Example-based learning using worked examples can foster clinical reasoning. Worked examples are i... more Example-based learning using worked examples can foster clinical reasoning. Worked examples are instructional tools that learners can use to study the steps needed to solve a problem. Studying worked examples paired with completion examples promotes acquisition of problem-solving skills more than studying worked examples alone. Completion examples are worked examples in which some of the solution steps remain unsolved for learners to complete. Providing learners engaged in example-based learning with self-explanation prompts has been shown to foster increased meaningful learning compared to providing no self-explanation prompts. Concept mapping and concept map study are other instructional activities known to promote meaningful learning. This study compares the effects of self-explaining, completing a concept map and studying a concept map on conceptual knowledge and problem-solving skills among novice learners engaged in example-based learning. Ninety-one physiotherapy students wer...
Background: Intraoperative decision making,requires both knowledge,and experience. The script con... more Background: Intraoperative decision making,requires both knowledge,and experience. The script con- cordance test (SCT), based on cognitive psychology script theory, is a new tool of clinical-reasoning assessment that may,be used to evaluate a candidate’s approach to ill-defined problems,encountered in the operating room. Methods: To develop and validate an SCT for assessment of intraoperative decision making. One hundred questions were prepared
Résumé Contexte: La capacité à résoudre des problèmes cliniques mal définis caractérise les médec... more Résumé Contexte: La capacité à résoudre des problèmes cliniques mal définis caractérise les médecins expérimentés et compétents. En matière d'évaluation, les modalités actuelles exigent un consensus entre les membres du jury sur la bonne réponse, or les médecins ...
... 31400 To ulouse *** URDESS, université de Montréal, faculté de médecine, CP 6128 succursale c... more ... 31400 To ulouse *** URDESS, université de Montréal, faculté de médecine, CP 6128 succursale centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 3J7 **** DCAM, université Victor Segalen Bordeaux II ... Il peut sélectionner les unités selon différents critères ou de façon al é atoi re. ...
The Canadian journal of neurological sciences. Le journal canadien des sciences neurologiques, 2009
Clinical judgment, the ability to make appropriate decisions in uncertain situations, is central ... more Clinical judgment, the ability to make appropriate decisions in uncertain situations, is central to neurological practice, but objective measures of clinical judgment in neurology trainees are lacking. The Script Concordance Test (SCT), based on script theory from cognitive psychology, uses authentic clinical scenarios to compare a trainee's judgment skills with those of experts. The SCT has been validated in several medical disciplines, but has not been investigated in neurology. We developed an Internet-based neurology SCT (NSCT) comprising 24 clinical scenarios with three to four questions each. The scenarios were designed to reflect the uncertainty of real-life clinical encounters in adult neurology. The questions explored aspects of the scenario in which several responses might be acceptable; trainees were asked to judge which response they considered to be best. Forty-one PGY1-PGY5 neurology residents and eight medical students from three North American neurology programs ...
The ability to make a diagnosis is a crucial skill in emergency medicine. Little is known about t... more The ability to make a diagnosis is a crucial skill in emergency medicine. Little is known about the way emergency physicians reach a diagnosis. This study aims to identify how and when, during the initial patient examination, emergency physicians generate and evaluate diagnostic hypotheses. We carried out a qualitative research project based on semistructured interviews with emergency physicians. The interviews concerned management of an emergency situation during routine medical practice. They were associated with viewing the video recording of emergency situations filmed in an "own-point-of-view" perspective. The emergency physicians generated an average of 5 diagnostic hypotheses. Most of these hypotheses were generated before meeting the patient or within the first 5 minutes of the meeting. The hypotheses were then rank ordered within the context of a verification procedure based on identifying key information. These tasks were usually accomplished without conscious ef...
Programmes of assessment should measure the various components of clinical competence. Clinical r... more Programmes of assessment should measure the various components of clinical competence. Clinical reasoning has been traditionally assessed using written tests and performance-based tests. The script concordance test (SCT) was developed to assess clinical data interpretation skills. A recent review of the literature examined the validity argument concerning the SCT. Our aim was to provide potential users with evidence-based recommendations on how to construct and implement an SCT. A systematic review of relevant databases (MEDLINE, ERIC [Education Resources Information Centre], PsycINFO, the Research and Development Resource Base [RDRB, University of Toronto]) and Google Scholar, medical education journals and conference proceedings was conducted for references in English or French. It was supplemented by ancestry searching and by additional references provided by experts. The search yielded 848 references, of which 80 were analysed. Studies suggest that tests with around 100 items (2...
