Lebanon is facing currently anacute energy crisis, due tolack of domestic energy resources, reduc... more Lebanon is facing currently anacute energy crisis, due tolack of domestic energy resources, reduced production capacities and a growing demand for energy. Relying on wind energy could reduce the impact of this crisis. However, continuous change in wind speed from calm to stormy introduces challenges. One possible solution to address these challenges is to introduce new storage facilities or to use storage capabilities already available in the power generation system. Existing hydro power plants with large reservoirs or pumped storage hydro power plants are suitable for this purpose. Furthermore, Lebanon has a fairly high wind energy potential and hydro power resources. This paper is an attempt to analyze the design of a pumping station and the performance of a hybrid wind-hydro power plant, in three hydraulic plants to produce electricity in Lebanon (Markabi, Awali and Joun), in order to choose the most suitable plant to store electrical power. An economic analysis and an evaluation of the amount of water that could be pumped in each of the hydraulic plants are carried out in this study, in order to select the most suitable hydraulic plant to store the electricity surplus. Moreover, this study presents an economic evaluation of the implementation of wind turbines in Lebanon. It is shown that Markabi is the most suitable plant to store electrical power. Résumé – Le Liban fait face actuellement à une grave crise énergétique, due à un manque de ressources d'énergie domestique, des capacités de production réduites et une demande énergétique en constante augmentation. Compter sur l'énergie éolienne peut réduire l'impact de cette crise. Cependant, un continuel changement dans la vitesse du vent de calme à orageux, engendre de nouveaux défis. Une solution possible pour parer à ces défis est d'introduire de nouvelles installations de stockage ou bien utiliser les capacités de stockage déjà disponible dans le system de génération d'énergie. Des centrales électriques hydrauliques existantes avec de grands réservoirs ou des centrales électriques de pompage hydraulique de stockage sont appropriées à cette fin. En outre, le Liban a un assez haut potentiel d'énergie éolienne et des ressources d'énergie hydraulique. Cet article est une tentative d'analyser le la conception d'une station de pompage et les performances d'une centrale électrique hybride hydraulique-vent, dans trois installations hydrauliques pour produire l'électricité au Liban (Markabi, Awali et Joun), pour choisir l'usine la plus appropriée pour stocker l'électricité. Une analyse économique et une évaluation de la quantité d'eau qui pourrait être pompée dans chacune des installations hydrauliques sont effectuées dans cette étude, pour choisir l'installation hydraulique la plus appropriée pour stocker l'excédent d'électricité.
Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) is a technology for storing large quantities of electrical e... more Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) is a technology for storing large quantities of electrical energy in the form of high-pressure air. CAES can play a major role in meeting the challenge of making renewable energy more reliable and in the successful integration of energy generated from renewable energy into the electric grid. A thermodynamic analysis of Diabatic and Advanced Adiabatic Compressed Air Energy Storage systems under the ambient temperature, compression and expansion ratios and stages number of compression and expansion trains is conducted in this paper. This paper aims to study the impact of these parameters on the specific work as well as the efficiency of the D-CAES and AA-CAES systems. In addition, a comparison between the obtained results of D-CAES and AA-CAES systems is carried out. KEYWORDSD-CAES, AA-CAES, ambient temperature, compression and expansion ratios, round-trip efficiency.
The energy potential of wind in four sites located in different parts of the Kingdom of Saudi Ara... more The energy potential of wind in four sites located in different parts of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is investigated in the present work. A statistical analysis of recently collected hourly wind data over a period of 7 years between January 2012 and December 2018 at 10 m height by using Weibull distribution function has been presented. It was found that the annual mean wind speed at 10 m AGL for Dhahran, Jeddah, Al-Hofuf and Rafah are 4.35 m/s, 4.12 m/s, 4.23 m/s and 3.86 m/s respectively, while the annual wind power density are 66.77 W/m2, 43.58 W/m2, 72.75 W/m2 and 53.27 W/m2, respectively. The mean annual values of the most probable wind are 5.41 m/s, 5.63 m/s, 5.83 m/s and 5.36 m/s for Dhahran, Jeddah, Al-Hofuf and Rafha, respectively. The results revealed that at 10 m height, the four studied sites fall under Class 1 (poor) since the highest reached values of the mean annual wind speed and the mean annual power density were 4.35 m/s and 68 W/m² respectively, registered in Dhahr...
Transport is considered as an important action zone for achieving sustainable development since i... more Transport is considered as an important action zone for achieving sustainable development since it takes a significant part in the economy sector with its existence among the production pattern, at geographic ladder [1]. Although, it is evident that the transport sector is responsible for many environmental issues. Riyad city is suffered from severe pollution caused by extensive use of motorized transport. Thus, implementation of appropriate policy tools relieve the harmful effect of transport activities by attaining sustainable transport. This paper pursues to evaluate the sustainability situation of transportation sector in Riyad city by using real data. The current paper ended with some recommendations to achieve sustainable transportation in KSA. Results indicated that the increase of car ownership and travel demand, the low use of public transport, and the rise of air and noise pollution level and the high level of road mortality lead to make the transportation system of Riyad ...
