Associate Professor - Geomorphology, Physical geography, Romanian Physical Geography, Geostatistics, Applied Geoinformatics, Remote sensing and aerial photo interpretation Supervisors: Dumitriu Dan and Constantin Rusu Phone: +40 232 201477 Address: Carol I, 20A, 700505, Iași, Romania
EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts, May 1, 2014
The regions with monoclinic geological structure are large portions of earth surface where the re... more The regions with monoclinic geological structure are large portions of earth surface where the repetition of similar landform patterns is very distinguished, the scarps of cuestas being characterized by similar values of morphometrical variables. Landslides are associated with these scarps of cuestas and consequently, a very high value of landslide susceptibility can be reported on its surface. In these regions, landslide susceptibility mapping can be realized for the entire region, or for test areas, with accurate, reliable, and available datasets, concerning multi-temporal inventories and landslide predictors. Because of the similar geomorphologic and landslide distribution we think that if any relevance of using test areas for extrapolating susceptibility models is present, these areas should be targeted first. This study case try to establish the level of usability of landslide predictors influence, obtained for a 90 km2 sample located in the northern part of the Moldavian Plateau (N-E Romania), in other areas of the same physio-geographic region. In a first phase, landslide susceptibility assessment was carried out and validated using logistic regression (LR) approach, using a multiple landslide inventory. This inventory was created using ortorectified aerial images from 1978 and 2005, for each period being considered both old and active landslides. The modeling strategy was based on a distinctly inventory of depletion areas of all landslide, for 1978 phase, and on a number of 30 covariates extracted from topographical and aerial images (both from 1978 and 2005 periods). The geomorphometric variables were computed from a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) obtained by interpolation from 1:5000 contour data (2.5 m equidistance), at 10x10 m resolution. Distance from river network, distance from roads and land use were extracted from topographic maps and aerial images. By applying Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) the covariates with significance under 0.001 level, were chosen. As measures of validation for the fit of the model, we have used AUROC value, cross-validation estimates of predictive accuracy and the percent of mapping units correctly classified. For the same sample, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) approach was applied for landslide susceptibility assessment, using 7 predictors (slope angle, slope aspect, plan and profile curvature, distance to river network, distance to roads, and land use). The validation of the LR and AHP approaches was assessed using the inventories with active landslides for 1978 and 2010 situations. For estimating the level of replicability of the results, an extra-domain sample it was used, situated in the vicinity of the first area, having the same size (90 km2). For the extra-domain area, the same weights obtained for LR approach and the same predictors and weights assigned for the AHP approaches, were used in the modelling. The extra-domain resulted AUROC values are closed with the ones from the original area, but there is small variance, a decrease by 0.07% for LR and by 0.05% for AHP approach. These results allow us to consider that applying both quantitative (LR) and semi-quantitative (AHP) methods for landslide susceptibility assessment at medium scale, in regions with high level of geomorphologic uniformity, such as monoclinic areas, could be applied with good results. Using these two methods for an extra-domain area, we can assess the sensitivity of the input covariates. Also, two maps showing the differences between the two models of landslide susceptibility, both for the first and for the extra-domain sample, were carried out and interpreted.
Floodplain delineation it very important in geomorphology and hydrology. Nowadays DEMs are the mo... more Floodplain delineation it very important in geomorphology and hydrology. Nowadays DEMs are the most used representations of terrain and landforms. We present a method of morphological floodplain delineation from DEMs based on cluster analysis of geomorphometric variables and class spectral statistics. The method is easy to be implemented in most GIS packages and perform well on different scales and DEM sources. The precision of the delineation depends on the DEM resolution.
Web mapping technology is one of the best option when digital maps need to be disseminated. Web m... more Web mapping technology is one of the best option when digital maps need to be disseminated. Web maps are distributed as rasters or vectors using various web servers and applications. The interactivity of these maps is also present. We present a suite of open source applications, working on any web server and which can be used for the presentation and the dissemination of online geomorphologic maps. Every application and method was assessed using several criteria. The conclusion is that raster maps, rendered by Mapnik and served by OpenLayers are the best option for delivering online geomorphologic maps.
Moldavian Plateau, Eastern Romania is an area where soil erosion is a widespread phenomenon, give... more Moldavian Plateau, Eastern Romania is an area where soil erosion is a widespread phenomenon, given the dissected topography, patterns of land use and climate. Gully erosion plays an important role in the soil erosion processes. We have used a high resolution DEMs, high resolution satellite imagery and old aerial images to delineate gullies in the S , acovât , catchment. This catchment has a surface of 314 kmp from which 17 kmp are covered by gullies, resulting a density of 0.05%. We have identified various gully types: continuous and discontinuous, bank gullies, hillslope gullies, road and path gullies and relict gully systems. Road and path gullies have small dimensions, under 2000 sqm, 2 to 5 m in width, up to 500 m in length, 1-2 m in depth, and can be discontinuous. Bank gullies have under 2000 sqm, up to 2000 sqm in surface and up to 500 m in length. Their depth can be similar to bank height, up to 5 m. Hillslope gullies have under 1 km in length, under 100 000 sqm surface, up to 3 in depth and around 20 m channel width. Small hillslope gullies (1000 to 2000 sqm) are in general discontinuous. Relict gully systems have are big dimensions (300 000 to 1 000 000 sqm surface, widths of the channel up to 250 m, 1 to 3 km length, and up to 25 m depth of the channel) and usually present dendritic patterns, with newer bank and hillslope gullies which are hydrologically and morphologically connected to the relict gully channel. Is usual for these gullies to have the channel filled with bank failures and landslides triggered by its deepening. The gullies from S , acov˘ at , catchment are in continuous evolution, the relict gullies needing dating while the fresh gullies needing monitoring, especially in the context of climate and land use changes due to deforestation.
The burial mound watershed delineation based on both methods of local convexity computation: a (2... more The burial mound watershed delineation based on both methods of local convexity computation: a (2D) and b (3D) for cell count method, and c (2D) and d (3D) for the cell count interpolation method.
The training (left) and the validation (right) datasets distribution in the feature space of the ... more The training (left) and the validation (right) datasets distribution in the feature space of the two most important variables.
