The escalating challenges of energy scarcity and environmental concerns stemming from fossil fuel... more The escalating challenges of energy scarcity and environmental concerns stemming from fossil fuel usage have intensified the exploration of renewable energy sources, including municipal waste and agricultural residues. Despite their availability, indigenous nature, and environmental friendliness, certain residues necessitate con version through processes such as briquetting because of the high relative humidity and low specific heat. This study delves into the examination of the mechanical, thermophysical, and physical properties of Jujube seed shell-based briquettes without the use of binders. Three distinct particle sizes; fine particles (<0.6 mm), medium particles (<2.36 mm), and coarse particles (<3.35 mm) were respectively experimented. The produced bri quettes underwent analysis for density, durability, shatter resistance index, relaxation ratio, compressive strength, volatile matter (VM), and specific heat of combustion. Results unveiled a density range of 1909 kg/m3 to 2158 kg/m3, with fine particles exhibiting the highest density at 2158 kg/m3. Calorific values varied between 26,430 kJ/kg and 27,175 kJ/kg. Moisture content ranged from 3.0 % to 7 %, ash content from 1.51 % to 1.68 %, volatile matter from 73.1 % to 77.2 %, and fixed carbon from 17.29 % to 18.39 %. This comprehensive exploration provides valuable insights into the potential of Jujube seed shell briquettes as a sustainable and efficient alternative energy source, contributing to the ongoing discourse on renewable energy utilization.
Energy conservation and sustainability to reduce the dependence on conventional sources have resu... more Energy conservation and sustainability to reduce the dependence on conventional sources have resulted in modified or advanced process practices. One such is the use of nanofluids for enhanced energy efficiency. However, such practices must not be at the cost of environmental hazards. The current study emphasizes bio-based nano
In this study, experimental and computational studies
of the impact of forced convective flow on ... more In this study, experimental and computational studies of the impact of forced convective flow on the heat transfer characteristics of staggered pin fins with perforations are investigated in a rectangular channel at constant heat flux with Reynolds numbers (Re) of 2 × 103–12 × 103. In particular, cylindrical pin fins with circular longitudinal (L) perforation, longitudinal/ transverse (LT) perforation, and longitudinal/transverse/ vertical (LTV) perforation perforations are compared to solid pin fins to find out how adding different perforation arrays affects overall heat transfer performance and also to find the best perforation configuration for maximum performance. ANSYS‐FLUENT is employed for numerical simulation, validated by experimental data. Experimental validation is conducted by attaching the heat sink to a Peltier module, inducing heat generation through current on one face in the Armfield Free and Forced Convection Heat Transfer Service Units HT 19 and HT10XC. Results highlight significant increases in Nusselt number (Nu) for perforated pins compared to solid pins, with L perforations at 8%, LT perforations at 33%, and 67% for LTV perforated pins due to transverse perforations that act as slots, which stir up the primary flow and induce secondary flow generated by vertical perforations. Regarding pressure drops, L perforations reduce by 9%, LT by 19%, and LTV by 27% compared to solid pins. The overall enhancement ratio peaks at the minimum Reynold number, notably achieving a 38% increase in the LTV perforation pin fin array. This innovative study holds promise for diverse electronic applications, offering enhanced heat transfer performance in electronic cooling systems.
International Journal of Environment and Climate Change
The performance of a pump used as a turbine (PAT) in a simplified Pico hydropower system with the... more The performance of a pump used as a turbine (PAT) in a simplified Pico hydropower system with the provision for recycling water to an overhead reservoir (OHR) 7.2 m high was investigated. A vertical PVC pipe of diameter 0.0762 m reduced into four replaceable nozzles of diameters 0.0635, 0.0508, 0.0381 and 0.0254 m was used as penstock. A 1.5 Hp surface pump was used to lift water from an underground reservoir to the OHR and the PAT was coupled to a generator by a pulley and belt drive. The volume of water discharged was monitored for each nozzle diameter till the OHR was empty, and the voltage developed and current flowing through the load measured. The flow rate, shaft power, and efficiency of the PAT for the no-load tests and then including the electrical power for the on-load tests were computed. The highest and lowest efficiency of the system (0.694 and 0.497) corresponded to nozzle diameters of 0.0635 and 0.0254 m respectively, while the highest efficiencies for each nozzle dia...