High temperature is the primary challenge in the development of solar photovoltaic (PV) systems i... more High temperature is the primary challenge in the development of solar photovoltaic (PV) systems in an arid climate. A rise in temperature diminishes the performance of the PV systems and shortens their lifespan. The goal of this manuscript is to develop an analytical model to predict the temperature of PV panels under a passive cooling system for an arid environment. Taking into consideration the link between solar panel temperature and its conversion efficiency, Kirchhoff’s and Ohm’s laws for a complex circuit were applied to calculate the heat flux in the solar panel system, and hence obtain the temperatures of each layer in the system. Closed-form analytical expressions for temperature, output power, and conversion efficiency of the solar panel were deduced and presented as functions of solar irradiance, ambient temperature, emissivity, wind velocity, tilt angle, and dimensions of fins. Comparison between the results presented in the literature and those predicted by the develope...
Wind farming is a relatively new form of obtaining energy that does not cause air pollution in wo... more Wind farming is a relatively new form of obtaining energy that does not cause air pollution in working conditions or other forms of environmental degradation associated with fossil fuel technologies. However, their use impacts the environment and the current rate at which they are being put into operation, combined with understanding of their medium-and long-term impact, is a cause of concern. Wind farms represent a new source of impact and disturbance for birds adds to the long list of disturbance factors caused by human activity, such as power lines, radio, television and cell phone towers, highways, glass windows or the practice of fishing and illegal hunting. Due to the precarious situation of several bird species and their decline, any additional cause of mortality may be significant and should give rise to increased attention and analysis. The aim of the present work is to analyse the impact of wind turbines located in five selected optimal sites for the installation of wind farms on birds in Lebanon. The results suggest that the presence of the wind turbines will not have a clearly negative effect on birds in the sites where wind farms could be installed. Some sites are closed to natural reserves such as Cedars and Quaraoun or near roads used by migratory birds such as Marjyoun, Klaiaat Quaraoun, but the impacts can be reduced by taking preventive measures.
The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia set out the national Vision 2030 that aims to accelerate efforts towa... more The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia set out the national Vision 2030 that aims to accelerate efforts toward attaining sustainable development goals. In the framework of this Vision, Renewable energy plan has been set up and aims to ensure renewable energy growth that presents a key priority for achieving sustainable development. The present paper highlights the current situation of pollution and renewable energy in the Kingdom and presents the policies and actions stipulated in the Kingdom’s Vision 2030 to develop a renewable energy sector. In addition, the barriers facing the implementation of solar and wind energy in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has been carried out. Also, the different challenges facing the waste management has been presented. The paper concludes with some recommendations to develop the renewable energy sector in the Kingdom.
Dans cette étude, les caractéristiques du vent sont analysées en utilisant les données de la vite... more Dans cette étude, les caractéristiques du vent sont analysées en utilisant les données de la vitesse du vent recueillies pour cinq stations météorologiques au Liban et disponibles pour au moins une année (2 ans pour Klaiaat, 10 ans pour les Cèdres, 7 ans pour Daher El Baydar, 2 ans pour Quaraoun et 1 an pour Marjyoun). La distribution de Weibull est utilisée pour modéliser la vitesse du vent à ces 5 endroits du Liban. Les paramètres de forme et d'échelle ont été estimés en utilisant quatre méthodes, la méthode de variabilité, la méthode d'écart-type, la méthode de densité de puissance et la méthode marocaine. Le but de cet article est de comparer les méthodes d'évaluation du potentiel éolien, ainsi que l'évaluation de la densité de puissance aux différentes altitudes. Il a été observé que les estimations en utilisant la méthode de densité de puissance ont donné le meilleur ajustement global de la distribution des données du vent. Les paramètres de forme et d'échelle varient considérablement au cours d'un mois. La variation annuelle de la densité de puissance varie entre 2397 W/m 2 et 784 W/m 2 à Daher El Baydar et aux Cèdres pour la valeur maximale et minimale. L'extrapolation de la vitesse du vent et des paramètres de Weibull augmente avec l'altitude et par conséquent, la densité de puissance aussi. Abstract – In this study, wind characteristics are analyzed using data collected wind speed for five weather stations in Lebanon and available for at least one year (2 years for Klaiaat 10 years for Cedars, 7 years for Daher El Baydar, 2 years for Quaraoun and 1 year for Marjyoun). The Weibull distribution is used to model the wind speed at these five locations in Lebanon. Shape parameters and scale were estimated using four methods, the variability of the method, the method of standard deviation, the method of power density and the moroccan method. The purpose of this article is to compare the methods of assessment of wind energy potential, as well as evaluation of the power density at different altitudes. It was observed that the estimates using the method of power density gave the best overall fit of the data distribution of the wind. Shape parameters and scale vary considerably over a month. The annual variation of the power density varies between 2397 W/m 2 and 784 W/m 2 at Daher El Baydar and at Cedars for the maximum and minimum value. The extrapolation of the wind speed and the Weibull parameters increases with altitude and thus the power density increases.
