The article deals with the emergence and development of prime nomadic cold weapons for the period... more The article deals with the emergence and development of prime nomadic cold weapons for the period of almost two thousand years: from 10th century BC to 9th century AD. The presented materials show clear evolutionary lines of such weaponry, proving that each following group of nomads, living in North Pontic region and steppe parts of Eurasia, relied on its predecessors in terms of warfare and used weapons, primarily-swords and daggers. In such an environment the role of the Roman and later the Eastern Roman Empire in adapting and creating new styles of weapons is denoted, without neglecting the military tradition of the past, always reinventing itself.
The only eight Cimmerian time helmets which had been found in Ukraine as of now belong to three d... more The only eight Cimmerian time helmets which had been found in Ukraine as of now belong to three different types and have European analogies. Three of these helmets belong to the oldest type of metal helmets in Europe. There are two unique items, one probably being a transitional form between two subsequent types and another-the local imitation of foreign type. Generally, the presence of such findings in Ukraine indicate the lasting connections between peoples of the North Pontic Region and their western neighbors. The traces of damage on all eight helmets indicate their direct usage in combat.
The article is dedicated to the swords of bimetallic type with cross-shaped
handles, which stand... more The article is dedicated to the swords of bimetallic type with cross-shaped handles, which stand out due to their sizes – up to 1 m, while other swords of this type only reach 50 cm. The hypotheses about the origin and purpose of such long swords are suggested.
The dagger with triangular pommel was initially mentioned in the works of O. I. Terenozhkin in 19... more The dagger with triangular pommel was initially mentioned in the works of O. I. Terenozhkin in 1961 and 1976. Later, in 1970-1980-s, analogical daggers were found in Central and Northern Caucasus. Also the weapon with similar typical features was found in modern Iran in 1960. In recent years several new artifacts of this type had been discovered in Ukraine. Based on the analysis of the known findings, the following hypothesis is suggested: the prototypes for the daggers with triangular pommel were the 2-nd millennia BC Hurrian daggers; in Late Bronze Age the tradition of triangular pommel appears in Central Caucasus, and later - through Northern Caucasus, in Ukrainian territory. Here, in Cimmerian time, the bimetallic weapons of this type emerge.
The blunt weapons are the most diverse category of Cimmerian time
weapons, though not all of it ... more The blunt weapons are the most diverse category of Cimmerian time weapons, though not all of it kinds are represented equally. This article describes the least represented weapons. Their small number can be the evidence of their extraordinary status in the society of that time.
The article is dedicated to the analysis of bimetallic swords
and daggers of Cimmerian time, whic... more The article is dedicated to the analysis of bimetallic swords and daggers of Cimmerian time, which were found both at Ukrainian territory and neighboring countries. The previously known and new findings are analyzed. K e y w o r d s: Northern Pontic Region, Cimmerians, Karasuk daggers, bimetallic swords and daggers
У виданні представлено результати досліджень у галузі археології, що базуються на доповідях, зроб... more У виданні представлено результати досліджень у галузі археології, що базуються на доповідях, зроблених у рамках міжнародної конференції «Археологічні студії: здобутки та перспективи 2023», яка відбулася на кафедрі археології Національного університету «Києво-Могилянська академія» 26 січня 2023 року. Статті охоплюють широкі хронологічні рамки, від доби бронзи до періоду Київської Русі, й велике коло тем: історію озброєння та військової справи, експериментальну археологію, керамологію, поселенську та поховальну археологію, аналіз окремих артефактів.
