In 1997, Michigan became the first jurisdiction in the world to enact a graduated licensing progr... more In 1997, Michigan became the first jurisdiction in the world to enact a graduated licensing programme that requires parental certification of extended supervised practice. The primary focus of the study presented in this scientific poster is on the response of the parents or other adults responsible for the driving supervision to the graduated licensing programme. For one week in July 1998 parent surveys were collected from parents or other responsible adults bringing young drivers to licensing offices for Level 2 licensure. This is the first level at which learners are allowed to drive unsupervised, with restrictions on late night driving, mandated safety belt use, and zero tolerance for blood alcohol content (BAC). The young applicant must also have completed a second segment of driver education and have no violation convictions or license suspensions during the 90-day period immediately prior to Level 2 licensure. It is at this point that the parent must provide certification that at least 50 hours of supervised practice have been provided, at least 10 hours of which must be at night. A total of 814 usable surveys were collected. The concerns expressed by legislators and others about requiring extensive parental involvement in young driver's acquisition of initial driving skill were not confirmed by the findings of the study. Most parents were not all-critical of the requirement, but rather were strongly positive about both the required supervised practice and the new programme generally. For the covering abstract of the conference see ITRD E203511.
International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety (T2013), 20th, 2013, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, Aug 1, 2013
The aims of this study were to examine descriptive and injunctive normative influences on alcohol... more The aims of this study were to examine descriptive and injunctive normative influences on alcohol misuse and drink/driving. We hypothesized that descriptive norms would predict alcohol misuse and drink/driving, and that this association would be reduced when accounting for injunctive norms and outcome expectations. The sample for this study was 5,464 (49 per cent male), mostly white, US young adults, age 24 years, participating in a longitudinal study of alcohol use and driving, who were interviewed by telephone. Multiple linear regression models were estimated separately by sex. In models predicting alcohol misuse, after adjusting for demographics (i.e., marital status, race, income, parenthood), individuals who perceived their similar-aged peers to use alcohol (both sexes) were more likely to misuse alcohol. These associations were reduced, but remained significant when best friendsr and parentsr attitudes toward drinking and drink/driving, and risk-taking propensity and perceived likelihood of negative consequences of drink/driving (e.g., arrest, injury) were entered into the model. Adjusting for demographics, similar-aged peersr drinking (both sexes) predicted drink/driving. Prediction by these variables was reduced when injunctive norms (parentsr and friendsr attitudes toward drinking and drink/driving) were accounted for, and when outcome expectations and alcohol misuse were introduced into the model. These results suggest that interventions should focus on weakening the influence of descriptive norms on alcohol misuse and drink/driving, while strengthening injunctive norms and outcome expectations that are not supportive of alcohol use and drink/driving.
ABSTRACT To determine whether an emergency department (ED)-based laptop computer intervention red... more ABSTRACT To determine whether an emergency department (ED)-based laptop computer intervention reduces the normative age-related increase in alcohol misuse compared with standard of care. This was a randomized controlled trial conducted from October 11, 1999, to April 14, 2001, in a community teaching hospital and university medical center. Subjects were aged 14 to 18 years and with a minor injury. Controls and intervention participants completed a computer-based questionnaire. Intervention participants also completed a laptop-based interactive computer program to affect alcohol misuse. Main outcome measures were Alcohol Misuse Index (Amidx) and binge-drinking episodes. Follow-up occurred by telephone at 3 and 12 months. Analysis included repeated-measures analysis of variance (alpha=0.05; power 0.80; effect size 0.10). Three hundred twenty-nine participants were randomized to the intervention group, and 326 participants were randomized to the control group. Two hundred ninety-five (89.7%) intervention subjects and 285 (87.4%) control subjects completed 3- and 12-month follow-ups. For intervention and control groups, respectively, mean age was 16.0 and 15.9 years and men composed 66.8% and 66.3% of the groups; Amidx scores were 2.2 and 2.0; binge-drinking episodes were 1.2 and 1.0. Outcomes for intervention and control, respectively, were Amidx (3 months) 1.5 and 1.4; Amidx (12 months) 1.8 and 2.1; binge drinking (3 months) 0.9 and 0.8; and binge drinking (12 months) 1.4 and 1.2. Overall, there were no significant effects (effect size 0.04). No detrimental effects were noted. Subgroup analysis suggested that the intervention may have an effect among subjects with experience drinking and driving (5% of the sample). The intervention was not effective in decreasing alcohol misuse among the study population. Further research will be required to determine effectiveness among the subgroup of adolescent minor injury patients who have experience drinking and driving.