The energy potential of wind in four sites located in different parts of the Kingdom of Saudi Ara... more The energy potential of wind in four sites located in different parts of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is investigated in the present work. A statistical analysis of recently collected hourly wind data over a period of 7 years between January 2012 and December 2018 at 10 m height by using Weibull distribution function has been presented. It was found that the annual mean wind speed at 10 m AGL for Dhahran, Jeddah, Al-Hofuf and Rafah are 4.35 m/s, 4.12 m/s, 4.23 m/s and 3.86 m/s respectively, while the annual wind power density are 66.77 W/m2, 43.58 W/m2, 72.75 W/m2 and 53.27 W/m2, respectively. The mean annual values of the most probable wind are 5.41 m/s, 5.63 m/s, 5.83 m/s and 5.36 m/s for Dhahran, Jeddah, Al-Hofuf and Rafha, respectively. The results revealed that at 10 m height, the four studied sites fall under Class 1 (poor) since the highest reached values of the mean annual wind speed and the mean annual power density were 4.35 m/s and 68 W/m² respectively, registered in Dhahr...
Wind power technology is now a reliable electricity production system. It presents an economicall... more Wind power technology is now a reliable electricity production system. It presents an economically attractive possible solution for the continuously increasing energy demand of Lebanon. However, the stochastic behavior of wind speed leads to significant disharmony between wind energy production and electricity demand. Hence, the prospect of creating a combined wind-hydro energy station is found to be a vital issue. This paper is an attempt to analyze the design of a pumping station and the performance of a hybrid wind-hydro power plant, in two dams in Lebanon (Quaraoun and Chabrouh), in order to choose the most suitable dam to store the energy surplus produced by wind power at night. An evaluation of the amount of water that could be pumped in both dams and the energy that could be produced from the stored electricity surplus are carried out in this paper, in order to select the most suitable dam to implement the hydro pumped storage power plant and store the electricity surplus. It is shown that the energy that could be produced in the dam of Chabrouh varies between 17 MWh and 698 MWh, while in the dam of Quaraoun is between 17 MWh and 768 MWh. An analysis of the cost of the energy produced by wind turbines per kWh and the produced water per m 3 are carried out in this paper as well.
Transport is considered as an important action zone for achieving sustainable development since i... more Transport is considered as an important action zone for achieving sustainable development since it takes a significant part in the economy sector with its existence among the production pattern, at geographic ladder [1]. Although, it is evident that the transport sector is responsible for many environmental issues. Riyad city is suffered from severe pollution caused by extensive use of motorized transport. Thus, implementation of appropriate policy tools relieve the harmful effect of transport activities by attaining sustainable transport. This paper pursues to evaluate the sustainability situation of transportation sector in Riyad city by using real data. The current paper ended with some recommendations to achieve sustainable transportation in KSA. Results indicated that the increase of car ownership and travel demand, the low use of public transport, and the rise of air and noise pollution level and the high level of road mortality lead to make the transportation system of Riyad unsustainable. On the other hand, the Saudi government have already started to execute many planned projects to achieve sustainable transportation such as the metro and bus network in Riyad and the installation of charger station of electric vehicle. In addition, the Saudi government set out many policies and target such as Target 11.2 that aims to achieve sustainable transportation in KSA and Target 3.6 that intents to minimize the high mortality rate from road accidents
High temperature is the primary challenge in the development of solar photovoltaic (PV)systems in... more High temperature is the primary challenge in the development of solar photovoltaic (PV)systems in an arid climate. A rise in temperature diminishes the performance of the PV systems and shortens their lifespan. The goal of this manuscript is to develop an analytical model to predict the temperature of PV panels under a passive cooling system for an arid environment. Taking into consideration the link between solar panel temperature and its conversion efficiency, Kirchhoff’s and Ohm’s laws for a complex circuit were applied to calculate the heat flux in the solar panel system,and hence obtain the temperatures of each layer in the system. Closed-form analytical expressions for temperature, output power, and conversion efficiency of the solar panel were deduced and presented as functions of solar irradiance, ambient temperature, emissivity, wind velocity, tilt angle,and dimensions of fins. Comparison between the results presented in the literature and those predicted by the developed analytical model validated the presented model. Moreover, the length of the fins required for safe thermal operation of solar panels in harsh desert environment were also obtained from analysis. Furthermore, the effect of using such a cooling system on the temperature and efficiency of the solar panels was verified by using the developed model under real conditions in Dammam city during summer and winter seasons. The results showed that the optimized heat sink could raise the solar panel power by 8.7% during summer and by 6.5% during winter.