The realization of a stable and adequate electricity generation and supply has been a serious cha... more The realization of a stable and adequate electricity generation and supply has been a serious challenge in Nigeria, especially in the remote areas of the country. The interest of the government and private firms has been on the installation of power plant running on fossil fuel while neglecting the renewable energy resources the country is endowed with. To achieve adequate generation and supply of electricity to the populace in urban and remote areas, appropriate stand-alone wind energy systems are recommended for installation in wind sites, on buildings and communication masts based on the wind pattern of the various locations in the country. A brief review of the wind potentials of the various locations in the country is done. A review on the HAWT and the various configurations of the VAWT is done with emphasis on its merits and demerits and also a brief review on building-mounted wind power systems is done, with recommendations on appropriate wind energy systems for installation.
In this work, a closed top throatless downdraft gasifier has been designed, constructed and an a... more In this work, a closed top throatless downdraft gasifier has been designed, constructed and an attempt has been made to evaluate its performance using coconut shell. The fuel properties of coconut shells and its gasification feasibility for closed top thoatless fixed-bed downdraft gasifier were investigated. The distinctive feature of the gasifier is that it can operate successfully on coconut shell with a producer gas lower heating value (LHV) of 5.96 MJ/m3 and negligible clinker formation. The gasifier performed best at an equivalence ratio of 0.332 was determined at an air flow rate of 0.00092 m3/s and coconut shell consumption rate of 0.000557 kg/s. From the results obtained, coconut shells were successfully used as feedstock in the gasifier. Satisfactory operation was obtained. Gasification of coconut shells could provide required thermal input, with clean fuel to the rural communities in Nigeria. Index Terms—Coconut shells, throatless, downdraft, gasifier, fixed bed.
International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Technology, 2015
Engine parameters vary from one cycle to the other and this makes engine analysis with data from ... more Engine parameters vary from one cycle to the other and this makes engine analysis with data from a single working cycle insufficient in capturing or modelling an engine behaviour. The variation observed in engine has necessitated the use sample sizes of data obtained during an engine operation to obtain results that are representative of the engine being investigated. Research has shown that the use of very large data sample size increases the storage needed and processing time and does not necessary give better results over results obtained with lesser sample sizes. The number of sample size to use for analysis remains a subject of debate and investigation with researchers proposing the use of varying sample sizes for combustion analysis in engines. There is a need for the selection of an optimum sample size for engine analysis. Engine data were obtained from a spark ignition engine which operated on gasoline and varying degree of blend of gasoline and biofuel. The effects of the u...
International Journal of Engineering Science Technologies
The use of petro-lubricants in metal forming leads to lamination of oxide on the extrudates due t... more The use of petro-lubricants in metal forming leads to lamination of oxide on the extrudates due to temperature increase and reaction of the base metal with some elements in the lubricant, hence resulting poor surface quality of the end product. The non-biodegradability of these lubricants also leads to environmental pollution. Although De-oiled Jatropha Caked has been volarised for so many applications, with some oil left in the cake it can still be employed for use in other applications. In this paper a bio-solid lubricant is formulated from Black soap (Toilet soap-vegetable oil-based) as base and De-oiled Jatropha cake as additive. Jatropha seeds were processed to ≤ 0.5 um particles size powder and de-oiled using Soxhlet apparatus. Black soap and de-oiled Jatropha cake was then mixed in ratios: 90:10, 80:20, 70:30, 60:40 and 50:50. Each of these was further mixed with de-ionized lukewarm water in ratio 50:50 by weight to produce solid lubricant blends B1, B2, B3, B4 and B5, respec...
Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2020
This paper explores the feasibility of supplying power to a remote hospital in Vandeikya local go... more This paper explores the feasibility of supplying power to a remote hospital in Vandeikya local government area of Benue state where the facility is strictly run by diesel generator. The average hourly electrical load demand data for the hospital was obtained by measuring electricity consumption from the power house using digital owl meter (CM 199). The annual average insolation for Vandeikya is 4.92 kWh/m2/d obtained from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory database. The simulation was carried out using HOMER Pro (Hybrid Optimization Model for Multiple Energy Resources version 3.13.8). The average hourly electricity load demand data; cost of components and sizes; average annual insolation data, serve as input into the software. The results gave a net present cost (NPC) of ₦718,308,000.00 (Note:$ 1 equals ₦ 386.32 Naira as at 6th July, 2020) as compared to diesel only with a cost of ₦9,060,974,000.00; the lifetime of the project considered is 25 years and an assumed real interest rate of 10% per annum, while the system offers a payback period of 1 year. The optimal system configuration is the system with diesel genset (300 kW), generic 500 kW biogas genset, generic flat plate PV (300 kW), generic 1kWh lead acid, and system converter (300 kW). The system has a yearly excess electricity of 411,771 kWh/yr which can be sold out and has no unmet load. It greatly reduced greenhouse gas (GHG) emission. The hybrid PV/diesel/biomass gasifier system makes economic sense and is technically viable for Mbaakon hospital and those with similar load and weather conditions.
This paper presents a functional and easy method for simulation of thin bed drying of maize in an... more This paper presents a functional and easy method for simulation of thin bed drying of maize in an active solar dryer with slit-type transpired collector using TRNSYS software. Thin layer solar drying model written in TRNSYS equation blocks in combination with existing components in the software library were used to build a solar mixed mode dryer system in TRNSYS environment for simulation. Experimental data for thin-bed solar dryer drying of maize obtained at different air mass flow rates of 0.026, 0.033, 0.034, 0.035 and 0.038 kg/sec, respectively, were used for model verification. There was good agreement between simulation results and experimental dryer temperatures for thin-bed solar dryer drying of maize with root mean square error (RMSE) and Nash- Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient (NSE) of 0.95, 0.57, 0.65, 1.15, 1.32 and 0.92, 0.93, 0.92, 0.85, 0.89 respectively for the air mass flowrates investigated. The results further confirmed that TRNSYS software can be a useful tool in ...
Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2019
ABSTRACT In this work, various artificial neural networks (ANNs) used for predicting the solar ra... more ABSTRACT In this work, various artificial neural networks (ANNs) used for predicting the solar radiation in Makurdi city, Nigeria (7°7ʹ N long. 8°6ʹ) have been developed: Feed-forward back-propagation neural network (FFNN), radial basis function network (RBFN), and generalized regression neural network (GRNN). The main objective of this study is the use of an ANN’s ensemble for the prediction of average monthly global solar radiation of Makurdi in order to improve the prediction accuracy. The training and testing data were obtained from the Nigeria metrological station (NIMET) Makurdi. For each neural network type, average R 2 = 0.998 and MSE = 0.0142, performance measures were obtained when the networks were analyzed. In order to improve prediction accuracy, an ensemble of neural networks was examined which gave an R 2 = 1.0 and MSE = 0.0139. All the proposed neural networks predicted solar radiation with great accuracy; nevertheless, ensemble achieved better results implying high dependency of the model for the evaluation of solar radiation in the locations where solar radiation instruments are not available or faulty.
The escalating challenges of energy scarcity and environmental concerns stemming from fossil fuel... more The escalating challenges of energy scarcity and environmental concerns stemming from fossil fuel usage have intensified the exploration of renewable energy sources, including municipal waste and agricultural residues. Despite their availability, indigenous nature, and environmental friendliness, certain residues necessitate con version through processes such as briquetting because of the high relative humidity and low specific heat. This study delves into the examination of the mechanical, thermophysical, and physical properties of Jujube seed shell-based briquettes without the use of binders. Three distinct particle sizes; fine particles (<0.6 mm), medium particles (<2.36 mm), and coarse particles (<3.35 mm) were respectively experimented. The produced bri quettes underwent analysis for density, durability, shatter resistance index, relaxation ratio, compressive strength, volatile matter (VM), and specific heat of combustion. Results unveiled a density range of 1909 kg/m3 to 2158 kg/m3, with fine particles exhibiting the highest density at 2158 kg/m3. Calorific values varied between 26,430 kJ/kg and 27,175 kJ/kg. Moisture content ranged from 3.0 % to 7 %, ash content from 1.51 % to 1.68 %, volatile matter from 73.1 % to 77.2 %, and fixed carbon from 17.29 % to 18.39 %. This comprehensive exploration provides valuable insights into the potential of Jujube seed shell briquettes as a sustainable and efficient alternative energy source, contributing to the ongoing discourse on renewable energy utilization.
