conservation tillage. Germinated seed was more susceptible to fungal diseases in the absence of fungicides. Crop yield was greater in conventionally prepared soil than in conversation tillage.
Abstract will be added later.
A. Fazal Sultanbawa
University of Georgia and ARS, USDA
Abstract
The functional male sterile (fms) eggplant (Solanum melohgena L.) germplasm UGA 1-MS was crossed with two cultivars, `UGA 18 White' and `Florida Market' with normal anthers to derive F1, F2, and BC populations. Functional male sterility (fms) was governed by a single recessive allele. The gene symbol fms is proposed for this male sterile characteristic. The functional male sterility gene was linked to purple fruit color at the X/x locus. Our observations also revealed that the purple or violet color ware not only on the fruit peel, but also on the anthers and leaf buds if the eggplant fruit was purple or violet. In the transmission of parents and progenies of the cross of UGA 1-MS × `UGA 18 White', the purple line on the anther and leaf bud purple color ware tightly associated with fruit purple color. Thus, it is assumed that the allele X controls not only purple fruit, but also the expression of the purple line on the anther and purple leaf bud.
HortScience Vol 90(9):1168
I. INTRODUCTION
Initial interest in herbicide safeners was stimulated by an accidental discovery
involving 2,4-D and related compounds. In 1947 Hoffman (1978) noticed that
tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) plants treated with 2,4,6-T were
protected from the injurious 2,4-D vapors. That initial observation led to an
extensive screening of compounds for activity as antidotes. Herbicide safening
involves an interaction between two (or more) chemicals and because many
pesticides used in crop production are often applied tank-mixed or sequentially,
the chances of detecting antidote activity are ever-increasing. Several growthregulating
substances, fungicides, and other agrochemicals have exhibited
herbicide safening.
This chapter reviews the potential of selected growth regulators, fungicides,
and other agrochemicals as crop safeners against injury from specific herbicides.
A case history evaluating the efficacy of the growth retardants triapenthenol and
BAS 140 810 as safeners against the herbicide metribuzin on soybeans [Glycine
max (L.) Merr.] is discussed in greater detail.
Crop Safeners for Herbicides Copyright © 1989 by Academic Press, Inc. All rights of reproduction in any form reserved.
1989, Pages 299–315