International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, 2020
The scope of this study is to evaluate the performance of tall building and its ef... more The scope of this study is to evaluate the performance of tall building and its effect on human comfort when subject to lateral wind load. Along-wind responses are determined for two case studies located in Saudi Arabia based on hourly wind data collection for the last 11 years (2009-2019). A detailed wind speed analysis was conducted by using Gumbel distribution method in order to calculate the basic wind speed for return periods ranging between 2 and 100 years. The results indicate that the largest lateral displacements are obtained for the highest reference wind speed. An extensive study of the building responses shows that enhancing the damping ratio can reduce the wind-induced pressures and mitigate the vibrations, and hence provide a higher degree of comfort for occupants. Increasing the return period seems to affect significantly the behavior of each building. The non-linear increasing profile of along wind-induced responses shows that each building has a certain cut-off return period that controls its classification under any of the considered Human sensitivity levels; depending on the value of damping ratio
International Journal of Energy and Environmental Research-ECRTD-UK , 2019
Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) is a technology for storing large quantities of elec... more Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) is a technology for storing large quantities of electrical energy in the form of high-pressure air.CAEScan play a major role in meeting the challenge of making renewable energy more reliable and in the successful integration of energy generated from renewable energyinto the electric grid.A thermodynamic analysis of Diabatic and Advanced AdiabaticCompressed Air Energy Storage systemsunder the ambient temperature, compression and expansion ratios and stages number of compression and expansion trains is conducted in this paper. This paper aims to study the impact of these parameters on the specific work as well as the efficiency of the D-CAES and AA-CAES systems. In addition, a comparison between the obtained results of D-CAES and AA-CAES systems is carried out.
International Journal of Renewable Energy Sources , 2020
The energy potential of wind in four sites located in different parts of the Kingdom of Saudi Ara... more The energy potential of wind in four sites located in different parts of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is investigated in the present work. A statistical analysis of recently collected hourly wind data over a period of 7 years between January 2012 and December 2018 at 10 m height by using Weibull distribution function has been presented. It was found that the annual mean wind speed at 10 m AGL for Dhahran, Jeddah, Al-Hofuf and Rafah are 4.35 m/s, 4.12 m/s, 4.23 m/s and 3.86 m/s respectively, while the annual wind power density are 66.77 W/m2, 43.58 W/m2, 72.75 W/m2 and 53.27 W/m2,respectively. The mean annual values of the most probable wind are 5.41 m/s, 5.63 m/s, 5.83 m/s and 5.36 m/s for Dhahran, Jeddah, Al-Hofuf and Rafha, respectively. The resultsrevealed that at 10 m height, the four studied sites fall under Class 1 (poor) since the highest reached values of the mean annual wind speed and the mean annual power density were 4.35 m/s and 68 W/m² respectively, registered in Dhahran city. The performance of selected commercial wind turbine models (with rated power between 500 kW and 200 kW)) for electricity generation and small scale application has been carried out.
Pumped hydroelectric storage (PHS) is the most established technology for utility-scale ... more Pumped hydroelectric storage (PHS) is the most established technology for utility-scale electricity storage. To take investment decision for the development of small hydropower projects, technical feasibility and financial viability are considered to be the foremost requirements.The cost of electro-mechanical equipment means a high percentage of a small hydro-power plant budget (around 30 % and 40 % of the total sum). It seems from this importance of the determination of that cost, which could directly influence the project feasibility. An overview of existing methods to estimate the cost of hydro turbines is presented in this paper. Empirical formulas to estimate the cost of centrifugal pump for a power ≤ 2 MW and PAT (pump as turbine) for a power ≤ 550 kW. In addition, new correlations have been developed to estimate the cost of hydraulic turbines (Pelton, Kaplan, Francis and Francis reversible) for a power > 2 MW were developed through statistical analysis of cost data obtained from pumps and hydraulic turbines manufactures.The cost of EM equipment increases for high power levels but it decreases for high head
The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia set out the national Vision 2030 that aims to accelerat... more The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia set out the national Vision 2030 that aims to accelerate efforts toward attaining sustainable development goals. In the framework of this Vision, Renewable energy plan has been set up and aims to ensure renewable energy growth that presents a key priority for achieving sustainable development. The present paper highlights the current situation of pollution and renewable energy in the Kingdom and presents the policies and actions stipulated in the Kingdom’s Vision 2030 to develop a renewable energy sector. In addition, the barriers facing the implementation of solar and wind energy in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has been carried out. Also, the different challenges facing the waste management has been presented. The paper concludes with some recommendations to develop the renewable energy sector in the Kingdom
International Journal of Renewable Energy Research, 2019
A system consisted of solar panel using a micro flat heat pipe (HP) and thermo-electric generator... more A system consisted of solar panel using a micro flat heat pipe (HP) and thermo-electric generator (TEG) is proposed and experimentally investigated in this paper to study its performance. In order to operate HP and TEG at highest possible efficiency, the condensation section of HP is innovatively cooled by utilizing the condensed water inside the evaporator of the air conditioner (which is usually between 5-7 °C). Two different types of silicon solar panel are used in this study, mono-and poly-crystalline solar panel. The results showed that a reduction in average solar panel temperature up to 25% is obtained. In addition, the produced power was increased by as much as 50% when the solar panel was cooled by the heat pipe. Moreover, feasibility study and cost analyses are carried out by using SAM software to test the performance of the cooling system combined with the solar panel.