Energy conservation and sustainability to reduce the dependence on conventional sources have resu... more Energy conservation and sustainability to reduce the dependence on conventional sources have resulted in modified or advanced process practices. One such is the use of nanofluids for enhanced energy efficiency. However, such practices must not be at the cost of environmental hazards. The current study emphasizes bio-based nano
In this study, experimental and computational studies
of the impact of forced convective flow on ... more In this study, experimental and computational studies of the impact of forced convective flow on the heat transfer characteristics of staggered pin fins with perforations are investigated in a rectangular channel at constant heat flux with Reynolds numbers (Re) of 2 × 103–12 × 103. In particular, cylindrical pin fins with circular longitudinal (L) perforation, longitudinal/ transverse (LT) perforation, and longitudinal/transverse/ vertical (LTV) perforation perforations are compared to solid pin fins to find out how adding different perforation arrays affects overall heat transfer performance and also to find the best perforation configuration for maximum performance. ANSYS‐FLUENT is employed for numerical simulation, validated by experimental data. Experimental validation is conducted by attaching the heat sink to a Peltier module, inducing heat generation through current on one face in the Armfield Free and Forced Convection Heat Transfer Service Units HT 19 and HT10XC. Results highlight significant increases in Nusselt number (Nu) for perforated pins compared to solid pins, with L perforations at 8%, LT perforations at 33%, and 67% for LTV perforated pins due to transverse perforations that act as slots, which stir up the primary flow and induce secondary flow generated by vertical perforations. Regarding pressure drops, L perforations reduce by 9%, LT by 19%, and LTV by 27% compared to solid pins. The overall enhancement ratio peaks at the minimum Reynold number, notably achieving a 38% increase in the LTV perforation pin fin array. This innovative study holds promise for diverse electronic applications, offering enhanced heat transfer performance in electronic cooling systems.
International Journal of Environment and Climate Change
The performance of a pump used as a turbine (PAT) in a simplified Pico hydropower system with the... more The performance of a pump used as a turbine (PAT) in a simplified Pico hydropower system with the provision for recycling water to an overhead reservoir (OHR) 7.2 m high was investigated. A vertical PVC pipe of diameter 0.0762 m reduced into four replaceable nozzles of diameters 0.0635, 0.0508, 0.0381 and 0.0254 m was used as penstock. A 1.5 Hp surface pump was used to lift water from an underground reservoir to the OHR and the PAT was coupled to a generator by a pulley and belt drive. The volume of water discharged was monitored for each nozzle diameter till the OHR was empty, and the voltage developed and current flowing through the load measured. The flow rate, shaft power, and efficiency of the PAT for the no-load tests and then including the electrical power for the on-load tests were computed. The highest and lowest efficiency of the system (0.694 and 0.497) corresponded to nozzle diameters of 0.0635 and 0.0254 m respectively, while the highest efficiencies for each nozzle dia...
The realization of a stable and adequate electricity generation and supply has been a serious cha... more The realization of a stable and adequate electricity generation and supply has been a serious challenge in Nigeria, especially in the remote areas of the country. The interest of the government and private firms has been on the installation of power plant running on fossil fuel while neglecting the renewable energy resources the country is endowed with. To achieve adequate generation and supply of electricity to the populace in urban and remote areas, appropriate stand-alone wind energy systems are recommended for installation in wind sites, on buildings and communication masts based on the wind pattern of the various locations in the country. A brief review of the wind potentials of the various locations in the country is done. A review on the HAWT and the various configurations of the VAWT is done with emphasis on its merits and demerits and also a brief review on building-mounted wind power systems is done, with recommendations on appropriate wind energy systems for installation.
