Books by Alireza Didarloo
Background: Breast cancer is a life-threatening condition affecting women around the world. The e... more Background: Breast cancer is a life-threatening condition affecting women around the world. The early detection of breast lumps using a breast self-examination (BSE) is important for the prevention and control of this disease. The aim of this study was to examine BSE behavior and its predictive factors among female university students using the Health Belief Model (HBM). Methods: This investigation was a cross-sectional survey carried out with 334 female students at Urmia University of Medical Sciences in the northwest of Iran. To collect the necessary data, researchers applied a valid and reliable three-part questionnaire. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and a chi-square test, in addition to multivariate logistic regression statistics in SPSS software version 16.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).
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Background Often, there is no access to sufficient sample size to estimate the prevalence using t... more Background Often, there is no access to sufficient sample size to estimate the prevalence using the method of direct estimator in all areas. The aim of this study was to compare small area's Bayesian method and direct method in estimating the prevalence of steatosis in obese and overweight children.
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Papers by Alireza Didarloo
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Background: Diabetes is a chronic and threatening condition. However, there are controversies on ... more Background: Diabetes is a chronic and threatening condition. However, there are controversies on the factors affecting the health related quality of life (HRQOL) in patients with diabetes.
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Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a public health challenge worldwide and to manage it the pa... more Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a public health challenge worldwide and to manage it the patient is required to make some fundamental changes in behavior. Patients should be involved in care program to improve their diabetes condition and quality of life (QOL). This study aimed to examine the effect of educational program on beliefs, behavior, glycemic control indicator, and QOL among diabetic women. Methods: In this interventional study, 90 female outpatients with type 2 diabetes were randomly selected from those referred to diabetes clinic in Khoy, Iran, during 2011. They were divided into two groups, 45 participants as the intervention group and 45 subjects as the comparison group. Knowledge, beliefs, and behavior by valid and reliable questionnaires, and health‑related QOL (HRQOL) by means of WHOQOL‑BREF questionnaire were assessed. Hemoglobin A1c level (HbA1c) was measured by the colorimetric method, educational program was conducted on the intervention group for 4 weeks, and changes were compared in two groups after a 3‑month follow‑up. Results: After intervention, there was a significant difference between two groups in terms of the mean scores of knowledge (P < 0.001), attitude (P < 0.01), self‑efficacy (P < 0.001), and behavior (P < 0.001). The findings also indicated that there were significant differences between the groups in mean scores of physical, psychological, and social domains of QOL after intervention (P < 0.001). In addition, there was a statistically significant difference between two groups in the mean value of HbA1c after educational intervention (P < 0.01). Conclusions: Instructional interventions based on interactive approaches can be useful, and applicable for behavior modification and improvement of HbA1c level and HRQOL in people with DM.
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J prev med hyg 2015; 56: e180-e186 E180 Introduction. Failure to thrive (FTT) in children is one ... more J prev med hyg 2015; 56: e180-e186 E180 Introduction. Failure to thrive (FTT) in children is one of the most important health issues around the world, especially in developing countries. Lack of success in identifying and controlling this health problem may lead to dangerous health consequences for children. The aim of this research was to explore the risk factors for this health problem in infants under two years of age in Urmia, Northwest of Iran. Methods. This case-control study was carried out on 445 infants of 6 to 24 months (180 as cases, and 265 as controls) in Urmia, Northwest of Iran, during 2013. The study samples were selected from six health centers, using the purposeful sampling method. To collect data, a questionnaire including items regarding socio-demographics of the children's families, and demographic and nutrition-related variables of infants was utilized. To analysis data and determine the real effect of the aforementioned factors on growth status of infants, a chi-square test and logistic regression analysis were applied. Results. The regression analysis revealed that education level of infants' mothers [AOR = 1.421, 95% CI (1.172, 1.724)], duration of breastfeeding [AOR = 1.859, 95% CI (1.212, 2.852)], birth weight of infants [AOR = 2.777, 95% CI (1.276, 7.166)], fam-ily's monthly income [AOR = 1.492, 95% CI (1.117, 2.230)] were correlated with FTT as significant risk factors (P < 0.05). Birth order of infants [AOR = .741, 95% CI (.573-.958)], however, appeared to be a protective factor for child growth (P < 0.05). Discussion. The findings of the study may help health care providers in designing and implementing appropriate interventions for improving children's health. In addition, taking into account the importance of healthy growth of children, educating mothers/caretakers would seem beneficial in preventing dangerous diseases in children.