In 1997, Michigan became the first jurisdiction in the world to enact a graduated licensing progr... more In 1997, Michigan became the first jurisdiction in the world to enact a graduated licensing programme that requires parental certification of extended supervised practice. The primary focus of the study presented in this scientific poster is on the response of the parents or other adults responsible for the driving supervision to the graduated licensing programme. For one week in July 1998 parent surveys were collected from parents or other responsible adults bringing young drivers to licensing offices for Level 2 licensure. This is the first level at which learners are allowed to drive unsupervised, with restrictions on late night driving, mandated safety belt use, and zero tolerance for blood alcohol content (BAC). The young applicant must also have completed a second segment of driver education and have no violation convictions or license suspensions during the 90-day period immediately prior to Level 2 licensure. It is at this point that the parent must provide certification that at least 50 hours of supervised practice have been provided, at least 10 hours of which must be at night. A total of 814 usable surveys were collected. The concerns expressed by legislators and others about requiring extensive parental involvement in young driver's acquisition of initial driving skill were not confirmed by the findings of the study. Most parents were not all-critical of the requirement, but rather were strongly positive about both the required supervised practice and the new programme generally. For the covering abstract of the conference see ITRD E203511.
International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety (T2013), 20th, 2013, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, Aug 1, 2013
The aims of this study were to examine descriptive and injunctive normative influences on alcohol... more The aims of this study were to examine descriptive and injunctive normative influences on alcohol misuse and drink/driving. We hypothesized that descriptive norms would predict alcohol misuse and drink/driving, and that this association would be reduced when accounting for injunctive norms and outcome expectations. The sample for this study was 5,464 (49 per cent male), mostly white, US young adults, age 24 years, participating in a longitudinal study of alcohol use and driving, who were interviewed by telephone. Multiple linear regression models were estimated separately by sex. In models predicting alcohol misuse, after adjusting for demographics (i.e., marital status, race, income, parenthood), individuals who perceived their similar-aged peers to use alcohol (both sexes) were more likely to misuse alcohol. These associations were reduced, but remained significant when best friendsr and parentsr attitudes toward drinking and drink/driving, and risk-taking propensity and perceived likelihood of negative consequences of drink/driving (e.g., arrest, injury) were entered into the model. Adjusting for demographics, similar-aged peersr drinking (both sexes) predicted drink/driving. Prediction by these variables was reduced when injunctive norms (parentsr and friendsr attitudes toward drinking and drink/driving) were accounted for, and when outcome expectations and alcohol misuse were introduced into the model. These results suggest that interventions should focus on weakening the influence of descriptive norms on alcohol misuse and drink/driving, while strengthening injunctive norms and outcome expectations that are not supportive of alcohol use and drink/driving.
ABSTRACT To determine whether an emergency department (ED)-based laptop computer intervention red... more ABSTRACT To determine whether an emergency department (ED)-based laptop computer intervention reduces the normative age-related increase in alcohol misuse compared with standard of care. This was a randomized controlled trial conducted from October 11, 1999, to April 14, 2001, in a community teaching hospital and university medical center. Subjects were aged 14 to 18 years and with a minor injury. Controls and intervention participants completed a computer-based questionnaire. Intervention participants also completed a laptop-based interactive computer program to affect alcohol misuse. Main outcome measures were Alcohol Misuse Index (Amidx) and binge-drinking episodes. Follow-up occurred by telephone at 3 and 12 months. Analysis included repeated-measures analysis of variance (alpha=0.05; power 0.80; effect size 0.10). Three hundred twenty-nine participants were randomized to the intervention group, and 326 participants were randomized to the control group. Two hundred ninety-five (89.7%) intervention subjects and 285 (87.4%) control subjects completed 3- and 12-month follow-ups. For intervention and control groups, respectively, mean age was 16.0 and 15.9 years and men composed 66.8% and 66.3% of the groups; Amidx scores were 2.2 and 2.0; binge-drinking episodes were 1.2 and 1.0. Outcomes for intervention and control, respectively, were Amidx (3 months) 1.5 and 1.4; Amidx (12 months) 1.8 and 2.1; binge drinking (3 months) 0.9 and 0.8; and binge drinking (12 months) 1.4 and 1.2. Overall, there were no significant effects (effect size 0.04). No detrimental effects were noted. Subgroup analysis suggested that the intervention may have an effect among subjects with experience drinking and driving (5% of the sample). The intervention was not effective in decreasing alcohol misuse among the study population. Further research will be required to determine effectiveness among the subgroup of adolescent minor injury patients who have experience drinking and driving.
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