In this work, a closed top throatless downdraft gasifier has been designed, constructed and an a... more In this work, a closed top throatless downdraft gasifier has been designed, constructed and an attempt has been made to evaluate its performance using coconut shell. The fuel properties of coconut shells and its gasification feasibility for closed top thoatless fixed-bed downdraft gasifier were investigated. The distinctive feature of the gasifier is that it can operate successfully on coconut shell with a producer gas lower heating value (LHV) of 5.96 MJ/m3 and negligible clinker formation. The gasifier performed best at an equivalence ratio of 0.332 was determined at an air flow rate of 0.00092 m3/s and coconut shell consumption rate of 0.000557 kg/s. From the results obtained, coconut shells were successfully used as feedstock in the gasifier. Satisfactory operation was obtained. Gasification of coconut shells could provide required thermal input, with clean fuel to the rural communities in Nigeria. Index Terms—Coconut shells, throatless, downdraft, gasifier, fixed bed.
International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Technology, 2015
Engine parameters vary from one cycle to the other and this makes engine analysis with data from ... more Engine parameters vary from one cycle to the other and this makes engine analysis with data from a single working cycle insufficient in capturing or modelling an engine behaviour. The variation observed in engine has necessitated the use sample sizes of data obtained during an engine operation to obtain results that are representative of the engine being investigated. Research has shown that the use of very large data sample size increases the storage needed and processing time and does not necessary give better results over results obtained with lesser sample sizes. The number of sample size to use for analysis remains a subject of debate and investigation with researchers proposing the use of varying sample sizes for combustion analysis in engines. There is a need for the selection of an optimum sample size for engine analysis. Engine data were obtained from a spark ignition engine which operated on gasoline and varying degree of blend of gasoline and biofuel. The effects of the u...
International Journal of Engineering Science Technologies
The use of petro-lubricants in metal forming leads to lamination of oxide on the extrudates due t... more The use of petro-lubricants in metal forming leads to lamination of oxide on the extrudates due to temperature increase and reaction of the base metal with some elements in the lubricant, hence resulting poor surface quality of the end product. The non-biodegradability of these lubricants also leads to environmental pollution. Although De-oiled Jatropha Caked has been volarised for so many applications, with some oil left in the cake it can still be employed for use in other applications. In this paper a bio-solid lubricant is formulated from Black soap (Toilet soap-vegetable oil-based) as base and De-oiled Jatropha cake as additive. Jatropha seeds were processed to ≤ 0.5 um particles size powder and de-oiled using Soxhlet apparatus. Black soap and de-oiled Jatropha cake was then mixed in ratios: 90:10, 80:20, 70:30, 60:40 and 50:50. Each of these was further mixed with de-ionized lukewarm water in ratio 50:50 by weight to produce solid lubricant blends B1, B2, B3, B4 and B5, respec...
Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2020
This paper explores the feasibility of supplying power to a remote hospital in Vandeikya local go... more This paper explores the feasibility of supplying power to a remote hospital in Vandeikya local government area of Benue state where the facility is strictly run by diesel generator. The average hourly electrical load demand data for the hospital was obtained by measuring electricity consumption from the power house using digital owl meter (CM 199). The annual average insolation for Vandeikya is 4.92 kWh/m2/d obtained from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory database. The simulation was carried out using HOMER Pro (Hybrid Optimization Model for Multiple Energy Resources version 3.13.8). The average hourly electricity load demand data; cost of components and sizes; average annual insolation data, serve as input into the software. The results gave a net present cost (NPC) of ₦718,308,000.00 (Note:$ 1 equals ₦ 386.32 Naira as at 6th July, 2020) as compared to diesel only with a cost of ₦9,060,974,000.00; the lifetime of the project considered is 25 years and an assumed real interest rate of 10% per annum, while the system offers a payback period of 1 year. The optimal system configuration is the system with diesel genset (300 kW), generic 500 kW biogas genset, generic flat plate PV (300 kW), generic 1kWh lead acid, and system converter (300 kW). The system has a yearly excess electricity of 411,771 kWh/yr which can be sold out and has no unmet load. It greatly reduced greenhouse gas (GHG) emission. The hybrid PV/diesel/biomass gasifier system makes economic sense and is technically viable for Mbaakon hospital and those with similar load and weather conditions.