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Iranian Red Crescent medical journal, 2012
Continuous performing of diabetes self-care behaviors was shown to be an effective strategy to co... more Continuous performing of diabetes self-care behaviors was shown to be an effective strategy to control diabetes and to prevent or reduce its- related complications. This study aimed to investigate predictors of self-care behavior based on the extended theory of reasoned action by self efficacy (ETRA) among women with type 2 diabetes in Iran. A sample of 352 women with type 2 diabetes, referring to a Diabetes Clinic in Khoy, Iran using the nonprobability sampling was enrolled. Appropriate instruments were designed to measure the variables of interest (diabetes knowledge, personal beliefs, subjective norm, self-efficacy and behavioral intention along with self- care behaviors). Reliability and validity of the instruments using Cronbach's alpha coefficients (the values of them were more than 0.70) and a panel of experts were tested. A statistical significant correlation existed between independent constructs of proposed model and modelrelated dependent constructs, as ETRA model alo...
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Diabetes & Metabolism Journal, 2011
Findings of most studies indicate that the only way to control diabetes and prevent its debilitat... more Findings of most studies indicate that the only way to control diabetes and prevent its debilitating effects is through the continuous performance of self-care behaviors. Physical activity is a non-pharmacological method of diabetes treatment and because of its positive effects on diabetic patients, it is being increasingly considered by researchers and practitioners. This study aimed at determining factors influencing physical activity among diabetic women in Iran, using the extended theory of reasoned action in Iran. A sample of 352 women with type 2 diabetes, referring to a Diabetes Clinic in Khoy, Iran, participated in the study. Appropriate instruments were designed to measure the desired variables (knowledge of diabetes, personal beliefs, subjective norms, perceived self-efficacy, behavioral intention and physical activity behavior). The reliability and validity of the instruments were examined and approved. Statistical analyses of the study were conducted by inferential statistical techniques (independent t-test, correlations and regressions) using the SPSS package. The findings of this investigation indicated that among the constructs of the model, self efficacy was the strongest predictor of intentions among women with type 2 diabetes and both directly and indirectly affected physical activity. In addition to self efficacy, diabetic patients&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39; physical activity also was influenced by other variables of the model and sociodemographic factors. Our findings suggest that the high ability of the theory of reasoned action extended by self-efficacy in forecasting and explaining physical activity can be a base for educational intervention. Educational interventions based on the proposed model are necessary for improving diabetics&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39; physical activity behavior and controlling disease.
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Introduction: Hypertension, as a silent killer, is a non-communicable disease that is prevalent t... more Introduction: Hypertension, as a silent killer, is a non-communicable disease that is prevalent throughout
the world and can be controlled by self-care behaviors. Women are more vulnerable to hypertension
disease. Teaching self-care behaviors to women, including proper nutrition, physical activity, stress
management, regular drug use and regular use of sphygmomanometer, help them managing their blood
pressure.
Objective: In the present study the effect of education on self-care behaviors of women with high blood
pressure has been measured.
Materials and Methods: The study was conducted as a randomized clinical trial on 64 patients with
hypertension who had referred to urban health centers; they were divided randomly into control and test groups . Researcher designed questionnaire of self-care behaviors in hypertension, whose validity and
reliability had been measured, was provided to the control and test group both before and after
education intervention. The Data obtained was analyzed by statistical software SPSS version 21 and t-test.
Results: The mean score of self-care behaviors before intervention in the test and control groups had no
significant difference. But in the post-test significant differences between was observed the means of two
groups (0/05> p). Educational intervention resulted in a significant increase in the mean score of self-care
behaviors of hypertension in test group from 50/9 ±14/2 to 58/8± 15/0. But, in the control group, no
significant difference was observed in the mean score of self-care behaviors in pretest and posttest.
Conclusion: Educational intervention was effective in increasing self-care behaviors associated with
hypertension. Therefore, one way to manage non-communicable disease of hypertension is teaching selfcare
behaviors in the areas of nutrition, physical activity, stress management, regular drug use and
regular use of a sphygmomanometer.
Key words: Educational intervention, Self-care behaviors, Women, Hypertension, Health centers
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ABSTRACT
Aim: Food insecurity is common in both developed and developing countries affecting from... more ABSTRACT
Aim: Food insecurity is common in both developed and developing countries affecting from 5% to 25% of the general population. Food insecurity has been found to have significant impacts on physical, social, and psychological status of individuals in communities suffering from that. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of household composition on the household food insecurity.
