Marcin Rządeczka
UMCS, Department of Philosophy and Sociology, Faculty Member
Avant-propos : intérêt de cette traduction Jérôme Alain Lapasset Nous présentons ici une traduction française d’un article récent dans lequel les auteurs se penchent sur les biais cognitifs et les fausses croyances chez les experts dans... more
Avant-propos : intérêt de cette traduction
Jérôme Alain Lapasset
Nous présentons ici une traduction française d’un article récent dans lequel les auteurs se penchent sur les biais cognitifs et les fausses croyances chez les experts dans le domaine de l’autisme.
Les auteurs, philosophes, abordent principalement la question de la compétence clinique et pointue (ou qui devrait l’être) chez les experts à la cour de Justice, mais aussi médicaux, en Pologne, en matière de jugement et de diagnostic portés quant aux réalités d’une personne relevant du spectre de l’autisme (TSA)…
Outre les particularités du système judiciaire et législatif de leur pays d’origine, les auteurs apportent un éclairage sur nos dispositions générales, cognitives, sociales et culturelles dans la considération de l’autisme, avec les contraintes fonctionnelles, politiques et économiques d’exercice, en grande partie exportables dans les autres pays, y compris la France.
Avec la prise de conscience actuelle de l’existence d’une neuro-diversité, dans ce qu’elle peut avoir d’enrichissant, mais aussi d’ambiguïtés relativement à son statut au-delà d’une juste reconnaissance humaine et égalitaire, dans un monde où les réseaux sociaux et le communautarisme envahissent à grande vitesse la scène publique, voici une réflexion qui ne peut qu’annoncer en filigrane une remise en question salutaire des pratiques et des modèles.
Par ailleurs, si les spécialistes sont traversés par des biais cognitifs et des fausses croyances dans le processus délicat du diagnostic, et encore davantage dans celui du diagnostic différentiel, il est permis aussi d’envisager que les personnes autistes, aussi singulier que puisse être leur mode de traitement de l’information, y soient également sujet suivant des modalités qui leur sont en partie propre mais également en partie apprises. Il s’agit là d’un véritable domaine de recherche novateur. Toujours est-il qu’il me semble qu’à l’être de la revendication à la neurodiversité, il serait souhaitable d’en tenir compte pour ne pas réduire l’autisme à la seule dimension du handicap….
Je remercie les auteurs pour m’avoir autorisé à publier ce travail que j’espère aussi fidèle que possible. Certaines notes sont des auteurs, d’autres du traducteur. Ces dernières n’ont d’autres buts que de faciliter la compréhension ou des mises en perspectives.
Jérôme Alain Lapasset
Nous présentons ici une traduction française d’un article récent dans lequel les auteurs se penchent sur les biais cognitifs et les fausses croyances chez les experts dans le domaine de l’autisme.
Les auteurs, philosophes, abordent principalement la question de la compétence clinique et pointue (ou qui devrait l’être) chez les experts à la cour de Justice, mais aussi médicaux, en Pologne, en matière de jugement et de diagnostic portés quant aux réalités d’une personne relevant du spectre de l’autisme (TSA)…
Outre les particularités du système judiciaire et législatif de leur pays d’origine, les auteurs apportent un éclairage sur nos dispositions générales, cognitives, sociales et culturelles dans la considération de l’autisme, avec les contraintes fonctionnelles, politiques et économiques d’exercice, en grande partie exportables dans les autres pays, y compris la France.
Avec la prise de conscience actuelle de l’existence d’une neuro-diversité, dans ce qu’elle peut avoir d’enrichissant, mais aussi d’ambiguïtés relativement à son statut au-delà d’une juste reconnaissance humaine et égalitaire, dans un monde où les réseaux sociaux et le communautarisme envahissent à grande vitesse la scène publique, voici une réflexion qui ne peut qu’annoncer en filigrane une remise en question salutaire des pratiques et des modèles.
Par ailleurs, si les spécialistes sont traversés par des biais cognitifs et des fausses croyances dans le processus délicat du diagnostic, et encore davantage dans celui du diagnostic différentiel, il est permis aussi d’envisager que les personnes autistes, aussi singulier que puisse être leur mode de traitement de l’information, y soient également sujet suivant des modalités qui leur sont en partie propre mais également en partie apprises. Il s’agit là d’un véritable domaine de recherche novateur. Toujours est-il qu’il me semble qu’à l’être de la revendication à la neurodiversité, il serait souhaitable d’en tenir compte pour ne pas réduire l’autisme à la seule dimension du handicap….