This paper presents a functional and easy method for simulation of thin bed drying of maize in an... more This paper presents a functional and easy method for simulation of thin bed drying of maize in an active solar dryer with slit-type transpired collector using TRNSYS software. Thin layer solar drying model written in TRNSYS equation blocks in combination with existing components in the software library were used to build a solar mixed mode dryer system in TRNSYS environment for simulation. Experimental data for thin-bed solar dryer drying of maize obtained at different air mass flow rates of 0.026, 0.033, 0.034, 0.035 and 0.038 kg/sec, respectively, were used for model verification. There was good agreement between simulation results and experimental dryer temperatures for thin-bed solar dryer drying of maize with root mean square error (RMSE) and Nash- Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient (NSE) of 0.95, 0.57, 0.65, 1.15, 1.32 and 0.92, 0.93, 0.92, 0.85, 0.89 respectively for the air mass flowrates investigated. The results further confirmed that TRNSYS software can be a useful tool in ...
Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2019
ABSTRACT In this work, various artificial neural networks (ANNs) used for predicting the solar ra... more ABSTRACT In this work, various artificial neural networks (ANNs) used for predicting the solar radiation in Makurdi city, Nigeria (7°7ʹ N long. 8°6ʹ) have been developed: Feed-forward back-propagation neural network (FFNN), radial basis function network (RBFN), and generalized regression neural network (GRNN). The main objective of this study is the use of an ANN’s ensemble for the prediction of average monthly global solar radiation of Makurdi in order to improve the prediction accuracy. The training and testing data were obtained from the Nigeria metrological station (NIMET) Makurdi. For each neural network type, average R 2 = 0.998 and MSE = 0.0142, performance measures were obtained when the networks were analyzed. In order to improve prediction accuracy, an ensemble of neural networks was examined which gave an R 2 = 1.0 and MSE = 0.0139. All the proposed neural networks predicted solar radiation with great accuracy; nevertheless, ensemble achieved better results implying high dependency of the model for the evaluation of solar radiation in the locations where solar radiation instruments are not available or faulty.
This paper presents a functional and easy method for simulation of thin bed drying of maize in an... more This paper presents a functional and easy method for simulation of thin bed drying of maize in an active solar dryer with slit-type transpired collector using TRNSYS software. Thin layer solar drying model written in TRNSYS equation blocks in combination with existing components in the software library were used to build a solar mixed mode dryer system in TRNSYS environment for simulation. Experimental data for thin-bed solar dryer drying of maize obtained at different air mass flow rates of 0.026, 0.033, 0.034, 0.035 and 0.038 kg/sec, respectively, were used for model verification. There was good agreement between simulation results and experimental dryer temperatures for thin-bed solar dryer drying of maize with root mean square error (RMSE) and Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient (NSE) of 0.95, 0.57, 0.65, 1.15, 1.32 and 0.92, 0.93, 0.92, 0.85, 0.89 respectively for the air mass flowrates investigated. The results further confirmed that TRNSYS software can be a useful tool in the design and optimization of solar dryer systems.
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Papers by Aondoyila Kuhe
intensified the exploration of renewable energy sources, including municipal waste and agricultural residues.
Despite their availability, indigenous nature, and environmental friendliness, certain residues necessitate con
version through processes such as briquetting because of the high relative humidity and low specific heat. This
study delves into the examination of the mechanical, thermophysical, and physical properties of Jujube seed
shell-based briquettes without the use of binders. Three distinct particle sizes; fine particles (<0.6 mm), medium
particles (<2.36 mm), and coarse particles (<3.35 mm) were respectively experimented. The produced bri
quettes underwent analysis for density, durability, shatter resistance index, relaxation ratio, compressive
strength, volatile matter (VM), and specific heat of combustion. Results unveiled a density range of 1909 kg/m3
to 2158 kg/m3, with fine particles exhibiting the highest density at 2158 kg/m3. Calorific values varied between
26,430 kJ/kg and 27,175 kJ/kg. Moisture content ranged from 3.0 % to 7 %, ash content from 1.51 % to 1.68 %,
volatile matter from 73.1 % to 77.2 %, and fixed carbon from 17.29 % to 18.39 %. This comprehensive
exploration provides valuable insights into the potential of Jujube seed shell briquettes as a sustainable and
efficient alternative energy source, contributing to the ongoing discourse on renewable energy utilization.