Lebanon is facing currently anacute energy crisis, due tolack of domestic energy resources, reduc... more Lebanon is facing currently anacute energy crisis, due tolack of domestic energy resources, reduced production capacities and a growing demand for energy. Relying on wind energy could reduce the impact of this crisis. However, continuous change in wind speed from calm to stormy introduces challenges. One possible solution to address these challenges is to introduce new storage facilities or to use storage capabilities already available in the power generation system. Existing hydro power plants with large reservoirs or pumped storage hydro power plants are suitable for this purpose. Furthermore, Lebanon has a fairly high wind energy potential and hydro power resources. This paper is an attempt to analyze the design of a pumping station and the performance of a hybrid wind-hydro power plant, in three hydraulic plants to produce electricity in Lebanon (Markabi, Awali and Joun), in order to choose the most suitable plant to store electrical power. An economic analysis and an evaluation of the amount of water that could be pumped in each of the hydraulic plants are carried out in this study, in order to select the most suitable hydraulic plant to store the electricity surplus. Moreover, this study presents an economic evaluation of the implementation of wind turbines in Lebanon. It is shown that Markabi is the most suitable plant to store electrical power. Résumé – Le Liban fait face actuellement à une grave crise énergétique, due à un manque de ressources d'énergie domestique, des capacités de production réduites et une demande énergétique en constante augmentation. Compter sur l'énergie éolienne peut réduire l'impact de cette crise. Cependant, un continuel changement dans la vitesse du vent de calme à orageux, engendre de nouveaux défis. Une solution possible pour parer à ces défis est d'introduire de nouvelles installations de stockage ou bien utiliser les capacités de stockage déjà disponible dans le system de génération d'énergie. Des centrales électriques hydrauliques existantes avec de grands réservoirs ou des centrales électriques de pompage hydraulique de stockage sont appropriées à cette fin. En outre, le Liban a un assez haut potentiel d'énergie éolienne et des ressources d'énergie hydraulique. Cet article est une tentative d'analyser le la conception d'une station de pompage et les performances d'une centrale électrique hybride hydraulique-vent, dans trois installations hydrauliques pour produire l'électricité au Liban (Markabi, Awali et Joun), pour choisir l'usine la plus appropriée pour stocker l'électricité. Une analyse économique et une évaluation de la quantité d'eau qui pourrait être pompée dans chacune des installations hydrauliques sont effectuées dans cette étude, pour choisir l'installation hydraulique la plus appropriée pour stocker l'excédent d'électricité.
Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) is a technology for storing large quantities of electrical e... more Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) is a technology for storing large quantities of electrical energy in the form of high-pressure air. CAES can play a major role in meeting the challenge of making renewable energy more reliable and in the successful integration of energy generated from renewable energy into the electric grid. A thermodynamic analysis of Diabatic and Advanced Adiabatic Compressed Air Energy Storage systems under the ambient temperature, compression and expansion ratios and stages number of compression and expansion trains is conducted in this paper. This paper aims to study the impact of these parameters on the specific work as well as the efficiency of the D-CAES and AA-CAES systems. In addition, a comparison between the obtained results of D-CAES and AA-CAES systems is carried out. KEYWORDSD-CAES, AA-CAES, ambient temperature, compression and expansion ratios, round-trip efficiency.
The energy potential of wind in four sites located in different parts of the Kingdom of Saudi Ara... more The energy potential of wind in four sites located in different parts of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is investigated in the present work. A statistical analysis of recently collected hourly wind data over a period of 7 years between January 2012 and December 2018 at 10 m height by using Weibull distribution function has been presented. It was found that the annual mean wind speed at 10 m AGL for Dhahran, Jeddah, Al-Hofuf and Rafah are 4.35 m/s, 4.12 m/s, 4.23 m/s and 3.86 m/s respectively, while the annual wind power density are 66.77 W/m2, 43.58 W/m2, 72.75 W/m2 and 53.27 W/m2, respectively. The mean annual values of the most probable wind are 5.41 m/s, 5.63 m/s, 5.83 m/s and 5.36 m/s for Dhahran, Jeddah, Al-Hofuf and Rafha, respectively. The results revealed that at 10 m height, the four studied sites fall under Class 1 (poor) since the highest reached values of the mean annual wind speed and the mean annual power density were 4.35 m/s and 68 W/m² respectively, registered in Dhahr...
Transport is considered as an important action zone for achieving sustainable development since i... more Transport is considered as an important action zone for achieving sustainable development since it takes a significant part in the economy sector with its existence among the production pattern, at geographic ladder [1]. Although, it is evident that the transport sector is responsible for many environmental issues. Riyad city is suffered from severe pollution caused by extensive use of motorized transport. Thus, implementation of appropriate policy tools relieve the harmful effect of transport activities by attaining sustainable transport. This paper pursues to evaluate the sustainability situation of transportation sector in Riyad city by using real data. The current paper ended with some recommendations to achieve sustainable transportation in KSA. Results indicated that the increase of car ownership and travel demand, the low use of public transport, and the rise of air and noise pollution level and the high level of road mortality lead to make the transportation system of Riyad ...