Method: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 2503 households selected from Qaresoo region in the northwest of Iran. Household food security status was measured by a validated short questionnaire including six questions. Chi-square and logistic regression were used for data analysis.
Result: Of 2503 households, 1012 (40.4%) were identified as food secure and the remaining 1492 (59.6%) were food insecure. There was a significant relation between family structure & size and household food security status (p<0.005). There was however, no significant association between household food insecurity and the number of children (under five) and the number of elderly individuals living at home.
Conclusion: Our findings indicate that food insecurity is prevalent in the area. This study showed that existing of young children (under five) in the family might increase the risk of household food insecurity. Financial support for new households, proper nutritional education programs especially for households with young children, can help to reduce the risk of food insecurity in the community.
Key words: Household, food security, prevalence, epidemiology
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Purpose: Numerous studies have revealed that study skills have a constructive role on the academi... more Purpose: Numerous studies have revealed that study skills have a constructive role on the academic performance of students, in addition to educational quality, students’ intelligence, and their affective characteristics. This study aims to examine study skills and the factors influencing them among the health sciences students of Urmia University of Medical Sciences in Iran. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study carried out from May to November 2013. A total of 340 Urmia health sciences students were selected using a simple sampling method. Data were collected using the Study Skills Assessment Questionnaire of Counseling Center of Houston University and analyzed with descriptive and analytical statistics. Results: The mean and standard deviation of the students’ study skills were 172.5±23.2, out of a total score of 240. Around 1.2% of the study skills were weak; 86.8%, moderate; and 12%, good. Among the study skills, the scores of time management, and memory and concentration were better than the others. Also, there was a significant positive correlation between study skills scores and the students’ family housing status and academic level (P<0.05). Conclusion: Although the majority of the participants had moderate study skills, these were not sufficient and far from good. Improving and promoting the study skills of university students require the designing and implementing of education programs for study strategies. Therefore, decision makers and planners in the educational areas of universities should consider the topic described above.
Key Words: Health sciences; Iran; Student; Study skills
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Background: Continuous performing of diabetes self-care behaviors was shown to be an effective st... more Background: Continuous performing of diabetes self-care behaviors was shown to be an effective strategy to
control diabetes and to prevent or reduce its- related complications. This study aimed to investigate predictors of
self-care behavior based on the extended theory of reasoned action by self efficacy (ETRA) among women with
type 2 diabetes in Iran.
Methods: A sample of 352 women with type 2 diabetes, referring to a Diabetes Clinic in Khoy, Iran using the nonprobability
sampling was enrolled. Appropriate instruments were designed to measure the variables of interest
(diabetes knowledge, personal beliefs, subjective norm, self-efficacy and behavioral intention along with self- care
behaviors). Reliability and validity of the instruments using Cronbach’s alpha coefficients (the values of them were
more than 0.70) and a panel of experts were tested.
Results: A statistical significant correlation existed between independent constructs of proposed model and modelrelated
dependent constructs, as ETRA model along with its related external factors explained 41.5% of variance of
intentions and 25.3% of variance of actual behavior. Among constructs of model, self-efficacy was the strongest
predictor of intentions among women with type 2 diabetes, as it lonely explained 31.3% of variance of intentions and
11.4% of variance of self-care behavior.
Conclusion: The high ability of the extended theory of reasoned action with self-efficacy in forecasting and
explaining diabetes mellitus self management can be a base for educational intervention. So to improve diabetes
self management behavior and to control the disease, use of educational interventions based on proposed model
is suggested.
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Background: Findings of most studies indicate that the only way to control diabetes and prevent i... more Background: Findings of most studies indicate that the only way to control diabetes and prevent its debilitating effects is through
the continuous performance of self-care behaviors. Physical activity is a non-pharmacological method of diabetes treatment and
because of its positive effects on diabetic patients, it is being increasingly considered by researchers and practitioners. This study
aimed at determining factors influencing physical activity among diabetic women in Iran, using the extended theory of reasoned
action in Iran.
Methods: A sample of 352 women with type 2 diabetes, referring to a Diabetes Clinic in Khoy, Iran, participated in the study.
Appropriate instruments were designed to measure the desired variables (knowledge of diabetes, personal beliefs, subjective norms,
perceived self-efficacy, behavioral intention and physical activity behavior). The reliability and validity of the instruments were
examined and approved. Statistical analyses of the study were conducted by inferential statistical techniques (independent t–test,
correlations and regressions) using the SPSS package.
