Research Projects by Dominik Markl
Niko Hofinger
Dieses interdisziplinäre und internationale Drittmittelprojekt widmet sich der Erforschung und He... more Dieses interdisziplinäre und internationale Drittmittelprojekt widmet sich der Erforschung und Herausgabe der Schriften der jüdischen Autorin Leokadia Justman (1924–2002, verheiratet Lorraine Justman-Wisnicki), besonders der autobiographischen Erinnerungen ihres Überlebens des Holocaust in Polen und in den Regionen Seefeld, Innsbruck und Zell am See, niedergeschrieben teils auf Polnisch 1945/46 und auf Englisch 1963, in einer stark gekürzten und überarbeiteten Fassung publiziert 2003 (In Quest for Life – Ave Pax). Dieses einzigartige Dokument zur Tiroler Regionalgeschichte 1943–1946 ist zugleich die wichtigste Quelle für die Aktivitäten von fünf in Tirol tätigen Polizisten und drei Frauen, die seit 1980 als Gerechte unter den Völkern in Yad Vashem (Jerusalem) anerkannt sind.
https://www.uibk.ac.at/de/projects/leokadia-justman/
Papers by Dominik Markl
Russia's invasion of Ukraine in 2022 challenges memory studies to analyze transmissions of discou... more Russia's invasion of Ukraine in 2022 challenges memory studies to analyze transmissions of discourses which justify mass violence and challenge the focus on denial. On the one hand, the Russian regime's claim to undertake "denazification" and prevent a "genocide" expounds the seminal role of cultural memory in politics. The weaponization of history, international law, and religion is widely accepted in Russian society and by global populisms. On the other hand, the invasion came as a surprise even to many experts because in politics, media, and research, justifications of mass violence are often dismissed as pretexts distracting from facts. Yet, the dismissal entails a major lacuna: we know too little about how justifications travel through societies and have a long-term impact. The article proposes that while acts of mass violence alter political and socioeconomic realities, justifications of mass violence establish the linguistic and heuristic parameter for their subsequent juridical, moral, and scholarly evaluation. Normalizations of justifications contribute to perpetuating societal fault lines and set the frame for further conflict. The memory studies focus on transgenerational transmissions of psycho-social sequalae of violence laid the groundwork for understanding longue durée transmissions. However, memory studies have focused on denial as a key psychological and political driving force of transmissions, while, for instance, Russian and Serbian memory cultures are shaped by both denial and outright affirmations-not-even-denial-of past mass violence as model for present politics. Memory studies provide the appropriate conceptual space as a framework for addressing implicit normalizations and explicit affirmations of justifications of mass violence.
Mass violence—killings and other forms of violence that aim at exterminating large groups of peop... more Mass violence—killings and other forms of violence that aim at exterminating large groups of people—is often called a tragedy. The trope can be found in testimonies of victimization, justifications of perpetration, journalistic, political, and academic language as well as in popular parlance. The article examines the divergent usages of the travelling trope of tragedy with particular emphasis on its role in forming justificatory discourse. The issue at stake is that the trope of tragedy does not remain confined to outright justifications such as juridical legitimization, moral vindication, political propaganda etc., but permeates condemnation and critique as well. The rationale of the analysis is that justifications of acts of mass violence that are negotiated in key areas of the cultural canon give a culturally specific, often identificatory, meaning to acts that are, from a critical perspective, mostly either considered senseless or comprehended in economic and sociopolitical terms. Yet it is largely owing to justificatory discourses that acts of mass violence do not remain single, exorbitant events, but have a lasting impact by shaping the linguistic and heuristic framework of their subsequent evaluation. When condemnation and critique adopt these terminologies and frameworks—such as the notion of purity underlying the term ‘ethnic cleansing’, or the ethnopolitical paradigm informing the concept of genocide—this effects an uneasy mimetic participation in transmitting justifications of mass violence. The trope of tragedy makes it possible to address the issue of mimetic participation by drawing attention to the audience as an indispensable element of the discourse.
This article investigates the justifications of mass violence in Deuteronomistic historiography t... more This article investigates the justifications of mass violence in Deuteronomistic historiography through the lens of cultural trauma. The analysis concentrates on the representation and justification of mass violence, that is, mass killings and other forms of violence against noncombatants, in Israel's conquest of the promised land in the books of Deuteronomy and Joshua as well as during the loss of the land at the hand of the Assyrian and Babylonian armies, as narrated in 2 Kings 17-25. A comparison of these texts and their respective historical backgrounds helps to profile the contrasts and continuities between them. Trauma theory sheds light on both narratives as media to recover agency and to reconstruct collective identity for emerging Judaism via the historiographical representation of cultural trauma.
