Drawing on Flow theory and memorable tourism experience, this study explores the relationships be... more Drawing on Flow theory and memorable tourism experience, this study explores the relationships between Flow, novelty, and interpersonal interaction and the impact on travelers’ satisfaction and memories. By applying a mixed-method approach and the critical incident technique to a once-in-a-lifetime leisure experience, 550 tourists recalled their experiences. The results reveal that Flow has a direct and positive influence on tourists’ satisfaction and memories of the experience. The findings highlight the role of novelty and interpersonal interaction in producing positive Flow. However, novelty and interpersonal interaction did not come out as significant to predict memories and satisfaction.
Purpose - This paper examines the influence of individual and relational factors on new ventures’... more Purpose - This paper examines the influence of individual and relational factors on new ventures’ performance. Particular emphasis is given to entrepreneurs’ personal attributes and business relationships (both social and institutional). Design/methodology/approach – Drawn upon a quantitative methodological approach, the current study relies on a survey questionnaire applied to a non-probabilistic sample of entrepreneurial firms which were set up in the last 4-5 years in different industries. Findings – This study found that support from central government, support from sector associations and support from a financial institution evidenced a difference of means along three categories of entrepreneurial performance (low, moderate and high). The same result was found in the case of the entrepreneur’s family support, entrepreneur’s previous knowledge about potential customers and entrepreneur’s previous experience in business. Influence from entrepreneur’s personal characteristics, suc...
O turismo é considerado um dos maiores fenómenos da era moderna, tendo um papel relevante no dese... more O turismo é considerado um dos maiores fenómenos da era moderna, tendo um papel relevante no desenvolvimento dos destinos. Apesar dos seus efeitos positivos, o turismo tem também consequências nefastas quer a nível ambiental, quer sociocultural. Uma das causas para esta situação tem origem nos comportamentos insustentáveis dos principais stakeholders desta indústria. É, assim, crucial repensar estes comportamentos de forma a mitigar os seus efeitos, para que o turismo seja um veículo para o desenvolvimento sustentável dos territórios. O marketing social apresenta-se como um dos ramos do marketing capaz de contribuir para a alteração desses comportamentos. Este artigo apresenta uma revisão da literatura sobre a relação entre o marketing social e o turismo para explorar como e em que medida o marketing social tem sido estudado no campo do turismo e de que forma esta relação pode contribuir para reduzir os impactes negativos da atividade turística. Identificam-se, ainda lacunas de conh...
Abstract The service experience, which comprises cognitive, emotional and sensory assessments, is... more Abstract The service experience, which comprises cognitive, emotional and sensory assessments, is important to encourage a modal shift from the private vehicle to public transport services use. However, knowledge on the effect of sensory cues, specifically ambient scent, on the consumer experience in olfactory-rich servicescapes, as public transport services, is still limited. This study conducted a field experiment within a Public Bus service, to explore the influence of ambient scent on the relationship between the perceived travel experience and emotions; and between emotions and travel memory, the attitude toward the company’s brand and passengers’ future behavioral intentions. The results show that ambient scent strengthens these relationships. The stronger influences of ambient scent were found on the relationships between travel experience and emotions, emotions and memory, and emotions and passengers’ future behavioral intentions. While adding to the scant knowledge on the topic, the results also suggest that ambient scent, as a marketing tool, should be looked at with closer attention by public transport managers.
Electronic Journal of Research in Education Psychology, 2017
Introducción. Este estudio presenta un experimento desarrollado con estudiantes de doctorado, con... more Introducción. Este estudio presenta un experimento desarrollado con estudiantes de doctorado, con el fin de analizar el grado en que la gestión personal de la carrera debe ser trabajada junto con temas de la iniciativa empresarial, para promover el desarrollo profesional de los estudiantes.Método. Un grupo de intervención que asistió al Seminario de Gestión Personal de la Carrera (EG1), un grupo de comparación que asistía a la CSMS seguido de un seminario sobre el espíritu empresarial (EG2), y un grupo control (CG) fueron comparados, en tres momentos diferentes (pre-test, pos-test, y seguimiento).Resultados. Resultados a nivel intra e inter-grupal indican que el EG1 y EG2 presentan un aumento significativo en la auto-exploración, la exploración sistemática-intencional, y la cantidad de información adquirida a través del tiempo, y también sus preocupaciones relaciona-das con la capacidad de mantenimiento y actualización de sus carreras. De acuerdo con el plan de investigación longitu...