Results: The findings of this investigation indicated that among the constructs of the model, self efficacy was the strongest predictor
of intentions among women with type 2 diabetes and both directly and indirectly affected physical activity. In addition to
self efficacy, diabetic patients’ physical activity also was influenced by other variables of the model and sociodemographic factors.
Conclusion: Our findings suggest that the high ability of the theory of reasoned action extended by self-efficacy in forecasting
and explaining physical activity can be a base for educational intervention. Educational interventions based on the proposed model
are necessary for improving diabetics’ physical activity behavior and controlling disease.
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The study evaluated the efficacy of the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA), along with self-efficacy... more The study evaluated the efficacy of the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA), along with self-efficacy to
predict dietary behaviour in a group of Iranian women with type 2 diabetes. A sample of 352 diabetic
women referred to Khoy Diabetes Clinic, Iran, were selected and given a self-administered survey to
assess eating behaviour, using the extended TRA constructs. Bivariate correlations and Enter regression
analyses of the extended TRA model were performed with SPSS software. Overall, the proposed model explained
31.6% of variance of behavioural intention and 21.5% of variance of dietary behaviour. Among
the model constructs, self-efficacy was the strongest predictor of intentions and dietary practice. In addition
to the model variables, visit intervals of patients and source of obtaining information about diabetes
from sociodemographic factors were also associated with dietary behaviours of the diabetics. This
research has highlighted the relative importance of the extended TRA constructs upon behavioural intention
and subsequent behaviour. Therefore, use of the present research model in designing educational
interventions to increase adherence to dietary behaviours among diabetic patients was recommended
and emphasized.
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Books by Alireza Didarloo
Papers by Alireza Didarloo
the world and can be controlled by self-care behaviors. Women are more vulnerable to hypertension
disease. Teaching self-care behaviors to women, including proper nutrition, physical activity, stress
management, regular drug use and regular use of sphygmomanometer, help them managing their blood
pressure.
Objective: In the present study the effect of education on self-care behaviors of women with high blood
pressure has been measured.
Materials and Methods: The study was conducted as a randomized clinical trial on 64 patients with
hypertension who had referred to urban health centers; they were divided randomly into control and test groups . Researcher designed questionnaire of self-care behaviors in hypertension, whose validity and
reliability had been measured, was provided to the control and test group both before and after
education intervention. The Data obtained was analyzed by statistical software SPSS version 21 and t-test.
Results: The mean score of self-care behaviors before intervention in the test and control groups had no
significant difference. But in the post-test significant differences between was observed the means of two
groups (0/05> p). Educational intervention resulted in a significant increase in the mean score of self-care
behaviors of hypertension in test group from 50/9 ±14/2 to 58/8± 15/0. But, in the control group, no
significant difference was observed in the mean score of self-care behaviors in pretest and posttest.
Conclusion: Educational intervention was effective in increasing self-care behaviors associated with
hypertension. Therefore, one way to manage non-communicable disease of hypertension is teaching selfcare
behaviors in the areas of nutrition, physical activity, stress management, regular drug use and
regular use of a sphygmomanometer.
Key words: Educational intervention, Self-care behaviors, Women, Hypertension, Health centers
Aim: Food insecurity is common in both developed and developing countries affecting from 5% to 25% of the general population. Food insecurity has been found to have significant impacts on physical, social, and psychological status of individuals in communities suffering from that. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of household composition on the household food insecurity.
Method: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 2503 households selected from Qaresoo region in the northwest of Iran. Household food security status was measured by a validated short questionnaire including six questions. Chi-square and logistic regression were used for data analysis.
Result: Of 2503 households, 1012 (40.4%) were identified as food secure and the remaining 1492 (59.6%) were food insecure. There was a significant relation between family structure & size and household food security status (p<0.005). There was however, no significant association between household food insecurity and the number of children (under five) and the number of elderly individuals living at home.
Conclusion: Our findings indicate that food insecurity is prevalent in the area. This study showed that existing of young children (under five) in the family might increase the risk of household food insecurity. Financial support for new households, proper nutritional education programs especially for households with young children, can help to reduce the risk of food insecurity in the community.
Key words: Household, food security, prevalence, epidemiology
Key Words: Health sciences; Iran; Student; Study skills
control diabetes and to prevent or reduce its- related complications. This study aimed to investigate predictors of
self-care behavior based on the extended theory of reasoned action by self efficacy (ETRA) among women with
type 2 diabetes in Iran.