High temperature is the primary challenge in the development of solar photovoltaic (PV) systems i... more High temperature is the primary challenge in the development of solar photovoltaic (PV) systems in an arid climate. A rise in temperature diminishes the performance of the PV systems and shortens their lifespan. The goal of this manuscript is to develop an analytical model to predict the temperature of PV panels under a passive cooling system for an arid environment. Taking into consideration the link between solar panel temperature and its conversion efficiency, Kirchhoff’s and Ohm’s laws for a complex circuit were applied to calculate the heat flux in the solar panel system, and hence obtain the temperatures of each layer in the system. Closed-form analytical expressions for temperature, output power, and conversion efficiency of the solar panel were deduced and presented as functions of solar irradiance, ambient temperature, emissivity, wind velocity, tilt angle, and dimensions of fins. Comparison between the results presented in the literature and those predicted by the develope...
Wind farming is a relatively new form of obtaining energy that does not cause air pollution in wo... more Wind farming is a relatively new form of obtaining energy that does not cause air pollution in working conditions or other forms of environmental degradation associated with fossil fuel technologies. However, their use impacts the environment and the current rate at which they are being put into operation, combined with understanding of their medium-and long-term impact, is a cause of concern. Wind farms represent a new source of impact and disturbance for birds adds to the long list of disturbance factors caused by human activity, such as power lines, radio, television and cell phone towers, highways, glass windows or the practice of fishing and illegal hunting. Due to the precarious situation of several bird species and their decline, any additional cause of mortality may be significant and should give rise to increased attention and analysis. The aim of the present work is to analyse the impact of wind turbines located in five selected optimal sites for the installation of wind farms on birds in Lebanon. The results suggest that the presence of the wind turbines will not have a clearly negative effect on birds in the sites where wind farms could be installed. Some sites are closed to natural reserves such as Cedars and Quaraoun or near roads used by migratory birds such as Marjyoun, Klaiaat Quaraoun, but the impacts can be reduced by taking preventive measures.
The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia set out the national Vision 2030 that aims to accelerate efforts towa... more The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia set out the national Vision 2030 that aims to accelerate efforts toward attaining sustainable development goals. In the framework of this Vision, Renewable energy plan has been set up and aims to ensure renewable energy growth that presents a key priority for achieving sustainable development. The present paper highlights the current situation of pollution and renewable energy in the Kingdom and presents the policies and actions stipulated in the Kingdom’s Vision 2030 to develop a renewable energy sector. In addition, the barriers facing the implementation of solar and wind energy in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has been carried out. Also, the different challenges facing the waste management has been presented. The paper concludes with some recommendations to develop the renewable energy sector in the Kingdom.
Dans cette étude, les caractéristiques du vent sont analysées en utilisant les données de la vite... more Dans cette étude, les caractéristiques du vent sont analysées en utilisant les données de la vitesse du vent recueillies pour cinq stations météorologiques au Liban et disponibles pour au moins une année (2 ans pour Klaiaat, 10 ans pour les Cèdres, 7 ans pour Daher El Baydar, 2 ans pour Quaraoun et 1 an pour Marjyoun). La distribution de Weibull est utilisée pour modéliser la vitesse du vent à ces 5 endroits du Liban. Les paramètres de forme et d'échelle ont été estimés en utilisant quatre méthodes, la méthode de variabilité, la méthode d'écart-type, la méthode de densité de puissance et la méthode marocaine. Le but de cet article est de comparer les méthodes d'évaluation du potentiel éolien, ainsi que l'évaluation de la densité de puissance aux différentes altitudes. Il a été observé que les estimations en utilisant la méthode de densité de puissance ont donné le meilleur ajustement global de la distribution des données du vent. Les paramètres de forme et d'échelle varient considérablement au cours d'un mois. La variation annuelle de la densité de puissance varie entre 2397 W/m 2 et 784 W/m 2 à Daher El Baydar et aux Cèdres pour la valeur maximale et minimale. L'extrapolation de la vitesse du vent et des paramètres de Weibull augmente avec l'altitude et par conséquent, la densité de puissance aussi. Abstract – In this study, wind characteristics are analyzed using data collected wind speed for five weather stations in Lebanon and available for at least one year (2 years for Klaiaat 10 years for Cedars, 7 years for Daher El Baydar, 2 years for Quaraoun and 1 year for Marjyoun). The Weibull distribution is used to model the wind speed at these five locations in Lebanon. Shape parameters and scale were estimated using four methods, the variability of the method, the method of standard deviation, the method of power density and the moroccan method. The purpose of this article is to compare the methods of assessment of wind energy potential, as well as evaluation of the power density at different altitudes. It was observed that the estimates using the method of power density gave the best overall fit of the data distribution of the wind. Shape parameters and scale vary considerably over a month. The annual variation of the power density varies between 2397 W/m 2 and 784 W/m 2 at Daher El Baydar and at Cedars for the maximum and minimum value. The extrapolation of the wind speed and the Weibull parameters increases with altitude and thus the power density increases.