The geographic position of the southern study area and the location of the delineated mounds.<... more The geographic position of the southern study area and the location of the delineated mounds.<br><br>
This paper aims at substantiating the concept of geomorphometric analysis as a method of working ... more This paper aims at substantiating the concept of geomorphometric analysis as a method of working in Geomorphology, but also in other fields of endeavor in geosciences. Regardless of the location, geomorphometry as a branch / working method in geomorphology, or as specific science, altitude and land surface variables that describe its shape are considered basic information of land. Beside the applicability of geomorphometric variables in statistical modeling of natural processes, the quantitative quantification of Earth&#39;s surface shape interest geomorphologists on various issues, among which the most typical are analyzing the geomorphologic changes, correlating of morphology with geomorphologic evolution, geomorphlogic mapping and regionalization . The fundamenting of geomorphometric analysis concept is based on a flowchart that includes the different stages in the process of analysis: • creating sources of altitude as numerical models of terrain altitude; • derivation of geomoprhometric variables based on numerical models of the terrain altitude; • delineation of geomoprhometric objects based on numerical models of the terrain altitude; • the use of variables and objects as input in statistical, geostatistical and spatial techniques with finality in geomorphology. Numerical models of the earth&#39;s surface elevation are the main source of information of altitudes underlying quantitative analysis of land surface shape. Altitude sources are varied, as also the methodologies for creating digital models of the earth&#39;s surface elevation, for Romania we present and validate methodology to refine freely available SRTM data. We performed also a description of completing data for elevation topographic maps for obtaining valid numerical models of the terrain elevation. Geomorphometric variables quantify land surface form, ranging from simple statistical analysis of altitude, variables related to water floe, radiation and wind on the earth&#39;s surface. In addition to the multitude of geomorphometric variables, the calculation of these varies greatly, which can have repercussions on their use in statistical or physical models. The evaluation of geomorphometric variables associated uncertainty derivation is very important in this respect being shown a series of case studies on estimating soil erosion or the probability of occurrence of landslides. Geomorphometric objects are relatively homogeneous areas following various criteria of form of the earth&#39;s surface, which are candidates for landforms. Geomorphometric landform classification methodologies are aimed at delimiting geomorphometric objects, both using supervised systems by a certain type of landforms previously conceptualized and unsupervised by applying statistical methods and image segmentation. For Romania is presented supervised classification methodology for geomorphometric analysis of cuesta landforms from the Moldavian Plateau. DTSAM emergence of global coverage opens up the possibility of global and national landform analysis. This reveals a number of issues concerning geomorphologic evolution of the system, especially if it can be achieved compared with other planets altitude distribution. Statistical methods, geostatistical and spatial analysis are indispensable for geomorphometric and geomorphologic analysis. Sources variability and elevation influence of geomorphometric variable value, following the calculation algorithm was analyzed, both for estimating soil erosion using USLE model and logistic regression as a method for probabilistic modeling of landslide occurrence. Detection of morphological changes by the difference of DTASM is a technique that can be used successfully in the study of geomorphologic evolution of floodplains and anthropogenic landscape in the last decade. For the validity of the analysis there is need for accurate modeling of DTSAM surface that can reveal any deficiencies in data sources. Morphological changes by DTASM difference method was applied to Romanian topographic maps from various editions. Geomorphometric mapping is a technique for geomorphologic mapping objectification, in this regard is presented as a case study, the geomorphometric map of the region Iasi, scale 1:100 000 (L, 35-32). Geomorphometric regionalization can be improved as precision and objectivity for geomorphologic regionalization. Statistical methods can be used to clarify the boundaries, the specialist remaining to complete the regionalization.
Groundwater resource mapping is important in areas like Moldavian Plateau, where groundwater scar... more Groundwater resource mapping is important in areas like Moldavian Plateau, where groundwater scarcity is a characteristic feature, now and in the scenario of the future climate changes. We study the possibility of using a methodology to acquire ground water level data and interpolate this data, to get a snapshot of the groundwater surface. For constraining the interpolated groundwater surface under the land surface we have used the river and gully channels as 0 groundwater depth, and field measurements in village wells as groundwater surface levels. Because there are consistent proofs that the groundwater level is controlled heavily by the landforms geomorphometry, beside a spline interpolation, we have tested several statistical interpolation methods (multiple linear regression, geographically weighted regression and universal kriging), in order to include the landform control. The results show that the statistical methods of interpolation used in conjunction with geomorphometric variables (land surface altitude and channel network base level) manage to model well the conformation of the groundwater surface, explaining its spatial variation.
EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts, May 1, 2014
The regions with monoclinic geological structure are large portions of earth surface where the re... more The regions with monoclinic geological structure are large portions of earth surface where the repetition of similar landform patterns is very distinguished, the scarps of cuestas being characterized by similar values of morphometrical variables. Landslides are associated with these scarps of cuestas and consequently, a very high value of landslide susceptibility can be reported on its surface. In these regions, landslide susceptibility mapping can be realized for the entire region, or for test areas, with accurate, reliable, and available datasets, concerning multi-temporal inventories and landslide predictors. Because of the similar geomorphologic and landslide distribution we think that if any relevance of using test areas for extrapolating susceptibility models is present, these areas should be targeted first. This study case try to establish the level of usability of landslide predictors influence, obtained for a 90 km2 sample located in the northern part of the Moldavian Plateau (N-E Romania), in other areas of the same physio-geographic region. In a first phase, landslide susceptibility assessment was carried out and validated using logistic regression (LR) approach, using a multiple landslide inventory. This inventory was created using ortorectified aerial images from 1978 and 2005, for each period being considered both old and active landslides. The modeling strategy was based on a distinctly inventory of depletion areas of all landslide, for 1978 phase, and on a number of 30 covariates extracted from topographical and aerial images (both from 1978 and 2005 periods). The geomorphometric variables were computed from a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) obtained by interpolation from 1:5000 contour data (2.5 m equidistance), at 10x10 m resolution. Distance from river network, distance from roads and land use were extracted from topographic maps and aerial images. By applying Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) the covariates with significance under 0.001 level, were chosen. As measures of validation for the fit of the model, we have used AUROC value, cross-validation estimates of predictive accuracy and the percent of mapping units correctly classified. For the same sample, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) approach was applied for landslide susceptibility assessment, using 7 predictors (slope angle, slope aspect, plan and profile curvature, distance to river network, distance to roads, and land use). The validation of the LR and AHP approaches was assessed using the inventories with active landslides for 1978 and 2010 situations. For estimating the level of replicability of the results, an extra-domain sample it was used, situated in the vicinity of the first area, having the same size (90 km2). For the extra-domain area, the same weights obtained for LR approach and the same predictors and weights assigned for the AHP approaches, were used in the modelling. The extra-domain resulted AUROC values are closed with the ones from the original area, but there is small variance, a decrease by 0.07% for LR and by 0.05% for AHP approach. These results allow us to consider that applying both quantitative (LR) and semi-quantitative (AHP) methods for landslide susceptibility assessment at medium scale, in regions with high level of geomorphologic uniformity, such as monoclinic areas, could be applied with good results. Using these two methods for an extra-domain area, we can assess the sensitivity of the input covariates. Also, two maps showing the differences between the two models of landslide susceptibility, both for the first and for the extra-domain sample, were carried out and interpreted.