Journal of Business Economics and Management, 2019
The paper aims at exploring the antecedents of customers’ online purchase intention and behaviour... more The paper aims at exploring the antecedents of customers’ online purchase intention and behaviour, and at uncovering sources of heterogeneity. A sample of customers was surveyed to measure perceived risk and benefits, trust, online purchase intention and behaviour. The study confirmed the causal chain of perceived risks-trust-perceived benefits-online purchase intention-actual purchase. A Finite Mixture Partial Least Squares (FIMIX-PLS) was performed to uncover sources of heterogeneity. It found that the level of security of the payment methods is relevant to understand the relationship between purchase intention and behaviour, while the level of previous experience with the online medium clarifies the relationship between perceived risk and trust. The study contributes to understanding the antecedents of online purchase intention and their relationship with actual purchase behaviour. Additionally, it offers evidence of heterogeneity in the proposed causal relations, particularly, c...
Developments in Marketing Science: Proceedings of the Academy of Marketing Science, 2016
Previous studies on the marketing/entrepreneurship interface have attempted to identify the core ... more Previous studies on the marketing/entrepreneurship interface have attempted to identify the core elements that constitute the entrepreneurial marketing construct mainly by describing how new ventures implement marketing activities (e.g., Stokes 2000; Coviello et al. 2000; O’Dwyer et al. 2009). Despite the advances the area has known over the last 30 years, Hills et al. (2008) emphasize the fact that there are still few studies of what characterizes entrepreneurial marketing and of its differences when compared to traditional marketing. This chapter proposes developing the understanding of the concept by focusing on the entrepreneur’s marketing decision-making process. Assuming a cognitive perspective, the study is established on the individual level, since how entrepreneurs get, process, and use information affects how they cope with external factors. Bridging entrepreneurial marketing theory and the cognitive approach to entrepreneurship, we suggest a conceptualization of entrepreneurial marketing as a decision-making process shaped by some circumstances, generally characterized by uncertainty.
INTRODUCTION Currently, the world is experiencing growing instability and unpredictability, resul... more INTRODUCTION Currently, the world is experiencing growing instability and unpredictability, resulting largely from the process of globalization, which major drivers are technological change, liberalization of world trade/commerce, transportation and communication improvements, product development costs and higher demand for total quality orientation (Keegan & Schlegelmilch, 2001). At the same time, we are witnessing the growing importance of small and medium-sized businesses which can be more flexible and adaptable, thus better coping with turbulent contexts. Entrepreneurial small businesses and new ventures also have a key role in seizing new opportunities arising from both niches associated with structural changes in markets and new technological developments. Consequently, there is an overall agreement on the benefits of a more entrepreneurial society and economy (Audretsch, 2009; Audrestsch et al., 2002; Grebel et al., 2003). Entrepreneurs are central to the functioning of free economies, since they are agents of change and growth and can act to accelerate the generation, dissemination and application of innovative ideas. In doing so, they not only ensure the efficient use of resources, but also expand the boundaries of economic activity. It is, however, a known fact that new firms face a high risk of failure, which led a part of research on entrepreneurship to focus the interest on the determinants of success of new ventures. Several dimensions, such as management characteristics, business strategy, industry structure, personality and other features of the entrepreneur and founding team were put forward in literature (e.g. Eisenhardt & Schoonhoven, 1990; Keeley & Boure, 1990; Miller & Toulouse, 1986; Sandberg & Hofer, 1987; Zhao et al., 2010). This article stands from the perspective that social networks play an important role in entrepreneurial success (Birley, 1985). Recent studies have shown that "networks" and "networking" are important entrepreneurial tools that contribute to the establishment, development and growth of small firms (Shaw & Conway, 2000). Entrepreneurs are embedded in social networks which allow them, not only to enlarge their knowledge opportunities, range of action, ability to gain access to critical resources and to gain critical knowledge (Floyd & Wooldridge, 1999), but also to avoid or deal with business development obstacles (Aldrich & Elam, 1997). Network configurations can differ, according to the type of stakeholders and the nature of relations they encompass. Consistent with Freeman, who introduced the stakeholder theory, stakeholder is defined as "[...] any group or individual who can affect or who is affected by the achievement of the organization's objectives" (Freeman, 1984, p. 25). This study posits that entrepreneurial ventures evidencing high performance are likely to access and mobilize relevant strategic organizational resources with specific stakeholders, whereas low performers are likely to access less strategic organizational resources from other types of stakeholders. Additionally, entrepreneurial networks with stakeholders can be categorized into two types derived from different sources: formal networks and informal networks (Birley, 1985). While formal networks consist of public and sectorial associations, universities and training centers and financial institutions, informal networks include close relationships, family and friends (Das & Teng, 1997). These relationships may rely on stronger or weaker ties, which are not necessarily in conflict with each other, but, instead, play a different role (Burt, 2000). Additionally, in accordance with Zhao and Aram (1995), there is a cost to networking, particularly in terms of the owner's time and, as a result of that, entrepreneurs need to be strategic in their use by balancing potential costs against benefits. Applying social network analysis as its main methodology, this paper aims at achieving the following objectives: i) to understand the nature and type of low, medium and high entrepreneurial performance and stakeholders' relationships; ii) to explore the overall pattern of networks between new ventures and different stakeholders. …