The energy potential of wind in four sites located in different parts of the Kingdom of Saudi Ara... more The energy potential of wind in four sites located in different parts of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is investigated in the present work. A statistical analysis of recently collected hourly wind data over a period of 7 years between January 2012 and December 2018 at 10 m height by using Weibull distribution function has been presented. It was found that the annual mean wind speed at 10 m AGL for Dhahran, Jeddah, Al-Hofuf and Rafah are 4.35 m/s, 4.12 m/s, 4.23 m/s and 3.86 m/s respectively, while the annual wind power density are 66.77 W/m2, 43.58 W/m2, 72.75 W/m2 and 53.27 W/m2, respectively. The mean annual values of the most probable wind are 5.41 m/s, 5.63 m/s, 5.83 m/s and 5.36 m/s for Dhahran, Jeddah, Al-Hofuf and Rafha, respectively. The results revealed that at 10 m height, the four studied sites fall under Class 1 (poor) since the highest reached values of the mean annual wind speed and the mean annual power density were 4.35 m/s and 68 W/m² respectively, registered in Dhahr...
Wind power technology is now a reliable electricity production system. It presents an economicall... more Wind power technology is now a reliable electricity production system. It presents an economically attractive possible solution for the continuously increasing energy demand of Lebanon. However, the stochastic behavior of wind speed leads to significant disharmony between wind energy production and electricity demand. Hence, the prospect of creating a combined wind-hydro energy station is found to be a vital issue. This paper is an attempt to analyze the design of a pumping station and the performance of a hybrid wind-hydro power plant, in two dams in Lebanon (Quaraoun and Chabrouh), in order to choose the most suitable dam to store the energy surplus produced by wind power at night. An evaluation of the amount of water that could be pumped in both dams and the energy that could be produced from the stored electricity surplus are carried out in this paper, in order to select the most suitable dam to implement the hydro pumped storage power plant and store the electricity surplus. It is shown that the energy that could be produced in the dam of Chabrouh varies between 17 MWh and 698 MWh, while in the dam of Quaraoun is between 17 MWh and 768 MWh. An analysis of the cost of the energy produced by wind turbines per kWh and the produced water per m 3 are carried out in this paper as well.
Transport is considered as an important action zone for achieving sustainable development since i... more Transport is considered as an important action zone for achieving sustainable development since it takes a significant part in the economy sector with its existence among the production pattern, at geographic ladder [1]. Although, it is evident that the transport sector is responsible for many environmental issues. Riyad city is suffered from severe pollution caused by extensive use of motorized transport. Thus, implementation of appropriate policy tools relieve the harmful effect of transport activities by attaining sustainable transport. This paper pursues to evaluate the sustainability situation of transportation sector in Riyad city by using real data. The current paper ended with some recommendations to achieve sustainable transportation in KSA. Results indicated that the increase of car ownership and travel demand, the low use of public transport, and the rise of air and noise pollution level and the high level of road mortality lead to make the transportation system of Riyad unsustainable. On the other hand, the Saudi government have already started to execute many planned projects to achieve sustainable transportation such as the metro and bus network in Riyad and the installation of charger station of electric vehicle. In addition, the Saudi government set out many policies and target such as Target 11.2 that aims to achieve sustainable transportation in KSA and Target 3.6 that intents to minimize the high mortality rate from road accidents
High temperature is the primary challenge in the development of solar photovoltaic (PV)systems in... more High temperature is the primary challenge in the development of solar photovoltaic (PV)systems in an arid climate. A rise in temperature diminishes the performance of the PV systems and shortens their lifespan. The goal of this manuscript is to develop an analytical model to predict the temperature of PV panels under a passive cooling system for an arid environment. Taking into consideration the link between solar panel temperature and its conversion efficiency, Kirchhoff’s and Ohm’s laws for a complex circuit were applied to calculate the heat flux in the solar panel system,and hence obtain the temperatures of each layer in the system. Closed-form analytical expressions for temperature, output power, and conversion efficiency of the solar panel were deduced and presented as functions of solar irradiance, ambient temperature, emissivity, wind velocity, tilt angle,and dimensions of fins. Comparison between the results presented in the literature and those predicted by the developed analytical model validated the presented model. Moreover, the length of the fins required for safe thermal operation of solar panels in harsh desert environment were also obtained from analysis. Furthermore, the effect of using such a cooling system on the temperature and efficiency of the solar panels was verified by using the developed model under real conditions in Dammam city during summer and winter seasons. The results showed that the optimized heat sink could raise the solar panel power by 8.7% during summer and by 6.5% during winter.