Resumen: Este artículo relaciona la teoría de la memoria cultural, con especial referencia a la o... more Resumen: Este artículo relaciona la teoría de la memoria cultural, con especial referencia a la obra de Jan y Aleida Assmann, con los rituales sacramentales. En particular, hace hincapié en el entrelazamiento de los textos sagrados con los ritos que hacen especialmente eficaz la transmisión de la memoria cultural. Mediante el análisis de las instituciones del pésaj en el Éxodo 12 y de la eucaristía en el Nuevo
Testamento, especialmente en 1 Corintios 11 y Lucas 22, el artículo demuestra varios rasgos lingüísticos comunes como requisitos previos para la actualización de la celebración. Los escenarios narrativos de las instituciones en el éxodo y en la pasión de Jesús muestran que tanto el pésaj como la eucaristía transmiten la memoria del trauma cultural y su transformación resiliente. Ambos rituales han acompañado al judaísmo y al cristianismo como compañeros de migración a lo largo de la historia.
Long after critical scholarship began to question the attribution of the Pentateuch's authorship ... more Long after critical scholarship began to question the attribution of the Pentateuch's authorship to Moses, the Decalogue was one of the last strongholds to which scholars retreated to maintain the dignity of its Mosaic origin (see, e.g., the report in Matthes 1904, 17-20). An example of this idealistic conception of an original Mosaic Urdekalog is found in Geschichte des Volkes Israel bis Christus by Heinrich Ewald (1845, 148-159). According to Ewald, the differences between the Decalogue's versions in Exodus 20 and Deuteronomy 5 allow for the elimination of the secondary expansions found mainly in the theological motivations of the commandments (Ewald 1845, 149). While the received versions have encouraged diverse traditions for counting the Commandments, the original Decalogue must have been marked by a clear structure of exactly ten commandments, evenly distributed on the two tablets (149-153; cf., similarly, Peters 1886). This view may well have been influenced by the iconic representation of the Mosaic tablets, especially since the Reformation (e.g., Mochizuki 2006). The introductory words, "I am Yhwh, your God," which also mark the conclusion of the supposedly ancient commandments in Leviticus 18 and 19, are evidence of the deepest prophetic sentiment of Moses: his voice disappears behind the divine utterance (Ewald 1845, 154-155). Similar scholarly attitudes are seen behind the version of the Decalogue preserved in the Shapira Manuscripts (the available copies are edited in Dershowitz 2021, esp. 160f., 171f.) that supposedly came into possession of Moses Wilhelm Shapira in 1878 (Dershowitz 2021, 2). The version of the Ten Commandments preserved in this text contains neither explanatory additions nor doublets: it renders only one prohibition of false swearing and one of coveting; at the end, it adds "thou shalt not hate thy brother in thine heart" (Lev. 19:17). The commandments are perfectly structured into ten, each marked by the conclusory formula "I am Elohim your God," which authenticates this Decalogue as Mosaic according to Ewald's criteria. The formula constructs an Elohistic version of the Decalogue, mechanically replacing the tetragrammaton with "Elohim" (cf. comparable formulations in the Elohistic Psalter: Ps. 43:4, 45:8, etc.). This reflects the idea of an attribution of the Decalogue to an Elohistic source, which Julius Wellhausen (1876, 557, 564f.) proposed. Through an idiosyncratic conflation of nineteenth-century views on the Decalogue, the Shapira Manuscripts' Decalogue tried to convince contemporary scholars that it was an authentic, ancient, or even Mosaic, version of this text (on this case of forgery, see Hendel/Richelle 2021)."
Both the idea of divine law and the development of monotheism are specific and decisive elements ... more Both the idea of divine law and the development of monotheism are specific and decisive elements in the history of religion attested by the Hebrew Bible. This article presents an analysis of Deuteronomy 4, the only text in the Hebrew Bible in which the revelation of divine law and an explicit monotheistic claim are systematically related. Compared to the conceptions of law in the ancient Near East and ancient Greece, Deuteronomy 4 is shown to have made an important contribution to the specific identity of emergent Judaism.