of the impact of forced convective flow on the heat
transfer characteristics of staggered pin fins with
perforations are investigated in a rectangular channel
at constant heat flux with Reynolds numbers (Re) of
2 × 103–12 × 103. In particular, cylindrical pin fins with
circular longitudinal (L) perforation, longitudinal/
transverse (LT) perforation, and longitudinal/transverse/
vertical (LTV) perforation perforations are compared
to solid pin fins to find out how adding different
perforation arrays affects overall heat transfer performance
and also to find the best perforation configuration
for maximum performance. ANSYS‐FLUENT is employed
for numerical simulation, validated by experimental
data. Experimental validation is conducted by
attaching the heat sink to a Peltier module, inducing
heat generation through current on one face in the
Armfield Free and Forced Convection Heat Transfer
Service Units HT 19 and HT10XC. Results highlight
significant increases in Nusselt number (Nu) for
perforated pins compared to solid pins, with L
perforations at 8%, LT perforations at 33%, and 67% for LTV perforated pins due to transverse perforations
that act as slots, which stir up the primary flow and
induce secondary flow generated by vertical perforations.
Regarding pressure drops, L perforations reduce
by 9%, LT by 19%, and LTV by 27% compared to solid
pins. The overall enhancement ratio peaks at the
minimum Reynold number, notably achieving a 38%
increase in the LTV perforation pin fin array. This
innovative study holds promise for diverse electronic
applications, offering enhanced heat transfer performance
in electronic cooling systems.
intensified the exploration of renewable energy sources, including municipal waste and agricultural residues.
Despite their availability, indigenous nature, and environmental friendliness, certain residues necessitate con
version through processes such as briquetting because of the high relative humidity and low specific heat. This
study delves into the examination of the mechanical, thermophysical, and physical properties of Jujube seed
shell-based briquettes without the use of binders. Three distinct particle sizes; fine particles (<0.6 mm), medium
particles (<2.36 mm), and coarse particles (<3.35 mm) were respectively experimented. The produced bri
quettes underwent analysis for density, durability, shatter resistance index, relaxation ratio, compressive
strength, volatile matter (VM), and specific heat of combustion. Results unveiled a density range of 1909 kg/m3
to 2158 kg/m3, with fine particles exhibiting the highest density at 2158 kg/m3. Calorific values varied between
26,430 kJ/kg and 27,175 kJ/kg. Moisture content ranged from 3.0 % to 7 %, ash content from 1.51 % to 1.68 %,
volatile matter from 73.1 % to 77.2 %, and fixed carbon from 17.29 % to 18.39 %. This comprehensive
exploration provides valuable insights into the potential of Jujube seed shell briquettes as a sustainable and
efficient alternative energy source, contributing to the ongoing discourse on renewable energy utilization.
of the impact of forced convective flow on the heat
transfer characteristics of staggered pin fins with
perforations are investigated in a rectangular channel
at constant heat flux with Reynolds numbers (Re) of
2 × 103–12 × 103. In particular, cylindrical pin fins with
circular longitudinal (L) perforation, longitudinal/
transverse (LT) perforation, and longitudinal/transverse/
vertical (LTV) perforation perforations are compared
to solid pin fins to find out how adding different
perforation arrays affects overall heat transfer performance
and also to find the best perforation configuration
for maximum performance. ANSYS‐FLUENT is employed
for numerical simulation, validated by experimental
data. Experimental validation is conducted by
attaching the heat sink to a Peltier module, inducing
heat generation through current on one face in the
Armfield Free and Forced Convection Heat Transfer
Service Units HT 19 and HT10XC. Results highlight
significant increases in Nusselt number (Nu) for
perforated pins compared to solid pins, with L
perforations at 8%, LT perforations at 33%, and 67% for LTV perforated pins due to transverse perforations
that act as slots, which stir up the primary flow and
induce secondary flow generated by vertical perforations.
Regarding pressure drops, L perforations reduce
by 9%, LT by 19%, and LTV by 27% compared to solid
pins. The overall enhancement ratio peaks at the
minimum Reynold number, notably achieving a 38%
increase in the LTV perforation pin fin array. This
innovative study holds promise for diverse electronic
applications, offering enhanced heat transfer performance
in electronic cooling systems.