A digital campus is a distance learning site that uses the potential of information and communica... more A digital campus is a distance learning site that uses the potential of information and communication technologies to disseminate and improve educational services. This website, with open and free access, is built from free software with Web 2.0 technology. It is hosted at the University of Limoges. It functions as a digital library, containing scanned books, slide shows, more than 200 hours of recorded courses and round tables accessible by streaming video. The site is indexed according to the users' needs, by level of knowledge, specialty, keywords, and supplementary MeSH terms. The campus is organized as the College of Neurosurgery (http://college.neurochirurgie.fr). The durability of this type of training (in existence for 9 years now) is made possible by a powerful and committed consortium: the French Society of Neurosurgery, which has created high-quality intellectual and scientific resources, the University of Limoges, the Dupuytren University Hospital Center in Limoges, ...
Progrès en urologie : journal de l'Association française d'urologie et de la Société française d'urologie, 1997
The authors present a pilot project for the evaluation of clinical skills in urology using a meth... more The authors present a pilot project for the evaluation of clinical skills in urology using a method of evaluation based on observation of real performance. An objective and structured clinical examination (OSCE) applied to urology was developed according to a precise predetermined design: 1) Identification of the objectives to be evaluated. 2) Choice of sampling of clinical situations representative of routine urological practice. 3) Construction, on the basis of these cases, of physician-patient interaction stations and question stations, with, for each case, weighting of objectives, construction of observation grids and writing of instructions for candidates, simulated patients and observers. An OSCE circuit of 10 clinical cases and 16 stations was constructed. The main poles of activity and urological settings were represented. Objective complementary investigations, diagnosis and treatment received the highest weightings. The reliability coefficient, the content validity and the...
Example-based learning using worked examples can foster clinical reasoning. Worked examples are i... more Example-based learning using worked examples can foster clinical reasoning. Worked examples are instructional tools that learners can use to study the steps needed to solve a problem. Studying worked examples paired with completion examples promotes acquisition of problem-solving skills more than studying worked examples alone. Completion examples are worked examples in which some of the solution steps remain unsolved for learners to complete. Providing learners engaged in example-based learning with self-explanation prompts has been shown to foster increased meaningful learning compared to providing no self-explanation prompts. Concept mapping and concept map study are other instructional activities known to promote meaningful learning. This study compares the effects of self-explaining, completing a concept map and studying a concept map on conceptual knowledge and problem-solving skills among novice learners engaged in example-based learning. Ninety-one physiotherapy students wer...
Background: Intraoperative decision making,requires both knowledge,and experience. The script con... more Background: Intraoperative decision making,requires both knowledge,and experience. The script con- cordance test (SCT), based on cognitive psychology script theory, is a new tool of clinical-reasoning assessment that may,be used to evaluate a candidate’s approach to ill-defined problems,encountered in the operating room. Methods: To develop and validate an SCT for assessment of intraoperative decision making. One hundred questions were prepared
Résumé Contexte: La capacité à résoudre des problèmes cliniques mal définis caractérise les médec... more Résumé Contexte: La capacité à résoudre des problèmes cliniques mal définis caractérise les médecins expérimentés et compétents. En matière d'évaluation, les modalités actuelles exigent un consensus entre les membres du jury sur la bonne réponse, or les médecins ...
... 31400 To ulouse *** URDESS, université de Montréal, faculté de médecine, CP 6128 succursale c... more ... 31400 To ulouse *** URDESS, université de Montréal, faculté de médecine, CP 6128 succursale centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 3J7 **** DCAM, université Victor Segalen Bordeaux II ... Il peut sélectionner les unités selon différents critères ou de façon al é atoi re. ...