У збірці опубліковано тези доповідей міжнародної конференції
«Археологічні студії: здобутки та пе... more У збірці опубліковано тези доповідей міжнародної конференції «Археологічні студії: здобутки та перспективи 2022», що проходи- ла на кафедрі археології Національного університету «Києво-Могилянська академія» 27 січня 2022 року. Доповіді охоплювали широкі хронологічні рамки, від доби енеоліту до Нового часу, й ве- лике коло тем: первісну історію, індоєвропейські студії, історію давніх культів, історію озброєння та військової справи, історію ко- лісного транспорту, керамологію, підводну, поселенську та похо- вальну археологію. The current conference proceedings present papers delivered at the international conference “Archaeological studies: achievements and prospects 2022” organized by the Department of Archaeology, National University of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy on January 27th, 2022. Papers cover the period from the Eneolithic to Modern era. The topics list includes ancient history, Indo-European studies, history of cults, weaponry and warfare and wheeled transport, ceramology, underwater, settlement and funeral archaeology.
A new archeology of the Bronze Age of Eastern Europe, unknown to those who appreciate the Russian... more A new archeology of the Bronze Age of Eastern Europe, unknown to those who appreciate the Russian peace.
This book introduces new archaeological materials, found in 2003-2020 years to scientific field. It contains the schemes of typochronology of items beginning from the most ancient metal products in Ukraine – items of period of Early Trypillia to Late Bronze Age. All in all, in this book about a thousand new bronze and copper
items are analyzed, including materials of 30 new hoardes, all of which are described
and analyzed. Due to this new material our level of knowledge extended not only greatly but also qualitatively – new, previously unknown categories of ancient metal tools and weapons are discovered. Numerous imported items from
Central Europe and Middle East were examined, which allows to view cultural
processes of Ukrainian territories at the time as part of general European processes
closely connected to Ancient World’s history.
The book covers only copper and bronze items of V – II millennia BC, rare golden and silver items require separate research.
Most of the items were spectrally analyzed. by T. Y. Hoshko and their creation technology studied. These data allowed us to create new picture of the Early Bronze Age Ukrainian cultural processes, which is based on history of metallurgy – vital part of that time cultural processes.
The cooperation between myself and Anatolyi V. Kozymenko for preserving archaeological legacy and introducing it into scientific field continues since 2009. For this time we released the book “Nash nedavniy bronzoviy vek” Kyiv, 2011 – the first catalog of his quite small at that time collection of metal (copper and bronze)
items from Eneolithic and Bronze Ages. In 2017 the second work was released “Drevniy metal Ukrainy”, which included more then a thousand copper and bronze items from his collection and come from period of Early Trypillia to Middle Ages.
Since then (2017) the collection of items from Eneolithic and Bronze Age of A. V. Kozymenko was extended almost two times, while my own database of this time items found in Ukraine extended four times. During this time, T. Y. Hoshko conducted around 300 new spectral analyses and examined the technology of creating
new, previously unknown tools – bushing axe-hacks (celts). The speed of new findings occurrence impresses, terrifies and calls to immediate actions. We have no right to lose the colossal amount of new information about ancient period of Ukrainian history.
Therefore, the large amount of new materials, which we introduce to scientific field allowed us to move to the new level of scientific generalizing and to create our own view on the age of early metal of Ukraine in the form of the essay of history of metallurgy in Eneolithic and Early-Middle Bronze Ages as a part of historical-cultural process until the emergence of Eastern Europe historical peoples, from V to beginning
of II millennia BC, from Early Trypillia to proto-Slavs and Thracians. The book is written in two languages – Ukrainian and English and well-illustrated – 170 tables of photos, pictures, maps and photos of separate items. The appendix includes the catalog of new additions to A. V. Kozymenko collection, 19 items spectral analyses tables and list of literature in two languages.
V. I. Klochko
УДК 669(477)(091), Е68; ISBN 978-617-731538-3
The article deals with the emergence and development of prime nomadic cold weapons for the period... more The article deals with the emergence and development of prime nomadic cold weapons for the period of almost two thousand years: from 10th century BC to 9th century AD. The presented materials show clear evolutionary lines of such weaponry, proving that each following group of nomads, living in North Pontic region and steppe parts of Eurasia, relied on its predecessors in terms of warfare and used weapons, primarily-swords and daggers. In such an environment the role of the Roman and later the Eastern Roman Empire in adapting and creating new styles of weapons is denoted, without neglecting the military tradition of the past, always reinventing itself.