Methods: A sample of 352 women with type 2 diabetes, referring to a Diabetes Clinic in Khoy, Iran using the nonprobability
sampling was enrolled. Appropriate instruments were designed to measure the variables of interest
(diabetes knowledge, personal beliefs, subjective norm, self-efficacy and behavioral intention along with self- care
behaviors). Reliability and validity of the instruments using Cronbach’s alpha coefficients (the values of them were
more than 0.70) and a panel of experts were tested.
Results: A statistical significant correlation existed between independent constructs of proposed model and modelrelated
dependent constructs, as ETRA model along with its related external factors explained 41.5% of variance of
intentions and 25.3% of variance of actual behavior. Among constructs of model, self-efficacy was the strongest
predictor of intentions among women with type 2 diabetes, as it lonely explained 31.3% of variance of intentions and
11.4% of variance of self-care behavior.
Conclusion: The high ability of the extended theory of reasoned action with self-efficacy in forecasting and
explaining diabetes mellitus self management can be a base for educational intervention. So to improve diabetes
self management behavior and to control the disease, use of educational interventions based on proposed model
is suggested.
the continuous performance of self-care behaviors. Physical activity is a non-pharmacological method of diabetes treatment and
because of its positive effects on diabetic patients, it is being increasingly considered by researchers and practitioners. This study
aimed at determining factors influencing physical activity among diabetic women in Iran, using the extended theory of reasoned
action in Iran.
Methods: A sample of 352 women with type 2 diabetes, referring to a Diabetes Clinic in Khoy, Iran, participated in the study.
Appropriate instruments were designed to measure the desired variables (knowledge of diabetes, personal beliefs, subjective norms,
perceived self-efficacy, behavioral intention and physical activity behavior). The reliability and validity of the instruments were
examined and approved. Statistical analyses of the study were conducted by inferential statistical techniques (independent t–test,
correlations and regressions) using the SPSS package.
Results: The findings of this investigation indicated that among the constructs of the model, self efficacy was the strongest predictor
of intentions among women with type 2 diabetes and both directly and indirectly affected physical activity. In addition to
self efficacy, diabetic patients’ physical activity also was influenced by other variables of the model and sociodemographic factors.
Conclusion: Our findings suggest that the high ability of the theory of reasoned action extended by self-efficacy in forecasting
and explaining physical activity can be a base for educational intervention. Educational interventions based on the proposed model
are necessary for improving diabetics’ physical activity behavior and controlling disease.
predict dietary behaviour in a group of Iranian women with type 2 diabetes. A sample of 352 diabetic
women referred to Khoy Diabetes Clinic, Iran, were selected and given a self-administered survey to
assess eating behaviour, using the extended TRA constructs. Bivariate correlations and Enter regression
analyses of the extended TRA model were performed with SPSS software. Overall, the proposed model explained
31.6% of variance of behavioural intention and 21.5% of variance of dietary behaviour. Among
the model constructs, self-efficacy was the strongest predictor of intentions and dietary practice. In addition
to the model variables, visit intervals of patients and source of obtaining information about diabetes
from sociodemographic factors were also associated with dietary behaviours of the diabetics. This
research has highlighted the relative importance of the extended TRA constructs upon behavioural intention
and subsequent behaviour. Therefore, use of the present research model in designing educational
interventions to increase adherence to dietary behaviours among diabetic patients was recommended
and emphasized.
the world and can be controlled by self-care behaviors. Women are more vulnerable to hypertension
disease. Teaching self-care behaviors to women, including proper nutrition, physical activity, stress
management, regular drug use and regular use of sphygmomanometer, help them managing their blood
pressure.
Objective: In the present study the effect of education on self-care behaviors of women with high blood
pressure has been measured.
Materials and Methods: The study was conducted as a randomized clinical trial on 64 patients with
hypertension who had referred to urban health centers; they were divided randomly into control and test groups . Researcher designed questionnaire of self-care behaviors in hypertension, whose validity and
reliability had been measured, was provided to the control and test group both before and after
education intervention. The Data obtained was analyzed by statistical software SPSS version 21 and t-test.
Results: The mean score of self-care behaviors before intervention in the test and control groups had no
significant difference. But in the post-test significant differences between was observed the means of two
groups (0/05> p). Educational intervention resulted in a significant increase in the mean score of self-care
behaviors of hypertension in test group from 50/9 ±14/2 to 58/8± 15/0. But, in the control group, no
significant difference was observed in the mean score of self-care behaviors in pretest and posttest.