Je remercie les auteurs pour m’avoir autorisé à publier ce travail que j’espère aussi fidèle que possible. Certaines notes sont des auteurs, d’autres du traducteur. Ces dernières n’ont d’autres buts que de faciliter la compréhension ou des mises en perspectives.
Research Interests:
Introduction: Fleeing from war can be terrifying and result in Acute Stress Disorder (ASD), a mental health condition that can occur in the first month after a traumatic event. The study aimed to identify the prevalence of ASD among... more
Introduction: Fleeing from war can be terrifying and result in Acute Stress Disorder (ASD), a mental health condition that can occur in the first month after a traumatic event. The study aimed to identify the prevalence of ASD among Ukrainian refugees and identify its risk factors to create a profile of the most vulnerable refugees.
Methods: This cross-sectional study of 637 Ukrainian war-displaced persons and refugees in 2022 used the Acute Stress Disorder Scale.
Results: The prevalence of ASD among participants was high (93.5%). Several factors increasing the risk of developing ASD in the sample were identified, e.g., witnessing Russian attacks (OR 2.92, 95% CI 1.26-6.78), insufficient financial resources (OR 3.56, 95% CI 1.61-7.91), and feeling of loneliness in the host country (OR 3.07, 95% CI 1.58-8.69). Pre-existing depression and the death of a close person, among others, were found to significantly (p < 0.05) exacerbate the ASD symptoms. At the same time, neither age, the distance traveled, time spent on fleeing the country, nor the type of companionship during refuge (escaping alone, with children, pets or the older adults) correlate with the severity of symptoms.
Conclusion: The study shows extreme levels of trauma among Ukrainian war refugees and displaced persons. Knowledge regarding ASD vulnerabilities in the present conflict may facilitate prompt and adequate psychological help. Since ASD can be an antecedent of PTSD and several autoimmune disorders, these results may also serve as a predictor of future challenges for Ukrainian society.
Methods: This cross-sectional study of 637 Ukrainian war-displaced persons and refugees in 2022 used the Acute Stress Disorder Scale.
Results: The prevalence of ASD among participants was high (93.5%). Several factors increasing the risk of developing ASD in the sample were identified, e.g., witnessing Russian attacks (OR 2.92, 95% CI 1.26-6.78), insufficient financial resources (OR 3.56, 95% CI 1.61-7.91), and feeling of loneliness in the host country (OR 3.07, 95% CI 1.58-8.69). Pre-existing depression and the death of a close person, among others, were found to significantly (p < 0.05) exacerbate the ASD symptoms. At the same time, neither age, the distance traveled, time spent on fleeing the country, nor the type of companionship during refuge (escaping alone, with children, pets or the older adults) correlate with the severity of symptoms.
Conclusion: The study shows extreme levels of trauma among Ukrainian war refugees and displaced persons. Knowledge regarding ASD vulnerabilities in the present conflict may facilitate prompt and adequate psychological help. Since ASD can be an antecedent of PTSD and several autoimmune disorders, these results may also serve as a predictor of future challenges for Ukrainian society.
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Cognitive biases can be roughly divided into two categories, namely, the cognitive artifacts and the cognitive adaptations. Cognitive artifacts, such as the base rate neglect affecting the reliability of probabilistic decision-making... more
Cognitive biases can be roughly divided into two categories, namely, the cognitive artifacts and the cognitive adaptations. Cognitive artifacts, such as the base rate neglect affecting the reliability of probabilistic decision-making strategies, are often triggered by the cognitively unnatural situations, i.e. occurrences our brain is not sufficiently adapt to interpret because of their recent origin, like in the case of scientifically rigorous thinking. The second category comprises the biases described by the error management theory (emt) or, in other words, the direct behavioral adaptations purposefully distorting the way people assess some potentially dangerous situations. The rationale behind the emt is to avoid some supposedly lethal actions by the oversensitization to certain disease-associated or danger-associated stimuli. The behavioral immune system (bis) is, together with the innate and adaptive immunity, an important barrier against a variety of pathogens. However, its cognitive consequences are certainly nottrivial ones, beginning with certain types of food aversion and ending with cultural stereotyping, such as racism or xenophobia.