International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 2019
Purpose By using the Triple Helix model, the purpose of this paper is to uncover the perceptions ... more Purpose By using the Triple Helix model, the purpose of this paper is to uncover the perceptions of nascent entrepreneurs about a university–industry–government collaboration program, in particular about the role of each agent to foster rural entrepreneurship; the value and effect of this collaboration; and their own contributions to local development. Design/methodology/approach A qualitative case study method is adopted, involving semi-structured interviews with entrepreneurs and secondary data. The text is analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Findings The interaction of the Triple Helix partners is perceived as valuable both at the personal and the business levels. One of the most salient results is the value ascribed to the knowledge-rich environment created. Entrepreneurs are aware of their contribution to local development, identifying economic, social and cultural effects. Practical implications The research strengthens the importance of the joint efforts of the Tripl...
Journal of Research in Marketing and Entrepreneurship, 2022
Purpose This paper aims to deepen the understanding of the marketing process and practices taking... more Purpose This paper aims to deepen the understanding of the marketing process and practices taking place during the initial stages of the company development, by revealing the distinct entrepreneurial marketing process and mix resulting from the entrepreneurs’ decision-making process. Design/methodology/approach Using the critical incident technique, the study analyzes 146 marketing decisions made by entrepreneurs. The resulting marketing activities are aligned in a process and compared with the mainstream managerial marketing process. Findings The results provide the basis for an entrepreneurial marketing framework with four phases: product creation – product–market fit – market expansion – refocus. An entrepreneurial marketing mix is also proposed, consisting of productisement, people and proof of value. Originality/value While the managerial marketing process is well established, the entrepreneurial marketing process remains largely uncharted. The framework provided contributes to...
Drawing on Flow theory and memorable tourism experience, this study explores the relationships be... more Drawing on Flow theory and memorable tourism experience, this study explores the relationships between Flow, novelty, and interpersonal interaction and the impact on travelers’ satisfaction and memories. By applying a mixed-method approach and the critical incident technique to a once-in-a-lifetime leisure experience, 550 tourists recalled their experiences. The results reveal that Flow has a direct and positive influence on tourists’ satisfaction and memories of the experience. The findings highlight the role of novelty and interpersonal interaction in producing positive Flow. However, novelty and interpersonal interaction did not come out as significant to predict memories and satisfaction.
Purpose - This paper examines the influence of individual and relational factors on new ventures’... more Purpose - This paper examines the influence of individual and relational factors on new ventures’ performance. Particular emphasis is given to entrepreneurs’ personal attributes and business relationships (both social and institutional). Design/methodology/approach – Drawn upon a quantitative methodological approach, the current study relies on a survey questionnaire applied to a non-probabilistic sample of entrepreneurial firms which were set up in the last 4-5 years in different industries. Findings – This study found that support from central government, support from sector associations and support from a financial institution evidenced a difference of means along three categories of entrepreneurial performance (low, moderate and high). The same result was found in the case of the entrepreneur’s family support, entrepreneur’s previous knowledge about potential customers and entrepreneur’s previous experience in business. Influence from entrepreneur’s personal characteristics, suc...
O turismo é considerado um dos maiores fenómenos da era moderna, tendo um papel relevante no dese... more O turismo é considerado um dos maiores fenómenos da era moderna, tendo um papel relevante no desenvolvimento dos destinos. Apesar dos seus efeitos positivos, o turismo tem também consequências nefastas quer a nível ambiental, quer sociocultural. Uma das causas para esta situação tem origem nos comportamentos insustentáveis dos principais stakeholders desta indústria. É, assim, crucial repensar estes comportamentos de forma a mitigar os seus efeitos, para que o turismo seja um veículo para o desenvolvimento sustentável dos territórios. O marketing social apresenta-se como um dos ramos do marketing capaz de contribuir para a alteração desses comportamentos. Este artigo apresenta uma revisão da literatura sobre a relação entre o marketing social e o turismo para explorar como e em que medida o marketing social tem sido estudado no campo do turismo e de que forma esta relação pode contribuir para reduzir os impactes negativos da atividade turística. Identificam-se, ainda lacunas de conh...