Floodplain delineation it very important in geomorphology and hydrology. Nowadays DEMs are the mo... more Floodplain delineation it very important in geomorphology and hydrology. Nowadays DEMs are the most used representations of terrain and landforms. We present a method of morphological floodplain delineation from DEMs based on cluster analysis of geomorphometric variables and class spectral statistics. The method is easy to be implemented in most GIS packages and perform well on different scales and DEM sources. The precision of the delineation depends on the DEM resolution.
Web mapping technology is one of the best option when digital maps need to be disseminated. Web m... more Web mapping technology is one of the best option when digital maps need to be disseminated. Web maps are distributed as rasters or vectors using various web servers and applications. The interactivity of these maps is also present. We present a suite of open source applications, working on any web server and which can be used for the presentation and the dissemination of online geomorphologic maps. Every application and method was assessed using several criteria. The conclusion is that raster maps, rendered by Mapnik and served by OpenLayers are the best option for delivering online geomorphologic maps.
Moldavian Plateau, Eastern Romania is an area where soil erosion is a widespread phenomenon, give... more Moldavian Plateau, Eastern Romania is an area where soil erosion is a widespread phenomenon, given the dissected topography, patterns of land use and climate. Gully erosion plays an important role in the soil erosion processes. We have used a high resolution DEMs, high resolution satellite imagery and old aerial images to delineate gullies in the S , acovât , catchment. This catchment has a surface of 314 kmp from which 17 kmp are covered by gullies, resulting a density of 0.05%. We have identified various gully types: continuous and discontinuous, bank gullies, hillslope gullies, road and path gullies and relict gully systems. Road and path gullies have small dimensions, under 2000 sqm, 2 to 5 m in width, up to 500 m in length, 1-2 m in depth, and can be discontinuous. Bank gullies have under 2000 sqm, up to 2000 sqm in surface and up to 500 m in length. Their depth can be similar to bank height, up to 5 m. Hillslope gullies have under 1 km in length, under 100 000 sqm surface, up to 3 in depth and around 20 m channel width. Small hillslope gullies (1000 to 2000 sqm) are in general discontinuous. Relict gully systems have are big dimensions (300 000 to 1 000 000 sqm surface, widths of the channel up to 250 m, 1 to 3 km length, and up to 25 m depth of the channel) and usually present dendritic patterns, with newer bank and hillslope gullies which are hydrologically and morphologically connected to the relict gully channel. Is usual for these gullies to have the channel filled with bank failures and landslides triggered by its deepening. The gullies from S , acov˘ at , catchment are in continuous evolution, the relict gullies needing dating while the fresh gullies needing monitoring, especially in the context of climate and land use changes due to deforestation.
The burial mound watershed delineation based on both methods of local convexity computation: a (2... more The burial mound watershed delineation based on both methods of local convexity computation: a (2D) and b (3D) for cell count method, and c (2D) and d (3D) for the cell count interpolation method.
The training (left) and the validation (right) datasets distribution in the feature space of the ... more The training (left) and the validation (right) datasets distribution in the feature space of the two most important variables.
The geographic position of the southern study area and the location of the delineated mounds.<... more The geographic position of the southern study area and the location of the delineated mounds.<br><br>
This paper aims at substantiating the concept of geomorphometric analysis as a method of working ... more This paper aims at substantiating the concept of geomorphometric analysis as a method of working in Geomorphology, but also in other fields of endeavor in geosciences. Regardless of the location, geomorphometry as a branch / working method in geomorphology, or as specific science, altitude and land surface variables that describe its shape are considered basic information of land. Beside the applicability of geomorphometric variables in statistical modeling of natural processes, the quantitative quantification of Earth&#39;s surface shape interest geomorphologists on various issues, among which the most typical are analyzing the geomorphologic changes, correlating of morphology with geomorphologic evolution, geomorphlogic mapping and regionalization . The fundamenting of geomorphometric analysis concept is based on a flowchart that includes the different stages in the process of analysis: • creating sources of altitude as numerical models of terrain altitude; • derivation of geomoprhometric variables based on numerical models of the terrain altitude; • delineation of geomoprhometric objects based on numerical models of the terrain altitude; • the use of variables and objects as input in statistical, geostatistical and spatial techniques with finality in geomorphology. Numerical models of the earth&#39;s surface elevation are the main source of information of altitudes underlying quantitative analysis of land surface shape. Altitude sources are varied, as also the methodologies for creating digital models of the earth&#39;s surface elevation, for Romania we present and validate methodology to refine freely available SRTM data. We performed also a description of completing data for elevation topographic maps for obtaining valid numerical models of the terrain elevation. Geomorphometric variables quantify land surface form, ranging from simple statistical analysis of altitude, variables related to water floe, radiation and wind on the earth&#39;s surface. In addition to the multitude of geomorphometric variables, the calculation of these varies greatly, which can have repercussions on their use in statistical or physical models. The evaluation of geomorphometric variables associated uncertainty derivation is very important in this respect being shown a series of case studies on estimating soil erosion or the probability of occurrence of landslides. Geomorphometric objects are relatively homogeneous areas following various criteria of form of the earth&#39;s surface, which are candidates for landforms. Geomorphometric landform classification methodologies are aimed at delimiting geomorphometric objects, both using supervised systems by a certain type of landforms previously conceptualized and unsupervised by applying statistical methods and image segmentation. For Romania is presented supervised classification methodology for geomorphometric analysis of cuesta landforms from the Moldavian Plateau. DTSAM emergence of global coverage opens up the possibility of global and national landform analysis. This reveals a number of issues concerning geomorphologic evolution of the system, especially if it can be achieved compared with other planets altitude distribution. Statistical methods, geostatistical and spatial analysis are indispensable for geomorphometric and geomorphologic analysis. Sources variability and elevation influence of geomorphometric variable value, following the calculation algorithm was analyzed, both for estimating soil erosion using USLE model and logistic regression as a method for probabilistic modeling of landslide occurrence. Detection of morphological changes by the difference of DTASM is a technique that can be used successfully in the study of geomorphologic evolution of floodplains and anthropogenic landscape in the last decade. For the validity of the analysis there is need for accurate modeling of DTSAM surface that can reveal any deficiencies in data sources. Morphological changes by DTASM difference method was applied to Romanian topographic maps from various editions. Geomorphometric mapping is a technique for geomorphologic mapping objectification, in this regard is presented as a case study, the geomorphometric map of the region Iasi, scale 1:100 000 (L, 35-32). Geomorphometric regionalization can be improved as precision and objectivity for geomorphologic regionalization. Statistical methods can be used to clarify the boundaries, the specialist remaining to complete the regionalization.