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Research Projects by Dominik Markl
https://www.uibk.ac.at/de/projects/leokadia-justman/
Papers by Dominik Markl
Testamento, especialmente en 1 Corintios 11 y Lucas 22, el artículo demuestra varios rasgos lingüísticos comunes como requisitos previos para la actualización de la celebración. Los escenarios narrativos de las instituciones en el éxodo y en la pasión de Jesús muestran que tanto el pésaj como la eucaristía transmiten la memoria del trauma cultural y su transformación resiliente. Ambos rituales han acompañado al judaísmo y al cristianismo como compañeros de migración a lo largo de la historia.
https://www.uibk.ac.at/de/projects/leokadia-justman/
Testamento, especialmente en 1 Corintios 11 y Lucas 22, el artículo demuestra varios rasgos lingüísticos comunes como requisitos previos para la actualización de la celebración. Los escenarios narrativos de las instituciones en el éxodo y en la pasión de Jesús muestran que tanto el pésaj como la eucaristía transmiten la memoria del trauma cultural y su transformación resiliente. Ambos rituales han acompañado al judaísmo y al cristianismo como compañeros de migración a lo largo de la historia.
https://www.hsozkult.de/conferencereport/id/tagungsberichte-9368
The conference includes contributions by Jan Assmann (University of Heidelberg), Eckart Otto (LMU Munich), Wolfgang Oswald (University of Tübingen), Peter Dubovský (Pontifical Biblical Institute), Oda Wischmeyer (University of Erlangen), Katell Berthelot (CNRS Aix-en-Provence), Nicholas Morton (Nottinham Trent University), Dominik Markl (Pontifical Biblical Institute), Yvonne Sherwood (University of Kent), Kevin Killeen (University of York), John Coffey (University of Leicester), Eric Nelson (Harvard University), James P. Byrd (Vanderbilt University), Joachim J. Krause (Universit of Tübingen), Fania Oz-Salzberger (University of Haifa) and a response by Peter Machinist (Harvard University).
The workshop includes contributions by David Vanderhooft (Boston College), Jeffrey Cooley (Boston College), Ilona Zsolnay (University of Chicago), Avi Winitzer (University of Notre Dame), Georg Fischer (University of Innsbruck), Peter Dubovský (Pontifical Biblical Insitute), Eckart Otto (LMU Munich), Dominik Markl (Pontifical Biblical Institute) and Cornelia Wunsch (Freie Universität Berlin).
Zwischen Kronen und Nationen: Die zentraleuropäischen Priesterkollegien in Rom vom Risorgimento bis zum Zweiten Weltkrieg (Rom, Jänner 2020)
Franz Xaver Brandmayr, Päpstliches Institut Santa Maria dell' Anima, Rom; Stefan Heid, Römisches Institut der Görres-Gesellschaft; Florian Kührer-Wielach, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Tamara Scheer, Universität Wien
Autorin des Berichts: Theresa Gillinger
Palabras clave: Jerónimo de Estridón. Traducción de la Biblia. Vulgata. Recepción. Historia académica.
What Biblical Scholars Can Learn from Jerome: Sixteen Centuries After His Demise
Abstract: Jerome of Stridon (ca. 347-420 ce) was, after Origen, one of few Christian scholars of antiquity who engaged in profound studies of the biblical languages Greek and Hebrew. His stylistically accomplished Latin translation was received as the standard Bible of Western Christianity for a millennium – the Vulgate. Besides his intense studies of literature and languages, Jerome’s monumental achievement as a biblical scholar was grounded in monastic enthusiasm, the teaching of a wide range of exegetes of Christian and Jewish provenance, a knowledge of biblical geography, and an academic network that spanned the Mediterranean basin.
Keywords: Jerome of Stridon. Bible translation. Vulgate. Reception. History of scholarship.
decisivos y específicos en la historia de la religión atestiguada por la Biblia Hebrea. Este artículo presenta un análisis del Deuteronomio 4, el único texto en la Biblia Hebrea en el que la revelación de la ley divina y una afirmación monoteísta explícita están relacionadas sistemáticamente. Comparado con las concepciones de la ley en el Antiguo Oriente y la Antigua Grecia, Deuteronomio 4 muestra haber realizado una importante contribución a la específica identidad del judaísmo naciente.
Palabras clave: Deuteronomio. Monoteísmo. Ley divina. Judaísmo antiguo.
Both the idea of divine law and the development of monotheism are specific and decisive elements in the history of religion attested by the Hebrew Bible. This article presents an analysis of Deuteronomy 4, the only text in the Hebrew Bible in which the revelation of divine law and an explicit monotheistic claim are systematically related. Compared to the conceptions of law in the ancient Near East and ancient Greece, Deuteronomy 4 is shown to have made an important contribution to the specific identity of emergent Judaism.
Keywords: Deuteronomy. Monotheism. Divine Law. Early Judaism.
www.lmu.de/discoursesofmassviolence