Abstract The service experience, which comprises cognitive, emotional and sensory assessments, is... more Abstract The service experience, which comprises cognitive, emotional and sensory assessments, is important to encourage a modal shift from the private vehicle to public transport services use. However, knowledge on the effect of sensory cues, specifically ambient scent, on the consumer experience in olfactory-rich servicescapes, as public transport services, is still limited. This study conducted a field experiment within a Public Bus service, to explore the influence of ambient scent on the relationship between the perceived travel experience and emotions; and between emotions and travel memory, the attitude toward the company’s brand and passengers’ future behavioral intentions. The results show that ambient scent strengthens these relationships. The stronger influences of ambient scent were found on the relationships between travel experience and emotions, emotions and memory, and emotions and passengers’ future behavioral intentions. While adding to the scant knowledge on the topic, the results also suggest that ambient scent, as a marketing tool, should be looked at with closer attention by public transport managers.
Electronic Journal of Research in Education Psychology, 2017
Introducción. Este estudio presenta un experimento desarrollado con estudiantes de doctorado, con... more Introducción. Este estudio presenta un experimento desarrollado con estudiantes de doctorado, con el fin de analizar el grado en que la gestión personal de la carrera debe ser trabajada junto con temas de la iniciativa empresarial, para promover el desarrollo profesional de los estudiantes.Método. Un grupo de intervención que asistió al Seminario de Gestión Personal de la Carrera (EG1), un grupo de comparación que asistía a la CSMS seguido de un seminario sobre el espíritu empresarial (EG2), y un grupo control (CG) fueron comparados, en tres momentos diferentes (pre-test, pos-test, y seguimiento).Resultados. Resultados a nivel intra e inter-grupal indican que el EG1 y EG2 presentan un aumento significativo en la auto-exploración, la exploración sistemática-intencional, y la cantidad de información adquirida a través del tiempo, y también sus preocupaciones relaciona-das con la capacidad de mantenimiento y actualización de sus carreras. De acuerdo con el plan de investigación longitu...
Journal of Business Economics and Management, 2019
The paper aims at exploring the antecedents of customers’ online purchase intention and behaviour... more The paper aims at exploring the antecedents of customers’ online purchase intention and behaviour, and at uncovering sources of heterogeneity. A sample of customers was surveyed to measure perceived risk and benefits, trust, online purchase intention and behaviour. The study confirmed the causal chain of perceived risks-trust-perceived benefits-online purchase intention-actual purchase. A Finite Mixture Partial Least Squares (FIMIX-PLS) was performed to uncover sources of heterogeneity. It found that the level of security of the payment methods is relevant to understand the relationship between purchase intention and behaviour, while the level of previous experience with the online medium clarifies the relationship between perceived risk and trust. The study contributes to understanding the antecedents of online purchase intention and their relationship with actual purchase behaviour. Additionally, it offers evidence of heterogeneity in the proposed causal relations, particularly, c...
Developments in Marketing Science: Proceedings of the Academy of Marketing Science, 2016
Previous studies on the marketing/entrepreneurship interface have attempted to identify the core ... more Previous studies on the marketing/entrepreneurship interface have attempted to identify the core elements that constitute the entrepreneurial marketing construct mainly by describing how new ventures implement marketing activities (e.g., Stokes 2000; Coviello et al. 2000; O’Dwyer et al. 2009). Despite the advances the area has known over the last 30 years, Hills et al. (2008) emphasize the fact that there are still few studies of what characterizes entrepreneurial marketing and of its differences when compared to traditional marketing. This chapter proposes developing the understanding of the concept by focusing on the entrepreneur’s marketing decision-making process. Assuming a cognitive perspective, the study is established on the individual level, since how entrepreneurs get, process, and use information affects how they cope with external factors. Bridging entrepreneurial marketing theory and the cognitive approach to entrepreneurship, we suggest a conceptualization of entrepreneurial marketing as a decision-making process shaped by some circumstances, generally characterized by uncertainty.