The only eight Cimmerian time helmets which had been found in Ukraine as of now belong to three d... more The only eight Cimmerian time helmets which had been found in Ukraine as of now belong to three different types and have European analogies. Three of these helmets belong to the oldest type of metal helmets in Europe. There are two unique items, one probably being a transitional form between two subsequent types and another-the local imitation of foreign type. Generally, the presence of such findings in Ukraine indicate the lasting connections between peoples of the North Pontic Region and their western neighbors. The traces of damage on all eight helmets indicate their direct usage in combat.
The article is dedicated to the swords of bimetallic type with cross-shaped
handles, which stand... more The article is dedicated to the swords of bimetallic type with cross-shaped handles, which stand out due to their sizes – up to 1 m, while other swords of this type only reach 50 cm. The hypotheses about the origin and purpose of such long swords are suggested.
The dagger with triangular pommel was initially mentioned in the works of O. I. Terenozhkin in 19... more The dagger with triangular pommel was initially mentioned in the works of O. I. Terenozhkin in 1961 and 1976. Later, in 1970-1980-s, analogical daggers were found in Central and Northern Caucasus. Also the weapon with similar typical features was found in modern Iran in 1960. In recent years several new artifacts of this type had been discovered in Ukraine. Based on the analysis of the known findings, the following hypothesis is suggested: the prototypes for the daggers with triangular pommel were the 2-nd millennia BC Hurrian daggers; in Late Bronze Age the tradition of triangular pommel appears in Central Caucasus, and later - through Northern Caucasus, in Ukrainian territory. Here, in Cimmerian time, the bimetallic weapons of this type emerge.
The blunt weapons are the most diverse category of Cimmerian time
weapons, though not all of it ... more The blunt weapons are the most diverse category of Cimmerian time weapons, though not all of it kinds are represented equally. This article describes the least represented weapons. Their small number can be the evidence of their extraordinary status in the society of that time.
The article is dedicated to the analysis of bimetallic swords
and daggers of Cimmerian time, whic... more The article is dedicated to the analysis of bimetallic swords and daggers of Cimmerian time, which were found both at Ukrainian territory and neighboring countries. The previously known and new findings are analyzed. K e y w o r d s: Northern Pontic Region, Cimmerians, Karasuk daggers, bimetallic swords and daggers
У виданні представлено результати досліджень у галузі археології, що базуються на доповідях, зроб... more У виданні представлено результати досліджень у галузі археології, що базуються на доповідях, зроблених у рамках міжнародної конференції «Археологічні студії: здобутки та перспективи 2023», яка відбулася на кафедрі археології Національного університету «Києво-Могилянська академія» 26 січня 2023 року. Статті охоплюють широкі хронологічні рамки, від доби бронзи до періоду Київської Русі, й велике коло тем: історію озброєння та військової справи, експериментальну археологію, керамологію, поселенську та поховальну археологію, аналіз окремих артефактів.
У збірці опубліковано тези доповідей міжнародної конференції
«Археологічні студії: здобутки та пе... more У збірці опубліковано тези доповідей міжнародної конференції «Археологічні студії: здобутки та перспективи 2022», що проходи- ла на кафедрі археології Національного університету «Києво-Могилянська академія» 27 січня 2022 року. Доповіді охоплювали широкі хронологічні рамки, від доби енеоліту до Нового часу, й ве- лике коло тем: первісну історію, індоєвропейські студії, історію давніх культів, історію озброєння та військової справи, історію ко- лісного транспорту, керамологію, підводну, поселенську та похо- вальну археологію. The current conference proceedings present papers delivered at the international conference “Archaeological studies: achievements and prospects 2022” organized by the Department of Archaeology, National University of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy on January 27th, 2022. Papers cover the period from the Eneolithic to Modern era. The topics list includes ancient history, Indo-European studies, history of cults, weaponry and warfare and wheeled transport, ceramology, underwater, settlement and funeral archaeology.