Groundwater resource mapping is important in areas like Moldavian Plateau, where groundwater scar... more Groundwater resource mapping is important in areas like Moldavian Plateau, where groundwater scarcity is a characteristic feature, now and in the scenario of the future climate changes. We study the possibility of using a methodology to acquire ground water level data and interpolate this data, to get a snapshot of the groundwater surface. For constraining the interpolated groundwater surface under the land surface we have used the river and gully channels as 0 groundwater depth, and field measurements in village wells as groundwater surface levels. Because there are consistent proofs that the groundwater level is controlled heavily by the landforms geomorphometry, beside a spline interpolation, we have tested several statistical interpolation methods (multiple linear regression, geographically weighted regression and universal kriging), in order to include the landform control. The results show that the statistical methods of interpolation used in conjunction with geomorphometric variables (land surface altitude and channel network base level) manage to model well the conformation of the groundwater surface, explaining its spatial variation.
Researches have been carried out with medicinal herbs in the frame of a National project financed... more Researches have been carried out with medicinal herbs in the frame of a National project financed by CNCSIS through the Partnership Program. Ecologic and conventional technologies were applied. The project aimed to implement a standardization system of the vegetal raw materials which can be used in the cosmetic industry. Sage, basilicum, and savory were subject of the experiments, at Jucu, Cluj County, Ungureni – Butimanu, Dâmboviţa County, and Secuieni, Neamţ County. The dominant soils in these areas are Fluvisols and Haplic Chernozems in the Jucu area, Chromic Luvisol in the Ungureni – Butimanu area, and Calcic Chernozem in the Secuieni area. The agrochemical analysis of the soils from the experimental fields highlighted soil fertility properties conservation both under ecologic and conventional growing technologies.
Keywords: abandoned dams, Lidar DEM, historic lakes map A particular environmental feature of the... more Keywords: abandoned dams, Lidar DEM, historic lakes map A particular environmental feature of the northern part of Moldavian Plateau (NE Romania) is the large number of anthropic lakes along river courses. Even more, due to climatic, hydrological, hydrogeological and geomorphological settings and human activities (dominated by an extensive agriculture) this characteristic was mentioned and mapped in writen records and cartographic representations in many historical stages of the humanization of this region. The need for watter supply have forced the inhabitants to build dams of various sizes along the entire river network. Over the time, many dams were abandoned, while others have been relocated with a impresive dynamic at historical time scale. Until nowadays, the spatial distribution of these historical generations of lakes was available only for certain periods (the case of historical maps) being characterized by numerous localization uncertainties and incompleteness. Analizing recent high resolution Lidar DEM images, we have perform an accurate inventory of abandoned dams. Using " generating contour " function of Global Mapper v.15.0 package, we have recnstruct an approximately spatial extension of corresponding lakes. Some of them have been recognized on old maps (topographic map form 1894, 1940, 1960, 1984), while many others have been identified and mapped for the first time in this work. Alongside this new cartographic representations and the posibilities to asses the dynamic this environmantal factor, this historical inventory of old dams represent a usefull database of lacustrine deposits of the studied region.
The Northeastern Romania lowland is well known for its reservoir construction history and sedimen... more The Northeastern Romania lowland is well known for its reservoir construction history and sedimentation all over the last 500 years. These reservoirs were in general small (under 1 million m3), shallow (4 – 5 m in depth, but with water levels of up to 3 m) and frequently dry during the summer or winter. Their construction was requested by the dryness of the climate, the reservoirs being used for water storage, pisciculture, for cereals mills and fuller mills. After their filling, the dam morphology was kept and became smooth over time. The dams were also cut in the spillway area in order to evacuate the groundwater, so the reservoir bottom could be used as pasture. This anthropic intervention created a concentration of flow at high water discharges in the spillway area, which allowed the evolution of gullies on the flat lacustrine bottom. We identified about 20 sites where this process of gullies affecting reservoir bottoms occurred in the last 75 years. For each site we estimated the volumes and mass of the eroded sediments using LIDAR DEMs, and established a temporal scale of gully activity using aerial imagery for estimating the rate of process. The total volume of eroded area is over 100000 m3, individual gullies volumes ranging from 2000 to 10000 m3. The maximum depth of the gullies is around 4 m, which is in general the maximum depth of reservoir sediments; the length of the gully systems is between 30 to 1500 m. The shape of the gully channels is branched, which we believe is because the formation and evolution of these landforms is related to the water flow at high discharge. We describe also similar patterns of gullies developed on flat floodplains of the study area and which are in general older than 75 years. The importance of the study of these erosional patterns is related to the potential of the reservoir bottoms to become erosional hot spots. In the study area there is an increase of extreme rainfall events, which coupled with the presence of over 500 inventoried abandoned reservoirs show the potential of the acceleration of erosional processes, with theirs negative consequences.