The Canadian journal of neurological sciences. Le journal canadien des sciences neurologiques, 2009
Clinical judgment, the ability to make appropriate decisions in uncertain situations, is central ... more Clinical judgment, the ability to make appropriate decisions in uncertain situations, is central to neurological practice, but objective measures of clinical judgment in neurology trainees are lacking. The Script Concordance Test (SCT), based on script theory from cognitive psychology, uses authentic clinical scenarios to compare a trainee's judgment skills with those of experts. The SCT has been validated in several medical disciplines, but has not been investigated in neurology. We developed an Internet-based neurology SCT (NSCT) comprising 24 clinical scenarios with three to four questions each. The scenarios were designed to reflect the uncertainty of real-life clinical encounters in adult neurology. The questions explored aspects of the scenario in which several responses might be acceptable; trainees were asked to judge which response they considered to be best. Forty-one PGY1-PGY5 neurology residents and eight medical students from three North American neurology programs ...
The ability to make a diagnosis is a crucial skill in emergency medicine. Little is known about t... more The ability to make a diagnosis is a crucial skill in emergency medicine. Little is known about the way emergency physicians reach a diagnosis. This study aims to identify how and when, during the initial patient examination, emergency physicians generate and evaluate diagnostic hypotheses. We carried out a qualitative research project based on semistructured interviews with emergency physicians. The interviews concerned management of an emergency situation during routine medical practice. They were associated with viewing the video recording of emergency situations filmed in an "own-point-of-view" perspective. The emergency physicians generated an average of 5 diagnostic hypotheses. Most of these hypotheses were generated before meeting the patient or within the first 5 minutes of the meeting. The hypotheses were then rank ordered within the context of a verification procedure based on identifying key information. These tasks were usually accomplished without conscious ef...
Programmes of assessment should measure the various components of clinical competence. Clinical r... more Programmes of assessment should measure the various components of clinical competence. Clinical reasoning has been traditionally assessed using written tests and performance-based tests. The script concordance test (SCT) was developed to assess clinical data interpretation skills. A recent review of the literature examined the validity argument concerning the SCT. Our aim was to provide potential users with evidence-based recommendations on how to construct and implement an SCT. A systematic review of relevant databases (MEDLINE, ERIC [Education Resources Information Centre], PsycINFO, the Research and Development Resource Base [RDRB, University of Toronto]) and Google Scholar, medical education journals and conference proceedings was conducted for references in English or French. It was supplemented by ancestry searching and by additional references provided by experts. The search yielded 848 references, of which 80 were analysed. Studies suggest that tests with around 100 items (2...
A digital campus is a distance learning site that uses the potential of information and communica... more A digital campus is a distance learning site that uses the potential of information and communication technologies to disseminate and improve educational services. This website, with open and free access, is built from free software with Web 2.0 technology. It is hosted at the University of Limoges. It functions as a digital library, containing scanned books, slide shows, more than 200 hours of recorded courses and round tables accessible by streaming video. The site is indexed according to the users' needs, by level of knowledge, specialty, keywords, and supplementary MeSH terms. The campus is organized as the College of Neurosurgery (http://college.neurochirurgie.fr). The durability of this type of training (in existence for 9 years now) is made possible by a powerful and committed consortium: the French Society of Neurosurgery, which has created high-quality intellectual and scientific resources, the University of Limoges, the Dupuytren University Hospital Center in Limoges, ...
Progrès en urologie : journal de l'Association française d'urologie et de la Société française d'urologie, 1997
The authors present a pilot project for the evaluation of clinical skills in urology using a meth... more The authors present a pilot project for the evaluation of clinical skills in urology using a method of evaluation based on observation of real performance. An objective and structured clinical examination (OSCE) applied to urology was developed according to a precise predetermined design: 1) Identification of the objectives to be evaluated. 2) Choice of sampling of clinical situations representative of routine urological practice. 3) Construction, on the basis of these cases, of physician-patient interaction stations and question stations, with, for each case, weighting of objectives, construction of observation grids and writing of instructions for candidates, simulated patients and observers. An OSCE circuit of 10 clinical cases and 16 stations was constructed. The main poles of activity and urological settings were represented. Objective complementary investigations, diagnosis and treatment received the highest weightings. The reliability coefficient, the content validity and the...
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Papers by Bernard Charlin