A new archeology of the Bronze Age of Eastern Europe, unknown to those who appreciate the Russian... more A new archeology of the Bronze Age of Eastern Europe, unknown to those who appreciate the Russian peace.
This book introduces new archaeological materials, found in 2003-2020 years to scientific field. It contains the schemes of typochronology of items beginning from the most ancient metal products in Ukraine – items of period of Early Trypillia to Late Bronze Age. All in all, in this book about a thousand new bronze and copper
items are analyzed, including materials of 30 new hoardes, all of which are described
and analyzed. Due to this new material our level of knowledge extended not only greatly but also qualitatively – new, previously unknown categories of ancient metal tools and weapons are discovered. Numerous imported items from
Central Europe and Middle East were examined, which allows to view cultural
processes of Ukrainian territories at the time as part of general European processes
closely connected to Ancient World’s history.
The book covers only copper and bronze items of V – II millennia BC, rare golden and silver items require separate research.
Most of the items were spectrally analyzed. by T. Y. Hoshko and their creation technology studied. These data allowed us to create new picture of the Early Bronze Age Ukrainian cultural processes, which is based on history of metallurgy – vital part of that time cultural processes.
The cooperation between myself and Anatolyi V. Kozymenko for preserving archaeological legacy and introducing it into scientific field continues since 2009. For this time we released the book “Nash nedavniy bronzoviy vek” Kyiv, 2011 – the first catalog of his quite small at that time collection of metal (copper and bronze)
items from Eneolithic and Bronze Ages. In 2017 the second work was released “Drevniy metal Ukrainy”, which included more then a thousand copper and bronze items from his collection and come from period of Early Trypillia to Middle Ages.
Since then (2017) the collection of items from Eneolithic and Bronze Age of A. V. Kozymenko was extended almost two times, while my own database of this time items found in Ukraine extended four times. During this time, T. Y. Hoshko conducted around 300 new spectral analyses and examined the technology of creating
new, previously unknown tools – bushing axe-hacks (celts). The speed of new findings occurrence impresses, terrifies and calls to immediate actions. We have no right to lose the colossal amount of new information about ancient period of Ukrainian history.
Therefore, the large amount of new materials, which we introduce to scientific field allowed us to move to the new level of scientific generalizing and to create our own view on the age of early metal of Ukraine in the form of the essay of history of metallurgy in Eneolithic and Early-Middle Bronze Ages as a part of historical-cultural process until the emergence of Eastern Europe historical peoples, from V to beginning
of II millennia BC, from Early Trypillia to proto-Slavs and Thracians. The book is written in two languages – Ukrainian and English and well-illustrated – 170 tables of photos, pictures, maps and photos of separate items. The appendix includes the catalog of new additions to A. V. Kozymenko collection, 19 items spectral analyses tables and list of literature in two languages.
V. I. Klochko
УДК 669(477)(091), Е68; ISBN 978-617-731538-3
Uploads
Papers by Danylo Klochko
handles, which stand out due to their sizes – up to 1 m, while other swords
of this type only reach 50 cm. The hypotheses about the origin and purpose
of such long swords are suggested.
Based on the analysis of the known findings, the following hypothesis is suggested: the prototypes for the daggers with triangular pommel were the 2-nd millennia BC Hurrian daggers; in Late Bronze Age the tradition of triangular pommel appears in Central Caucasus, and later - through Northern Caucasus, in Ukrainian territory. Here, in Cimmerian time, the bimetallic weapons of this type emerge.
weapons, though not all of it kinds are represented equally. This article
describes the least represented weapons. Their small number can be the
evidence of their extraordinary status in the society of that time.
and daggers of Cimmerian time, which were found both at
Ukrainian territory and neighboring countries. The previously
known and new findings are analyzed.