Sediment budgets are a useful tool for geomorphologic analysis, catchment management and environm... more Sediment budgets are a useful tool for geomorphologic analysis, catchment management and environmental assessment, despite the uncertainties related to their assessment. We present the sediment budget construction and validation for a small catchment of 9.5319 kmp (953.19 ha) situated in the NorthEastern part of Romania. The Rediu reservoir was built between 1986 and 1988, on Rediu valley, a left tributary of Bahlui river, northwest from Ias , i city. The catchment of the reservoir has 6.5 km in length and 2.5 km in maximum width, the altitudes decreasing from 170 m in the northern part, to 52 m in the southern part. The valley is symmetric, the altitude of the hillslopes going between 200 m to 75 m in one km length, in the transversal section with the maximum width. The floodplain is narrow having between 20 m to 210 m (in the area of confluence with Breazu tributary). The mean slope of the catchment is 6.4 degree, the maximum slope being 24.6 degrees. The length of channels which show banks of up to 2 m is 19.98 km. The land is used predominantly as crops (58.1 %), 16.7 % being covered by pastures (from which over half are eroded), 11.5 % percent of the catchment being covered by planted forests, 9.2 % by rural constructions and roads, 2.9 % by hayfields, 1.5 % by lakes and 0.1 % by orchards. Beside the Rediu reservoir, there are three ponds (15 771, 1761 and 751 sqm) in the catchment. We considered the trap efficiency for the reservoir and the ponds to be 95%. were used to assess the state of geomorphological processes before and after the reservoir construction. After 1970 a gully system situated in Breazu tributary sub-catchment and several active landslides along the main valley left side were forested. Beside these processes, soil erosion and human impact by constructions are the main processes generating sediment in the study area. The sediment yields were quantified by estimating the quantity of sediments which entered in Rediu reservoir since its construction. The method for volume calculation was the comparison trough geomorphic change detection of two DEMs representing the initial bathymetry (1986 – taken from 1:5 000 scale topographic maps) and a bathymetry surveyed in 2012. The total sediment quantity deposited in the reservoir is 73 947 t (54 776 cbm * 1.35 t/cbm) in the 24 years of operation (1988 to 2012) which means a rate of 3.23 t/ha/y. Soil erosion estimated with RUSEL2 and its routing trough the fluvial system of Rediu reservoir catchment was modelled using WaTEM/SEDEM 2006 model. The modelled quantity of sediments deposited yearly in the Rediu reservoir is 2626 t, which mean 2.75 t/ha. The catchment produce 4803 t, meaning 5.04 t/ha/y from which 2.17 t/ha/y are deposited along the flowpaths, only 0.12 t/ha/y being exported downstream the Rediu reservoir. The difference between the measured and modelled values, 0.48 t/ha/y we argue that is related to the input generated by the human impact, mainly by construction activities. Taking into account that in the near future, the constructions and roads will extend, because of the vicinity with Iasi city, is of great importance to monitor erosion process.
3D geologic modelling is a modern tool which allow the conceptualization of geologic relations in... more 3D geologic modelling is a modern tool which allow the conceptualization of geologic relations in an interactive environment, strengthening the ability to understand and present tectonic and structural geologic models. We integrated the data available in the literature (wells, maps, cross-sections) for the geological structure of the Eastern Romania, comprising the Eastern Carpathians Orogen and its foreland. The subducting East European plate generated the Eastern Carphatians thrusts. Under the Eastern Carpathians, beside East European plate, the Tornquist-Teysseire zone is caught. East European Craton (Proterozoic), Scythian Platform (Paleozoic), North Dobrogean Orogen (Paleozoic) and Moesian Platform (Paleozoic), all neighbor Tornquist-Teysseire zone (Paleozoic), playing the role of foreland for the Eastern Carpathian Orogen. The Eastern Carphatians Orogen has two flysch belts, the Inner Carpathian called Dacides formed in Cretacic deformations and the Outer Carpathian called Moldavides and formed in Late Badenian to Sarmatian deformations. The modelling was performed in Midland Valley's Move software. The boundaries of all the structural units presented above were modelled, together with the faults which are represented on the various osurces used. The created 3D geological model is seen as a tool to better understand and represent the tectonic and structural model of the Eastern ROmania and will also allow a better quantification of the relations between geology and landforms in Eastern Romania.
Moldavian Plateau, Eastern Romania is an area where soil erosion is a widespread phenomenon, give... more Moldavian Plateau, Eastern Romania is an area where soil erosion is a widespread phenomenon, given the dissected topography, patterns of land use and climate. Gully erosion plays an important role in the soil erosion processes. We have used a high resolution DEMs, high resolution satellite imagery and old aerial images to delineate gullies in the S , acovât , catchment. This catchment has a surface of 314 kmp from which 17 kmp are covered by gullies, resulting a density of 0.05%. We have identified various gully types: continuous and discontinuous, bank gullies, hillslope gullies, road and path gullies and relict gully systems. Road and path gullies have small dimensions, under 2000 sqm, 2 to 5 m in width, up to 500 m in length, 1-2 m in depth, and can be discontinuous. Bank gullies have under 2000 sqm, up to 2000 sqm in surface and up to 500 m in length. Their depth can be similar to bank height, up to 5 m. Hillslope gullies have under 1 km in length, under 100 000 sqm surface, up to 3 in depth and around 20 m channel width. Small hillslope gullies (1000 to 2000 sqm) are in general discontinuous. Relict gully systems have are big dimensions (300 000 to 1 000 000 sqm surface, widths of the channel up to 250 m, 1 to 3 km length, and up to 25 m depth of the channel) and usually present dendritic patterns, with newer bank and hillslope gullies which are hydrologically and morphologically connected to the relict gully channel. Is usual for these gullies to have the channel filled with bank failures and landslides triggered by its deepening. The gullies from S , acov˘ at , catchment are in continuous evolution, the relict gullies needing dating while the fresh gullies needing monitoring, especially in the context of climate and land use changes due to deforestation.
High resolution DEMs allow the recognition of a range of landforms induced by various geomorphic ... more High resolution DEMs allow the recognition of a range of landforms induced by various geomorphic processes. Landslides produce morphologies which are easily recognizable and delineable on high resolution DEMs and aerial imagery, although the morphology might be smoothed by erosion. We have analyzed a typical rotational slide and using geomorphometric techniques we have derived a methodology for a semi-automatically delineation of landslide elements and the computation of their metrics. The Cruden and Varnes landslide elements were targeted for the delineation. The user needs to input the landslide boundaries and the toe of the surface of rupture, the procedure estimating the original ground surface and identifying the main and minor scarps, the top, the head, the main body, the foot, the tip, the toe, the flanks, the surface of separation, the displaced material, the zone of depletion, the zone of accumulation, the depleted volume, the depleted mass volume and the accumulation volume. The methods used for the present approach are: a geomorphometric landform classification (Schmidt and Hewitt fuzzy classification based on slope and curvatures) and a support vector machine applied on the geomorphometric objects obtained with the classification. Our approach is usable mainly for fresh landslide morphologies, smoothed relict landslides being prone to errors. Errors can be introduced also by DEM artefacts and inaccuracies. The accuracy of the method was validated by manual inspection of the results and was found to be good enough to be used in landslide morphometry.
