Variation orders are a frequent occurrence in the construction phase of Malaysian building projec... more Variation orders are a frequent occurrence in the construction phase of Malaysian building projects. Increased construction time and costs are inevitable when variation orders appear. The aim of the current research is to identify the effectiveness of a "cost and time model" in controlling variation orders during the construction of residential projects in Malaysia. The model was derived from a literature review, which also examined how case studies and data have been utilised to identify the causes and effects of variation orders. These were analysed using multiple linear regression analysis. Three independent variables were identified as significant positive causes, while two dependent variables were determined to be the effects of a variation order. The independent variables signify the owner’s changes to the scope of work, construction materials and procedures, as well as their modifications to the specifications. The cost and duration of the project is the dependent v...
The traditional village is one of the urban design typologies where its survival depends on its s... more The traditional village is one of the urban design typologies where its survival depends on its success in attracting people. The number of people visiting an area can be considered as one of the factors used in assessing the overall success of a place. However, due to rapid urbanisation, the unique character of traditional villages in urban areas or cities can be seen as outdated or considered as not worth preserving. Thus, this paper aims to identify the buildings within a village that can create a character for the area, and which act as important physical elements that contribute towards the success of a traditional village in an urban setting. This case study was conducted in Kampong Bharu, Kuala Lumpur, and a mixedmethod approach was used involving personal observations, in-depth interviews, and questionnaires with 330 respondents. The result revealed that buildings, as a physical element, play an essential role in attracting people to Kampong Bharu. Thus, this element should ...
The possibility is the uncertainty of the probability of the occurrence of an activity or event t... more The possibility is the uncertainty of the probability of the occurrence of an activity or event that can have a positive or negative effect is a risk. Risks to construction projects can result in losses in terms of cost and time for the construction projects involved. The impact of this risk involves the performance and loss of an organization such as housing developers, contractors or losses to certain individuals such as home buyers. The COVID-19 pandemic that has hit around the world has also had a negative impact on construction projects in Malaysia. The effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic have indirectly caused housing construction projects to be abandoned and also not to be completed within the stipulated time as in the contract. This results in the buyers not being able to occupy their homes according to the time period that has been signed in the sale and purchase agreement with the developer. This research aims to look at the risks in the management of abandoned housing projec...
Research Highlights The Melaka Malay Sultanate Empire is often referred as a glorious empire of... more Research Highlights The Melaka Malay Sultanate Empire is often referred as a glorious empire of various administrative, economic, and physical aspects. The Melaka Malay City in the context of this paper refers to Bandar Melaka during the reign of the Melaka Malay Sultanate, which was originally from Bukit Melaka which houses Melaka Palace to the surrounding area. Based on research, mapping of the Melaka city can be divided into three hierarchy with clear separation morphology. The first hierarchy is the Melaka harbor extending from the coast to the settlement and the city of Melaka. The second hierarchy is the administrative area of Melaka, the mosque as a center of knowledge and da'wah, bridges that connects area and as economic activities’ space for traders and residents of Melaka. The third hierarchy is the area deeper into Melaka forest that had orchard houses of Melaka’s residents, agricultural area and settlements of most Melaka residents. _____________________________...
Research Highlights Despite of many historical records from Portuguese about the physical of Mela... more Research Highlights Despite of many historical records from Portuguese about the physical of Melaka Malay City, its existence is still doubtful since there is no clear physical evidence that can be used as basis support to its existence. However, to prove that the city was existed, various physical and scientific evidence are required to prove its existence. Thus, this study aims to identify historical evidence that mentioned its existence which based on the first painting of A’Famosa (Malacca Fort City during Portuguese era). The study proposed three hypothesis and results indicated there is a postivie outcome to prove that the Melaka Malay City existed on and around Bukit Melaka (or St Paul Hill now) based on historical records and sketches found. Research Objectives This paper attempts to uncover and reveal the historical evidence of Melaka Malay (Fort) City before the city was destroyed and rebuilt according to Portuguese terms. This paper was created to identify the differenc...
The Empire of the Malay Sultanate of Melaka is often referred to as an imposing and glorious empi... more The Empire of the Malay Sultanate of Melaka is often referred to as an imposing and glorious empire of various administrative, economic, and physical aspects. The Melaka Malay City in the context of this paper refers to Bandar Melaka during the reign of the Melaka Malay Sultanate, which was originally from Bukit Melaka which houses Melaka Palace to the surrounding area. The purpose of this study is to examine and interpret the picture of the Melaka City based on the sources of Portuguese sketches and drawings which are believed as valid. The method focused in this paper is through debates on sketches and drawings obtained, then contrasted and combined with historical records relating to Melaka City or events related to the sketches and paintings. This research is a bit of a story, as well as describing the Melaka Malay Sultanate era before the Portuguese's conquest in terms of environmental, physical, and other related aspects. The implications of this study can be a catalyst for continuous and deeper research to know about Melaka City and skyline during the era of the Malay Sultanate. The study showed that the plan of Melaka city was not a planned city plan since the reign of the first Sultan of Melaka, but was a city that grows organically according to the current and growing needs of the Melaka Malay Empire. The layout features of the Melaka City are in line with its function as an entrepot city, hence the municipal rough plan match and resemble the picture of paintings and sketches described in most historical records. In conclusion, the Melaka Malay City before the Portuguese's conquest was likely to be a physical civilization and should be examined and explicitly evidenced in rebuilding the Melaka Malay civilization that had long been established.