K e y w o r d s: Northern Pontic Region, Cimmerians, Karasuk
daggers, bimetallic swords and daggers
Books by Danylo Klochko
«Археологічні студії: здобутки та перспективи 2022», що проходи-
ла на кафедрі археології Національного університету «Києво-Могилянська
академія» 27 січня 2022 року. Доповіді охоплювали
широкі хронологічні рамки, від доби енеоліту до Нового часу, й ве-
лике коло тем: первісну історію, індоєвропейські студії, історію
давніх культів, історію озброєння та військової справи, історію ко-
лісного транспорту, керамологію, підводну, поселенську та похо-
вальну археологію.
The current conference proceedings present papers delivered at the
international conference “Archaeological studies: achievements and
prospects 2022” organized by the Department of Archaeology, National
University of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy on January 27th, 2022. Papers cover
the period from the Eneolithic to Modern era. The topics list includes
ancient history, Indo-European studies, history of cults, weaponry and
warfare and wheeled transport, ceramology, underwater, settlement
and funeral archaeology.
This book introduces new archaeological materials, found in 2003-2020 years to scientific field. It contains the schemes of typochronology of items beginning from the most ancient metal products in Ukraine – items of period of Early Trypillia to Late Bronze Age. All in all, in this book about a thousand new bronze and copper
items are analyzed, including materials of 30 new hoardes, all of which are described
and analyzed. Due to this new material our level of knowledge extended not only greatly but also qualitatively – new, previously unknown categories of ancient metal tools and weapons are discovered. Numerous imported items from
Central Europe and Middle East were examined, which allows to view cultural
processes of Ukrainian territories at the time as part of general European processes
closely connected to Ancient World’s history.
The book covers only copper and bronze items of V – II millennia BC, rare golden and silver items require separate research.
Most of the items were spectrally analyzed. by T. Y. Hoshko and their creation technology studied. These data allowed us to create new picture of the Early Bronze Age Ukrainian cultural processes, which is based on history of metallurgy – vital part of that time cultural processes.
The cooperation between myself and Anatolyi V. Kozymenko for preserving archaeological legacy and introducing it into scientific field continues since 2009. For this time we released the book “Nash nedavniy bronzoviy vek” Kyiv, 2011 – the first catalog of his quite small at that time collection of metal (copper and bronze)
items from Eneolithic and Bronze Ages. In 2017 the second work was released “Drevniy metal Ukrainy”, which included more then a thousand copper and bronze items from his collection and come from period of Early Trypillia to Middle Ages.
Since then (2017) the collection of items from Eneolithic and Bronze Age of A. V. Kozymenko was extended almost two times, while my own database of this time items found in Ukraine extended four times. During this time, T. Y. Hoshko conducted around 300 new spectral analyses and examined the technology of creating
new, previously unknown tools – bushing axe-hacks (celts). The speed of new findings occurrence impresses, terrifies and calls to immediate actions. We have no right to lose the colossal amount of new information about ancient period of Ukrainian history.
Therefore, the large amount of new materials, which we introduce to scientific field allowed us to move to the new level of scientific generalizing and to create our own view on the age of early metal of Ukraine in the form of the essay of history of metallurgy in Eneolithic and Early-Middle Bronze Ages as a part of historical-cultural process until the emergence of Eastern Europe historical peoples, from V to beginning
of II millennia BC, from Early Trypillia to proto-Slavs and Thracians. The book is written in two languages – Ukrainian and English and well-illustrated – 170 tables of photos, pictures, maps and photos of separate items. The appendix includes the catalog of new additions to A. V. Kozymenko collection, 19 items spectral analyses tables and list of literature in two languages.
V. I. Klochko
УДК 669(477)(091), Е68; ISBN 978-617-731538-3
handles, which stand out due to their sizes – up to 1 m, while other swords
of this type only reach 50 cm. The hypotheses about the origin and purpose
of such long swords are suggested.
Based on the analysis of the known findings, the following hypothesis is suggested: the prototypes for the daggers with triangular pommel were the 2-nd millennia BC Hurrian daggers; in Late Bronze Age the tradition of triangular pommel appears in Central Caucasus, and later - through Northern Caucasus, in Ukrainian territory. Here, in Cimmerian time, the bimetallic weapons of this type emerge.
weapons, though not all of it kinds are represented equally. This article
describes the least represented weapons. Their small number can be the
evidence of their extraordinary status in the society of that time.
and daggers of Cimmerian time, which were found both at
Ukrainian territory and neighboring countries. The previously
known and new findings are analyzed.