The use of geomorphometrical parameters derived from DEMs to estimate soil properties is
a succes... more The use of geomorphometrical parameters derived from DEMs to estimate soil properties is a successful approach for digital soil mapping. The use of regression kriging is an efficient method, because represent an averaged estimate that best fit the existing soil data (multiple regression), with the correction of residuals kriging. The method gave best results for a medium scale of digital soil mapping and for zonal soils that correlate better with the landforms from the studied area. The regression kriging estimations of Romanian soil data from Iasi County were used to develop the digital soil map using the criteria from the Romanian Soil Taxonomy System. The validity of the method was checked by keeping from the regression, test points and by comparing the results with 5k‐10k soil maps of the area. Although the statistical significance of the regression approach is poor, the comparison with existing soil maps show that the DSM approach can be adequately at some extent, and this comparison can be used to evaluate the DSM approach.
The regions with monoclinic geological structure are large portions of earth surface where the re... more The regions with monoclinic geological structure are large portions of earth surface where the repetition of similar landform patterns is very distinguished, the scarps of cuestas being characterized by similar values of morphometrical variables. Landslides are associated with these scarps of cuestas and consequently, a very high value of landslide susceptibility can be reported on its surface. In these regions, landslide susceptibility mapping can be realized for the entire region, or for test areas, with accurate, reliable, and available datasets, concerning multi-temporal inventories and landslide predictors. Because of the similar geomorphologic and landslide distribution we think that if any relevance of using test areas for extrapolating susceptibility models is present, these areas should be targeted first. This study case try to establish the level of usability of landslide predictors influence, obtained for a 90 km2 sample located in the northern part of the Moldavian Plateau (N-E Romania), in other areas of the same physio-geographic region. In a first phase, landslide susceptibility assessment was carried out and validated using logistic regression (LR) approach, using a multiple landslide inventory. This inventory was created using ortorectified aerial images from 1978 and 2005, for each period being considered both old and active landslides. The modeling strategy was based on a distinctly inventory of depletion areas of all landslide, for 1978 phase, and on a number of 30 covariates extracted from topographical and aerial images (both from 1978 and 2005 periods). The geomorphometric variables were computed from a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) obtained by interpolation from 1:5000 contour data (2.5 m equidistance), at 10x10 m resolution. Distance from river network, distance from roads and land use were extracted from topographic maps and aerial images. By applying Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) the covariates with significance under 0.001 level, were chosen. As measures of validation for the fit of the model, we have used AUROC value, cross-validation estimates of predictive accuracy and the percent of mapping units correctly classified. For the same sample, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) approach was applied for landslide susceptibility assessment, using 7 predictors (slope angle, slope aspect, plan and profile curvature, distance to river network, distance to roads, and land use). The validation of the LR and AHP approaches was assessed using the inventories with active landslides for 1978 and 2010 situations. For estimating the level of replicability of the results, an extra-domain sample it was used, situated in the vicinity of the first area, having the same size (90 km2). For the extra-domain area, the same weights obtained for LR approach and the same predictors and weights assigned for the AHP approaches, were used in the modelling. The extra-domain resulted AUROC values are closed with the ones from the original area, but there is small variance, a decrease by 0.07% for LR and by 0.05% for AHP approach. These results allow us to consider that applying both quantitative (LR) and semi-quantitative (AHP) methods for landslide susceptibility assessment at medium scale, in regions with high level of geomorphologic uniformity, such as monoclinic areas, could be applied with good results. Using these two methods for an extra-domain area, we can assess the sensitivity of the input covariates. Also, two maps showing the differences between the two models of landslide susceptibility, both for the first and for the extra-domain sample, were carried out and interpreted.
Web mapping technology is one of the best option when digital maps need to be disseminated. Web m... more Web mapping technology is one of the best option when digital maps need to be disseminated. Web maps are distributed as rasters or vectors using various web servers and applications. The interactivity of these maps is also present. We present a suite of open source applications, working on any web server and which can be used for the presentation and the dissemination of online geomorphologic maps. Every application and method was assessed using several criteria. The conclusion is that raster maps, rendered by Mapnik and served by OpenLayers are the best option for delivering online geomorphologic maps.
Quantitative methods for landslide susceptibility at medium scale are considered to have a high l... more Quantitative methods for landslide susceptibility at medium scale are considered to have a high level of objectivity. This is because of the acquisition and preparation mode of the geospatial data, but also due to the possibilities of model error and robustness estimation. Beside this, cross-validation procedure, have a good predictive power on the models realized on multi-temporal data sets. In this study we have chosen a representative area of approx. 120 km2 situated in central part of Moldavian Plateau (north-east Romania). This is an area in which landslides have an important frequency, at the moment almost 30% being covered by these processes. Their extension and distribution is governed by the geologic monoclinal structure, clay predominance of the bessarabian strata, landform dissection and climatic conditions. Landslide susceptibility assessment was realized using logistic regression, on a multiple landslide inventory. This inventory was created using ortorectified aerial images from 1978 and 2010, for each periods being considered both old and active landslides. The covariates for modelling were based on a Digital Elevation Model at 10x10 m obtained using 2.5 m contours lines extracted from 1:5,000 topographic maps. As causal factors and predictors of landslide initiation the main geomorphometric variables (elevation, slope angle, slope aspect, plan, profile and mean curvature, modified catchment area, topographic wetness index), statistical indices of them (standard deviation of elevation, slope gradient and slope aspect), distance to drainage network and roads, soil types and land use, were considered. The land use data, also included the land use changes between 1978-2010. The predictive performance of the models was assessed by Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve. The results show a good correspondence between the actual distribution of landslides and the susceptibility estimation for the two periods. In both cases AUROC (Area Under the ROC curve) values go toward 0.9. Bigger values appear for the estimation of the 1978 data, situation which can be explained by the fact that in that period the rain quantities were higher than in the present times, and the active landslide perimeters were mapped with high accuracy.