Variation orders are a frequent occurrence in the construction phase of Malaysian building projec... more Variation orders are a frequent occurrence in the construction phase of Malaysian building projects. Increased construction time and costs are inevitable when variation orders appear. The aim of the current research is to identify the effectiveness of a "cost and time model" in controlling variation orders during the construction of residential projects in Malaysia. The model was derived from a literature review, which also examined how case studies and data have been utilised to identify the causes and effects of variation orders. These were analysed using multiple linear regression analysis. Three independent variables were identified as significant positive causes, while two dependent variables were determined to be the effects of a variation order. The independent variables signify the owner’s changes to the scope of work, construction materials and procedures, as well as their modifications to the specifications. The cost and duration of the project is the dependent v...
The traditional village is one of the urban design typologies where its survival depends on its s... more The traditional village is one of the urban design typologies where its survival depends on its success in attracting people. The number of people visiting an area can be considered as one of the factors used in assessing the overall success of a place. However, due to rapid urbanisation, the unique character of traditional villages in urban areas or cities can be seen as outdated or considered as not worth preserving. Thus, this paper aims to identify the buildings within a village that can create a character for the area, and which act as important physical elements that contribute towards the success of a traditional village in an urban setting. This case study was conducted in Kampong Bharu, Kuala Lumpur, and a mixedmethod approach was used involving personal observations, in-depth interviews, and questionnaires with 330 respondents. The result revealed that buildings, as a physical element, play an essential role in attracting people to Kampong Bharu. Thus, this element should ...
The possibility is the uncertainty of the probability of the occurrence of an activity or event t... more The possibility is the uncertainty of the probability of the occurrence of an activity or event that can have a positive or negative effect is a risk. Risks to construction projects can result in losses in terms of cost and time for the construction projects involved. The impact of this risk involves the performance and loss of an organization such as housing developers, contractors or losses to certain individuals such as home buyers. The COVID-19 pandemic that has hit around the world has also had a negative impact on construction projects in Malaysia. The effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic have indirectly caused housing construction projects to be abandoned and also not to be completed within the stipulated time as in the contract. This results in the buyers not being able to occupy their homes according to the time period that has been signed in the sale and purchase agreement with the developer. This research aims to look at the risks in the management of abandoned housing projec...
Research Highlights The Melaka Malay Sultanate Empire is often referred as a glorious empire of... more Research Highlights The Melaka Malay Sultanate Empire is often referred as a glorious empire of various administrative, economic, and physical aspects. The Melaka Malay City in the context of this paper refers to Bandar Melaka during the reign of the Melaka Malay Sultanate, which was originally from Bukit Melaka which houses Melaka Palace to the surrounding area. Based on research, mapping of the Melaka city can be divided into three hierarchy with clear separation morphology. The first hierarchy is the Melaka harbor extending from the coast to the settlement and the city of Melaka. The second hierarchy is the administrative area of Melaka, the mosque as a center of knowledge and da'wah, bridges that connects area and as economic activities’ space for traders and residents of Melaka. The third hierarchy is the area deeper into Melaka forest that had orchard houses of Melaka’s residents, agricultural area and settlements of most Melaka residents. _____________________________...
Research Highlights Despite of many historical records from Portuguese about the physical of Mela... more Research Highlights Despite of many historical records from Portuguese about the physical of Melaka Malay City, its existence is still doubtful since there is no clear physical evidence that can be used as basis support to its existence. However, to prove that the city was existed, various physical and scientific evidence are required to prove its existence. Thus, this study aims to identify historical evidence that mentioned its existence which based on the first painting of A’Famosa (Malacca Fort City during Portuguese era). The study proposed three hypothesis and results indicated there is a postivie outcome to prove that the Melaka Malay City existed on and around Bukit Melaka (or St Paul Hill now) based on historical records and sketches found. Research Objectives This paper attempts to uncover and reveal the historical evidence of Melaka Malay (Fort) City before the city was destroyed and rebuilt according to Portuguese terms. This paper was created to identify the differenc...
The Empire of the Malay Sultanate of Melaka is often referred to as an imposing and glorious empi... more The Empire of the Malay Sultanate of Melaka is often referred to as an imposing and glorious empire of various administrative, economic, and physical aspects. The Melaka Malay City in the context of this paper refers to Bandar Melaka during the reign of the Melaka Malay Sultanate, which was originally from Bukit Melaka which houses Melaka Palace to the surrounding area. The purpose of this study is to examine and interpret the picture of the Melaka City based on the sources of Portuguese sketches and drawings which are believed as valid. The method focused in this paper is through debates on sketches and drawings obtained, then contrasted and combined with historical records relating to Melaka City or events related to the sketches and paintings. This research is a bit of a story, as well as describing the Melaka Malay Sultanate era before the Portuguese's conquest in terms of environmental, physical, and other related aspects. The implications of this study can be a catalyst for continuous and deeper research to know about Melaka City and skyline during the era of the Malay Sultanate. The study showed that the plan of Melaka city was not a planned city plan since the reign of the first Sultan of Melaka, but was a city that grows organically according to the current and growing needs of the Melaka Malay Empire. The layout features of the Melaka City are in line with its function as an entrepot city, hence the municipal rough plan match and resemble the picture of paintings and sketches described in most historical records. In conclusion, the Melaka Malay City before the Portuguese's conquest was likely to be a physical civilization and should be examined and explicitly evidenced in rebuilding the Melaka Malay civilization that had long been established.
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