K e y w o r d s: Northern Pontic Region, Cimmerians, Karasuk
daggers, bimetallic swords and daggers
«Археологічні студії: здобутки та перспективи 2022», що проходи-
ла на кафедрі археології Національного університету «Києво-Могилянська
академія» 27 січня 2022 року. Доповіді охоплювали
широкі хронологічні рамки, від доби енеоліту до Нового часу, й ве-
лике коло тем: первісну історію, індоєвропейські студії, історію
давніх культів, історію озброєння та військової справи, історію ко-
лісного транспорту, керамологію, підводну, поселенську та похо-
вальну археологію.
The current conference proceedings present papers delivered at the
international conference “Archaeological studies: achievements and
prospects 2022” organized by the Department of Archaeology, National
University of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy on January 27th, 2022. Papers cover
the period from the Eneolithic to Modern era. The topics list includes
ancient history, Indo-European studies, history of cults, weaponry and
warfare and wheeled transport, ceramology, underwater, settlement
and funeral archaeology.
This book introduces new archaeological materials, found in 2003-2020 years to scientific field. It contains the schemes of typochronology of items beginning from the most ancient metal products in Ukraine – items of period of Early Trypillia to Late Bronze Age. All in all, in this book about a thousand new bronze and copper
items are analyzed, including materials of 30 new hoardes, all of which are described
and analyzed. Due to this new material our level of knowledge extended not only greatly but also qualitatively – new, previously unknown categories of ancient metal tools and weapons are discovered. Numerous imported items from
Central Europe and Middle East were examined, which allows to view cultural
processes of Ukrainian territories at the time as part of general European processes
closely connected to Ancient World’s history.
The book covers only copper and bronze items of V – II millennia BC, rare golden and silver items require separate research.
Most of the items were spectrally analyzed. by T. Y. Hoshko and their creation technology studied. These data allowed us to create new picture of the Early Bronze Age Ukrainian cultural processes, which is based on history of metallurgy – vital part of that time cultural processes.
The cooperation between myself and Anatolyi V. Kozymenko for preserving archaeological legacy and introducing it into scientific field continues since 2009. For this time we released the book “Nash nedavniy bronzoviy vek” Kyiv, 2011 – the first catalog of his quite small at that time collection of metal (copper and bronze)
items from Eneolithic and Bronze Ages. In 2017 the second work was released “Drevniy metal Ukrainy”, which included more then a thousand copper and bronze items from his collection and come from period of Early Trypillia to Middle Ages.
Since then (2017) the collection of items from Eneolithic and Bronze Age of A. V. Kozymenko was extended almost two times, while my own database of this time items found in Ukraine extended four times. During this time, T. Y. Hoshko conducted around 300 new spectral analyses and examined the technology of creating
new, previously unknown tools – bushing axe-hacks (celts). The speed of new findings occurrence impresses, terrifies and calls to immediate actions. We have no right to lose the colossal amount of new information about ancient period of Ukrainian history.
Therefore, the large amount of new materials, which we introduce to scientific field allowed us to move to the new level of scientific generalizing and to create our own view on the age of early metal of Ukraine in the form of the essay of history of metallurgy in Eneolithic and Early-Middle Bronze Ages as a part of historical-cultural process until the emergence of Eastern Europe historical peoples, from V to beginning
of II millennia BC, from Early Trypillia to proto-Slavs and Thracians. The book is written in two languages – Ukrainian and English and well-illustrated – 170 tables of photos, pictures, maps and photos of separate items. The appendix includes the catalog of new additions to A. V. Kozymenko collection, 19 items spectral analyses tables and list of literature in two languages.
V. I. Klochko
УДК 669(477)(091), Е68; ISBN 978-617-731538-3