Lucrarea practică își propune descrierea utilizării geomorfometriei pentru cartarea geomorfologic... more Lucrarea practică își propune descrierea utilizării geomorfometriei pentru cartarea geomorfologică. Finalitatea lucrării practice este obținerea unei hărți geomorfologice a modelului SRTM utilizat de fiecare student în parte.
Lucrarea practică își propune recunoașterea și analiza unei alunecări de teren, utilizând hărți t... more Lucrarea practică își propune recunoașterea și analiza unei alunecări de teren, utilizând hărți topografice, imagini satelitare și gridul SRTM descărcat de fiecare student în parte, de pe pagina de descărcare rastere SRTM alunecări.
Lucrarea practică își propune recunoașterea relației dintre structura cutată și culmile, respecti... more Lucrarea practică își propune recunoașterea relației dintre structura cutată și culmile, respectiv văile, utilizând gridul SRTM descărcat de fiecare student în parte, de pe pagina de descărcare rastere SRTM relief cutat.
Lucrarea practică își propune recunoașterea cuestelor, utilizând gridul SRTM descărcat de fiecare... more Lucrarea practică își propune recunoașterea cuestelor, utilizând gridul SRTM descărcat de fiecare student în parte, de pe pagina de descărcare rastere SRTM cueste.
Lucrarea practică își propune descrierea și calculul derivatelor primare și secundare ale altitud... more Lucrarea practică își propune descrierea și calculul derivatelor primare și secundare ale altitudinii. Finalitatea lucrării practice este obținerea unei hărți reprezentând derivatele primare și secundare ale altitudinii gridului SRTM utilizat de fiecare student în parte.
Lucrarea practică își propune descrierea modului de întocmire a profilului geomorfologic și a hăr... more Lucrarea practică își propune descrierea modului de întocmire a profilului geomorfologic și a hărții hipsometrice cu umbrire.
Lucrarea pratică își propune descrierea modului de întocmire a profilului geomorfologic și a hărț... more Lucrarea pratică își propune descrierea modului de întocmire a profilului geomorfologic și a hărții hipsometrice cu umbrire.
Lucrarea practică își propune descrierea aplicațiilor ce vor fi utilizate pentru întocmirea anali... more Lucrarea practică își propune descrierea aplicațiilor ce vor fi utilizate pentru întocmirea analizelor și materialelor, în cadrul lucrărilor practice la disciplina Geomorfologie. Lucrarea practică își propune descrierea surselor de altitudine. Finalitatea lucrării practice este obținerea unei hărți reprezentând gridul SRTM utilizat de fiecare student în parte.
This study proposes a regional scale approach of landslide typology and patterns for the Moldavia... more This study proposes a regional scale approach of landslide typology and patterns for the Moldavian Plateau, one of the Romanian regions most affected by mass movement processes. A re‐ gional historical landslide inventory was carried out, using remote sensing imagery, resulting a num‐ ber of 24,263 polygons, which cover 18.3 % of the whole study area (24,803 km 2). Preconditioning, preparatory and triggering factors were revised and the following types of landslides were identified and attributed in the inventory: rotational, translational, lateral spread, flows and complex land‐ slides. The statistic interpretations of the geomorphometric variables of the polygons that define the areas affected by landslides, reveal a strong relation between the landslide phenomenon and the li‐ thology, the morphostructure and the topography. The general pattern of landslide distribution em‐ phasizes a repetitive model along cuesta scarp slopes; this is mainly related to the lithology domi‐ nated by limestones, sandstones and volcanic consolidated tuffs at the upper part of the slopes, with friable clayey and sandy strata intercalations. The landslide inventory and the revealed types and patterns of landslides are an essential step for a better understanding of landslide phenomenon, landslide risk assessment and landslide management in the Moldavian Plateau.
Gully formation and evolution represent an important aspect of landform evolution, but also of pr... more Gully formation and evolution represent an important aspect of landform evolution, but also of practical interest regarding hydrology and agriculture. The classic methodology of assessing the intensity of these erosion processes, and the volumes of sediments involved, is to use field measurements or classical/digital photogrammetry. These methods were recently completed by the use of high-resolution Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) derived from multitemporal LiDAR data and UAV images. In the Moldavian Plateau (north-eastern Romania) gullies are common landforms due to geologic, topographic, climatic and anthropic factors. Their episodic development and the relationship with high rainfall and/or snowmelt events constitute a key point in the deciphering the gully evolution. For this work we have chosen the case of four gullies developed in the lacustrine deposits of abandoned anthropic reservoirs and which presented an obvious dynamic in the last two decades on remote sensing images. A DJI Phantom 4 Pro UAV was flown over the study case areas and acquired images with 80% side and forward overlap at 20 MP resolution. The UAV point cloud was obtained using the Structure from Motion (SfM) technique in VisualSFM open source software from overlapping images and was georeferenced with ground control points. Georeferenced LiDAR point clouds acquired in winter 2012 were used as a reference dataset. The filtering of the point clouds for obtaining bare ground points was performed with the Multiscale Curvature Classification (MCC) algorithm. The point cloud ground data for both the sources and periods were used to interpolate a 0.25 m resolution bare earth DEMs for every gully. This LiDAR reference DEM was used together with the UAV SfM DEM for deriving the Dem of Differences (DoDs) using the Geomorphic Change Detection technique of Wheaton et al. (2010) implemented in SAGA GIS and R stat. The GCD was applied with both uniform and spatially variable thresholding, the threshold errors being derived from GCPs and from co-registration of the DEMs. Geomorphological mapping was performed for establishing the spatially variable thresholds and for assessing the sediment budget. The results highlighted the areas that were affected by erosion and deposition and allowed us to evaluate the process rate for every studied gully, for every gully element and to derive a raw sediment budget, showing that LiDAR, UAV SfM and DoD are useful methods in geomorphological mapping and rate of process studies.
This paper aims at substantiating the concept of geomorphometric analysis as a method of working ... more This paper aims at substantiating the concept of geomorphometric analysis as a method of working in Geomorphology, but also in other fields of endeavor in geosciences. Regardless of the location, geomorphometry as a branch / working method in geomorphology, or as specific science, altitude and land surface variables that describe its shape are considered basic information of land. Beside the applicability of geomorphometric variables in statistical modeling of natural processes, the quantitative quantification of Earth's surface shape interest geomorphologists on various issues, among which the most typical are analyzing the geomorphologic changes, correlating of morphology with geomorphologic evolution, geomorphlogic mapping and regionalization .