INTRODUCTION Currently, the world is experiencing growing instability and unpredictability, resul... more INTRODUCTION Currently, the world is experiencing growing instability and unpredictability, resulting largely from the process of globalization, which major drivers are technological change, liberalization of world trade/commerce, transportation and communication improvements, product development costs and higher demand for total quality orientation (Keegan & Schlegelmilch, 2001). At the same time, we are witnessing the growing importance of small and medium-sized businesses which can be more flexible and adaptable, thus better coping with turbulent contexts. Entrepreneurial small businesses and new ventures also have a key role in seizing new opportunities arising from both niches associated with structural changes in markets and new technological developments. Consequently, there is an overall agreement on the benefits of a more entrepreneurial society and economy (Audretsch, 2009; Audrestsch et al., 2002; Grebel et al., 2003). Entrepreneurs are central to the functioning of free economies, since they are agents of change and growth and can act to accelerate the generation, dissemination and application of innovative ideas. In doing so, they not only ensure the efficient use of resources, but also expand the boundaries of economic activity. It is, however, a known fact that new firms face a high risk of failure, which led a part of research on entrepreneurship to focus the interest on the determinants of success of new ventures. Several dimensions, such as management characteristics, business strategy, industry structure, personality and other features of the entrepreneur and founding team were put forward in literature (e.g. Eisenhardt & Schoonhoven, 1990; Keeley & Boure, 1990; Miller & Toulouse, 1986; Sandberg & Hofer, 1987; Zhao et al., 2010). This article stands from the perspective that social networks play an important role in entrepreneurial success (Birley, 1985). Recent studies have shown that "networks" and "networking" are important entrepreneurial tools that contribute to the establishment, development and growth of small firms (Shaw & Conway, 2000). Entrepreneurs are embedded in social networks which allow them, not only to enlarge their knowledge opportunities, range of action, ability to gain access to critical resources and to gain critical knowledge (Floyd & Wooldridge, 1999), but also to avoid or deal with business development obstacles (Aldrich & Elam, 1997). Network configurations can differ, according to the type of stakeholders and the nature of relations they encompass. Consistent with Freeman, who introduced the stakeholder theory, stakeholder is defined as "[...] any group or individual who can affect or who is affected by the achievement of the organization's objectives" (Freeman, 1984, p. 25). This study posits that entrepreneurial ventures evidencing high performance are likely to access and mobilize relevant strategic organizational resources with specific stakeholders, whereas low performers are likely to access less strategic organizational resources from other types of stakeholders. Additionally, entrepreneurial networks with stakeholders can be categorized into two types derived from different sources: formal networks and informal networks (Birley, 1985). While formal networks consist of public and sectorial associations, universities and training centers and financial institutions, informal networks include close relationships, family and friends (Das & Teng, 1997). These relationships may rely on stronger or weaker ties, which are not necessarily in conflict with each other, but, instead, play a different role (Burt, 2000). Additionally, in accordance with Zhao and Aram (1995), there is a cost to networking, particularly in terms of the owner's time and, as a result of that, entrepreneurs need to be strategic in their use by balancing potential costs against benefits. Applying social network analysis as its main methodology, this paper aims at achieving the following objectives: i) to understand the nature and type of low, medium and high entrepreneurial performance and stakeholders' relationships; ii) to explore the overall pattern of networks between new ventures and different stakeholders. …
International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 2019
Purpose By using the Triple Helix model, the purpose of this paper is to uncover the perceptions ... more Purpose By using the Triple Helix model, the purpose of this paper is to uncover the perceptions of nascent entrepreneurs about a university–industry–government collaboration program, in particular about the role of each agent to foster rural entrepreneurship; the value and effect of this collaboration; and their own contributions to local development. Design/methodology/approach A qualitative case study method is adopted, involving semi-structured interviews with entrepreneurs and secondary data. The text is analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Findings The interaction of the Triple Helix partners is perceived as valuable both at the personal and the business levels. One of the most salient results is the value ascribed to the knowledge-rich environment created. Entrepreneurs are aware of their contribution to local development, identifying economic, social and cultural effects. Practical implications The research strengthens the importance of the joint efforts of the Tripl...
Journal of Research in Marketing and Entrepreneurship, 2022
Purpose This paper aims to deepen the understanding of the marketing process and practices taking... more Purpose This paper aims to deepen the understanding of the marketing process and practices taking place during the initial stages of the company development, by revealing the distinct entrepreneurial marketing process and mix resulting from the entrepreneurs’ decision-making process. Design/methodology/approach Using the critical incident technique, the study analyzes 146 marketing decisions made by entrepreneurs. The resulting marketing activities are aligned in a process and compared with the mainstream managerial marketing process. Findings The results provide the basis for an entrepreneurial marketing framework with four phases: product creation – product–market fit – market expansion – refocus. An entrepreneurial marketing mix is also proposed, consisting of productisement, people and proof of value. Originality/value While the managerial marketing process is well established, the entrepreneurial marketing process remains largely uncharted. The framework provided contributes to...
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Papers by Elisabete S . Sá