International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, 2020
The scope of this study is to evaluate the performance of tall building and its ef... more The scope of this study is to evaluate the performance of tall building and its effect on human comfort when subject to lateral wind load. Along-wind responses are determined for two case studies located in Saudi Arabia based on hourly wind data collection for the last 11 years (2009-2019). A detailed wind speed analysis was conducted by using Gumbel distribution method in order to calculate the basic wind speed for return periods ranging between 2 and 100 years. The results indicate that the largest lateral displacements are obtained for the highest reference wind speed. An extensive study of the building responses shows that enhancing the damping ratio can reduce the wind-induced pressures and mitigate the vibrations, and hence provide a higher degree of comfort for occupants. Increasing the return period seems to affect significantly the behavior of each building. The non-linear increasing profile of along wind-induced responses shows that each building has a certain cut-off return period that controls its classification under any of the considered Human sensitivity levels; depending on the value of damping ratio
International Journal of Energy and Environmental Research-ECRTD-UK , 2019
Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) is a technology for storing large quantities of elec... more Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) is a technology for storing large quantities of electrical energy in the form of high-pressure air.CAEScan play a major role in meeting the challenge of making renewable energy more reliable and in the successful integration of energy generated from renewable energyinto the electric grid.A thermodynamic analysis of Diabatic and Advanced AdiabaticCompressed Air Energy Storage systemsunder the ambient temperature, compression and expansion ratios and stages number of compression and expansion trains is conducted in this paper. This paper aims to study the impact of these parameters on the specific work as well as the efficiency of the D-CAES and AA-CAES systems. In addition, a comparison between the obtained results of D-CAES and AA-CAES systems is carried out.
International Journal of Renewable Energy Sources , 2020
The energy potential of wind in four sites located in different parts of the Kingdom of Saudi Ara... more The energy potential of wind in four sites located in different parts of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is investigated in the present work. A statistical analysis of recently collected hourly wind data over a period of 7 years between January 2012 and December 2018 at 10 m height by using Weibull distribution function has been presented. It was found that the annual mean wind speed at 10 m AGL for Dhahran, Jeddah, Al-Hofuf and Rafah are 4.35 m/s, 4.12 m/s, 4.23 m/s and 3.86 m/s respectively, while the annual wind power density are 66.77 W/m2, 43.58 W/m2, 72.75 W/m2 and 53.27 W/m2,respectively. The mean annual values of the most probable wind are 5.41 m/s, 5.63 m/s, 5.83 m/s and 5.36 m/s for Dhahran, Jeddah, Al-Hofuf and Rafha, respectively. The resultsrevealed that at 10 m height, the four studied sites fall under Class 1 (poor) since the highest reached values of the mean annual wind speed and the mean annual power density were 4.35 m/s and 68 W/m² respectively, registered in Dhahran city. The performance of selected commercial wind turbine models (with rated power between 500 kW and 200 kW)) for electricity generation and small scale application has been carried out.
Pumped hydroelectric storage (PHS) is the most established technology for utility-scale ... more Pumped hydroelectric storage (PHS) is the most established technology for utility-scale electricity storage. To take investment decision for the development of small hydropower projects, technical feasibility and financial viability are considered to be the foremost requirements.The cost of electro-mechanical equipment means a high percentage of a small hydro-power plant budget (around 30 % and 40 % of the total sum). It seems from this importance of the determination of that cost, which could directly influence the project feasibility. An overview of existing methods to estimate the cost of hydro turbines is presented in this paper. Empirical formulas to estimate the cost of centrifugal pump for a power ≤ 2 MW and PAT (pump as turbine) for a power ≤ 550 kW. In addition, new correlations have been developed to estimate the cost of hydraulic turbines (Pelton, Kaplan, Francis and Francis reversible) for a power > 2 MW were developed through statistical analysis of cost data obtained from pumps and hydraulic turbines manufactures.The cost of EM equipment increases for high power levels but it decreases for high head
The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia set out the national Vision 2030 that aims to accelerat... more The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia set out the national Vision 2030 that aims to accelerate efforts toward attaining sustainable development goals. In the framework of this Vision, Renewable energy plan has been set up and aims to ensure renewable energy growth that presents a key priority for achieving sustainable development. The present paper highlights the current situation of pollution and renewable energy in the Kingdom and presents the policies and actions stipulated in the Kingdom’s Vision 2030 to develop a renewable energy sector. In addition, the barriers facing the implementation of solar and wind energy in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has been carried out. Also, the different challenges facing the waste management has been presented. The paper concludes with some recommendations to develop the renewable energy sector in the Kingdom
International Journal of Renewable Energy Research, 2019
A system consisted of solar panel using a micro flat heat pipe (HP) and thermo-electric generator... more A system consisted of solar panel using a micro flat heat pipe (HP) and thermo-electric generator (TEG) is proposed and experimentally investigated in this paper to study its performance. In order to operate HP and TEG at highest possible efficiency, the condensation section of HP is innovatively cooled by utilizing the condensed water inside the evaporator of the air conditioner (which is usually between 5-7 °C). Two different types of silicon solar panel are used in this study, mono-and poly-crystalline solar panel. The results showed that a reduction in average solar panel temperature up to 25% is obtained. In addition, the produced power was increased by as much as 50% when the solar panel was cooled by the heat pipe. Moreover, feasibility study and cost analyses are carried out by using SAM software to test the performance of the cooling system combined with the solar panel.
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Papers by Ghida AL Zohbi