The fundamenting of geomorphometric analysis concept is based on a flowchart that includes the different stages in the process of analysis: • creating sources of altitude as numerical models of terrain altitude; • derivation of geomoprhometric variables based on numerical models of the terrain altitude; • delineation of geomoprhometric objects based on numerical models of the terrain altitude; • the use of variables and objects as input in statistical, geostatistical and spatial techniques with finality in geomorphology. Numerical models of the earth's surface elevation are the main source of information of altitudes underlying quantitative analysis of land surface shape. Altitude sources are varied, as also the methodologies for creating digital models of the earth's surface elevation, for Romania we present and validate methodology to refine freely available SRTM data. We performed also a description of completing data for elevation topographic maps for obtaining valid numerical models of the terrain elevation. Geomorphometric variables quantify land surface form, ranging from simple statistical analysis of altitude, variables related to water floe, radiation and wind on the earth's surface. In addition to the multitude of geomorphometric variables, the calculation of these varies greatly, which can have repercussions on their use in statistical or physical models. The evaluation of geomorphometric variables associated uncertainty derivation is very important in this respect being shown a series of case studies on estimating soil erosion or the probability of occurrence of landslides. Geomorphometric objects are relatively homogeneous areas following various criteria of form of the earth's surface, which are candidates for landforms. Geomorphometric landform classification methodologies are aimed at delimiting geomorphometric objects, both using supervised systems by a certain type of landforms previously conceptualized and unsupervised by applying statistical methods and image segmentation. For Romania is presented supervised classification methodology for geomorphometric analysis of cuesta landforms from the Moldavian Plateau. DTSAM emergence of global coverage opens up the possibility of global and national landform analysis. This reveals a number of issues concerning geomorphologic evolution of the system, especially if it can be achieved compared with other planets altitude distribution. Statistical methods, geostatistical and spatial analysis are indispensable for geomorphometric and geomorphologic analysis. Sources variability and elevation influence of geomorphometric variable value, following the calculation algorithm was analyzed, both for estimating soil erosion using USLE model and logistic regression as a method for probabilistic modeling of landslide occurrence. Detection of morphological changes by the difference of DTASM is a technique that can be used successfully in the study of geomorphologic evolution of floodplains and anthropogenic landscape in the last decade. For the validity of the analysis there is need for accurate modeling of DTSAM surface that can reveal any deficiencies in data sources. Morphological changes by DTASM difference method was applied to Romanian topographic maps from various editions. Geomorphometric mapping is a technique for geomorphologic mapping objectification, in this regard is presented as a case study, the geomorphometric map of the region Iasi, scale 1:100 000 (L, 35-32). Geomorphometric regionalization can be improved as precision and objectivity for geomorphologic regionalization. Statistical methods can be used to clarify the boundaries, the specialist remaining to complete the regionalization.
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a successful approach for digital soil mapping. The use of regression kriging is an efficient
method, because represent an averaged estimate that best fit the existing soil data (multiple
regression), with the correction of residuals kriging. The method gave best results for a medium
scale of digital soil mapping and for zonal soils that correlate better with the landforms from
the studied area. The regression kriging estimations of Romanian soil data from Iasi County
were used to develop the digital soil map using the criteria from the Romanian Soil Taxonomy
System. The validity of the method was checked by keeping from the regression, test points and
by comparing the results with 5k‐10k soil maps of the area. Although the statistical significance
of the regression approach is poor, the comparison with existing soil maps show that the DSM
approach can be adequately at some extent, and this comparison can be used to evaluate the
DSM approach.
The fundamenting of geomorphometric analysis concept is based on a flowchart that includes the different stages in the process of analysis:
• creating sources of altitude as numerical models of terrain altitude;
• derivation of geomoprhometric variables based on numerical models of the terrain altitude;
• delineation of geomoprhometric objects based on numerical models of the terrain altitude;
• the use of variables and objects as input in statistical, geostatistical and spatial techniques with finality in geomorphology.
Numerical models of the earth's surface elevation are the main source of information of altitudes underlying quantitative analysis of land surface shape. Altitude sources are varied, as also the methodologies for creating digital models of the earth's surface elevation, for Romania we present and validate methodology to refine freely available SRTM data. We performed also a description of completing data for elevation topographic maps for obtaining valid numerical models of the terrain elevation.
Geomorphometric variables quantify land surface form, ranging from simple statistical analysis of altitude, variables related to water floe, radiation and wind on the earth's surface. In addition to the multitude of geomorphometric variables, the calculation of these varies greatly, which can have repercussions on their use in statistical or physical models. The evaluation of geomorphometric variables associated uncertainty derivation is very important in this respect being shown a series of case studies on estimating soil erosion or the probability of occurrence of landslides.
Geomorphometric objects are relatively homogeneous areas following various criteria of form of the earth's surface, which are candidates for landforms. Geomorphometric landform classification methodologies are aimed at delimiting geomorphometric objects, both using supervised systems by a certain type of landforms previously conceptualized and unsupervised by applying statistical methods and image segmentation. For Romania is presented supervised classification methodology for geomorphometric analysis of cuesta landforms from the Moldavian Plateau.
DTSAM emergence of global coverage opens up the possibility of global and national landform analysis. This reveals a number of issues concerning geomorphologic evolution of the system, especially if it can be achieved compared with other planets altitude distribution.
Statistical methods, geostatistical and spatial analysis are indispensable for geomorphometric and geomorphologic analysis. Sources variability and elevation influence of geomorphometric variable value, following the calculation algorithm was analyzed, both for estimating soil erosion using USLE model and logistic regression as a method for probabilistic modeling of landslide occurrence.
Detection of morphological changes by the difference of DTASM is a technique that can be used successfully in the study of geomorphologic evolution of floodplains and anthropogenic landscape in the last decade. For the validity of the analysis there is need for accurate modeling of DTSAM surface that can reveal any deficiencies in data sources. Morphological changes by DTASM difference method was applied to Romanian topographic maps from various editions.
Geomorphometric mapping is a technique for geomorphologic mapping objectification, in this regard is presented as a case study, the geomorphometric map of the region Iasi, scale 1:100 000 (L, 35-32).
Geomorphometric regionalization can be improved as precision and objectivity for geomorphologic regionalization. Statistical methods can be used to clarify the boundaries, the specialist remaining to complete the regionalization.