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
The unprecedented development of medical informatics is constantly transforming the concept of expertise in medical sciences in a way that has far-reaching consequences for both the theory of knowledge and the philosophy of informatics.... more
The unprecedented development of medical informatics is constantly transforming the concept of expertise in medical sciences in a way that has far-reaching consequences for both the theory of knowledge and the philosophy of informatics. Deep medicine is based on the assumption that medical diagnosis should take into account the wide array of possible health factors involved in the diagnostic process, such as not only genome analysis alone, but also the metabolome (analysis of all body metabolites important for e.g. drug-drug interactions), microbiome (i.e. analysis of all bodily microorganisms interacting with host cells) or exposome (analysis of all environmental factors triggering potentially harmful cell mutations, such as UV radiation, heavy metals, various carcinogens, etc.). Deep data analysis is of tantamount importance for personalized diagnosis but, at the same time, hardly achievable by a regular human being. However, adequately designed artificial intelligence (e.g. a deep neural network) can undeniably be of great help for finding correlations between symptoms and underlying diseases. Nowadays AI applies to nearly every aspect of medicine, starting from the data analysis of scientific literature, through the diagnostic process, to the act of communication between physicians and their patients. Medical image processing algorithms greatly enhance the chances of successful recognition of melanoma or intestinal polyps. Communication tools designed for physicians use techniques known from social media to provide users with an opportunity to consult the case with colleagues from the same discipline. Natural language processing tools significantly improve doctor-patient communication by the automation of note-taking. Is this enough to support the claim that the non-epistemic competences in medicine are becoming more and more important? Can we attribute expertise only to a person? How is medical informatics changing the way most people usually understand human-computer interactions?
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Od 1999 instyt. sprawcza : Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Sklodowskiej. Wydzial Filozofii i Socjologii
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
The non-autistic majority often judges people on the autism spectrum through the prism of numerous stereotypes, prejudices, cognitive biases, or, generally speaking, non-rational beliefs. This causes problems in autistic people’s everyday... more
The non-autistic majority often judges people on the autism spectrum through the prism of numerous stereotypes, prejudices, cognitive biases, or, generally speaking, non-rational beliefs. This causes problems in autistic people’s everyday lives, as they often feel stigmatized, marginalized, and they internalize deficit-laden narratives about themselves. Unfortunately, experts, including health or law professionals, are not entirely immune to these non-rational beliefs, which affect their decision-making processes. This primarily happens when a mix of background knowledge, overconfidence, and haste co-occur. The resulting decisions may impact autistic people, e.g., by determining eligibility for the state’s therapeutical and financial support. This paper shows how simplified reasoning and inference may influence experts’ (medical examiners or court expert witnesses) decision-making processes concerning autistic people. It also proposes particular clues and strategies that could help ...
Research Interests:
The nascent field of evolutionary psychology can shed some new light on the concept of perceptual biases. Rather than interpreting a bias as a cognitive flaw, evolutionary psychology seeks to reveal its adaptive function. Systematic... more
The nascent field of evolutionary psychology can shed some new light on the concept of perceptual biases. Rather than interpreting a bias as a cognitive flaw, evolutionary psychology seeks to reveal its adaptive function. Systematic distortion of reality can act as a first-line safety mechanism limiting the exposure to potentially lethal abiotic and biotic environmental factors. Several such biases affect vision by influencing the perception of size or geographical slant. The sense of hearing is systematically biased due to the effect of auditory looming, while gustatory and olfactory perception tend to act as a safety measures against environmental toxins and pathogens by oversensitization to bitterness. The variety of adaptive perceptual biases suggests that the prime role of human perception is not truth-seeking, but action-guiding, such as navigation in a dangerous environment or deciding whether to confront a foe or flee.
Research Interests:
Natural language is one of the most enigmatic and sophisticated human capabilities with regard to both its evolutionary history and the level of complexity. A diversity of positions and debates on this subject clearly demonstrate that it... more
Natural language is one of the most enigmatic and sophisticated human capabilities with regard to both its evolutionary history and the level of complexity. A diversity of positions and debates on this subject clearly demonstrate that it is not yet a part of a normal science but rather an amalgam of different issues capable of being philosophically analyzed. The scarcity of evidence, restrictions of the comparative method and continuous discussions on the adaptive status of language are only a handful of current issues. The main aim of this paper is to provide a critical analysis of crucial current approaches to the problem of the reconstruction of language evolution and pinpoint the most important methodological and philosophical arguments in the discussion. The paper also supports the view that only the multi-level approach to the problem, which encompasses both the genetic and cladistic level, can offer a satisfactory explanation.
Research Interests:
Cognitive biases can be roughly divided into two categories, namely, the cognitive artifacts and the cognitive adaptations. Cognitive artifacts, such as the base rate neglect affecting the reliability of probabilistic decision-making... more
Cognitive biases can be roughly divided into two categories, namely, the cognitive artifacts and the cognitive adaptations. Cognitive artifacts, such as the base rate neglect affecting the reliability of probabilistic decision-making strategies, are often triggered by the cognitively unnatural situations, i.e. occurrences our brain is not sufficiently adapt to interpret because of their recent origin, like in the case of scientifically rigorous thinking. The second category comprises the biases described by the error management theory (emt) or, in other words, the direct behavioral adaptations purposefully distorting the way people assess some potentially dangerous situations. The rationale behind the emt is to avoid some supposedly lethal actions by the oversensitization to certain disease-associated or danger-associated stimuli. The behavioral immune system (bis) is, together with the innate and adaptive immunity, an important barrier against a variety of pathogens. However, its cognitive consequences are certainly nottrivial ones, beginning with certain types of food aversion and ending with cultural stereotyping, such as racism or xenophobia.
Research Interests:
There are three main purpose of the presented paper. Firstly, the presentation of the most common fallacies concerning the theory of evolution and its implications on the fields of ethics and metaphysic. Secondly, the undertaking of trial... more
There are three main purpose of the presented paper. Firstly, the presentation of the most common fallacies concerning the theory of evolution and its implications on the fields of ethics and metaphysic. Secondly, the undertaking of trial leading to the elucidation of the most crucial concepts of evolutionary process. Thirdly, presentation of some pivotal issues connected with the interpretation of the theory of evolution.
Research Interests:
The unprecedented development of medical informatics is constantly transforming the concept of expertise in medical sciences in a way that has farreaching consequences for both the theory of knowledge and the philosophy of informatics.... more
The unprecedented development of medical informatics is constantly transforming the concept of expertise in medical sciences in a way that has farreaching consequences for both the theory of knowledge and the philosophy of informatics. Deep medicine is based on the assumption that medical diagnosis should take into account the wide array of possible health factors involved in the diagnostic process, such as not only genome analysis alone, but also the metabolome (analysis of all body metabolites important for e.g. drug-drug interactions), microbiome (i.e. analysis of all bodily microorganisms interacting with host cells) or exposome (analysis of all environmental factors triggering potentially harmful cell mutations, such as UV radiation, heavy metals, various carcinogens, etc.). Deep data analysis is of tantamount importance for personalized diagnosis but, at the same time, hardly achievable by a regular human being. However, adequately designed artificial intelligence (e.g. a deep neural network) can undeniably be of great help for finding correlations between symptoms and underlying diseases. Nowadays AI applies to nearly every aspect of medicine, starting from the data analysis of scientific literature, through the diagnostic process, to the act of communication between physicians and their patients. Medical image processing algorithms greatly enhance the chances of successful recognition of melanoma or intestinal polyps. Communication tools designed for physicians use techniques known from social media to provide users with an opportunity to consult the case with colleagues from the same discipline. Natural language processing tools significantly improve doctor-patient communication by the automation of note-taking. Is this enough to support the claim that the non-epistemic competences in medicine are becoming more and more important? Can we attribute expertise only to a person? How is medical informatics changing the way most people usually understand human-computer interactions?
Research Interests:
The non-autistic majority often judges people on the autism spectrum through the prism of numerous stereotypes, prejudices, cognitive biases, or, generally speaking, non-rational beliefs. This causes problems in autistic people's everyday... more
The non-autistic majority often judges people on the autism spectrum through the prism of numerous stereotypes, prejudices, cognitive biases, or, generally speaking, non-rational beliefs. This causes problems in autistic people's everyday lives, as they often feel stigmatized, marginalized, and they internalize deficit-laden narratives about themselves. Unfortunately, experts, including health or law professionals, are not entirely immune to these non-rational beliefs, which affect their decision-making processes. This primarily happens when a mix of background knowledge, overconfidence, and haste co-occur. The resulting decisions may impact autistic people, e.g., by determining eligibility for the state's therapeutical and financial support. This paper shows how simplified reasoning and inference may influence experts' (medical examiners or court expert witnesses) decision-making processes concerning autistic people. It also proposes particular clues and strategies that could help experts cope with this risk and avoid making biased decisions.