Conclusion: Educational intervention was effective in increasing self-care behaviors associated with
hypertension. Therefore, one way to manage non-communicable disease of hypertension is teaching selfcare
behaviors in the areas of nutrition, physical activity, stress management, regular drug use and
regular use of a sphygmomanometer.
Key words: Educational intervention, Self-care behaviors, Women, Hypertension, Health centers
Aim: Food insecurity is common in both developed and developing countries affecting from 5% to 25% of the general population. Food insecurity has been found to have significant impacts on physical, social, and psychological status of individuals in communities suffering from that. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of household composition on the household food insecurity.
Method: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 2503 households selected from Qaresoo region in the northwest of Iran. Household food security status was measured by a validated short questionnaire including six questions. Chi-square and logistic regression were used for data analysis.
Result: Of 2503 households, 1012 (40.4%) were identified as food secure and the remaining 1492 (59.6%) were food insecure. There was a significant relation between family structure & size and household food security status (p<0.005). There was however, no significant association between household food insecurity and the number of children (under five) and the number of elderly individuals living at home.
Conclusion: Our findings indicate that food insecurity is prevalent in the area. This study showed that existing of young children (under five) in the family might increase the risk of household food insecurity. Financial support for new households, proper nutritional education programs especially for households with young children, can help to reduce the risk of food insecurity in the community.
Key words: Household, food security, prevalence, epidemiology
Key Words: Health sciences; Iran; Student; Study skills
control diabetes and to prevent or reduce its- related complications. This study aimed to investigate predictors of
self-care behavior based on the extended theory of reasoned action by self efficacy (ETRA) among women with
type 2 diabetes in Iran.
Methods: A sample of 352 women with type 2 diabetes, referring to a Diabetes Clinic in Khoy, Iran using the nonprobability
sampling was enrolled. Appropriate instruments were designed to measure the variables of interest
(diabetes knowledge, personal beliefs, subjective norm, self-efficacy and behavioral intention along with self- care
behaviors). Reliability and validity of the instruments using Cronbach’s alpha coefficients (the values of them were
more than 0.70) and a panel of experts were tested.
Results: A statistical significant correlation existed between independent constructs of proposed model and modelrelated
dependent constructs, as ETRA model along with its related external factors explained 41.5% of variance of
intentions and 25.3% of variance of actual behavior. Among constructs of model, self-efficacy was the strongest
predictor of intentions among women with type 2 diabetes, as it lonely explained 31.3% of variance of intentions and
11.4% of variance of self-care behavior.
Conclusion: The high ability of the extended theory of reasoned action with self-efficacy in forecasting and
explaining diabetes mellitus self management can be a base for educational intervention. So to improve diabetes
self management behavior and to control the disease, use of educational interventions based on proposed model
is suggested.
the continuous performance of self-care behaviors. Physical activity is a non-pharmacological method of diabetes treatment and
because of its positive effects on diabetic patients, it is being increasingly considered by researchers and practitioners. This study
aimed at determining factors influencing physical activity among diabetic women in Iran, using the extended theory of reasoned
action in Iran.
Methods: A sample of 352 women with type 2 diabetes, referring to a Diabetes Clinic in Khoy, Iran, participated in the study.
Appropriate instruments were designed to measure the desired variables (knowledge of diabetes, personal beliefs, subjective norms,
perceived self-efficacy, behavioral intention and physical activity behavior). The reliability and validity of the instruments were
examined and approved. Statistical analyses of the study were conducted by inferential statistical techniques (independent t–test,
correlations and regressions) using the SPSS package.
Results: The findings of this investigation indicated that among the constructs of the model, self efficacy was the strongest predictor
of intentions among women with type 2 diabetes and both directly and indirectly affected physical activity. In addition to
self efficacy, diabetic patients’ physical activity also was influenced by other variables of the model and sociodemographic factors.
Conclusion: Our findings suggest that the high ability of the theory of reasoned action extended by self-efficacy in forecasting
and explaining physical activity can be a base for educational intervention. Educational interventions based on the proposed model
are necessary for improving diabetics’ physical activity behavior and controlling disease.
predict dietary behaviour in a group of Iranian women with type 2 diabetes. A sample of 352 diabetic
women referred to Khoy Diabetes Clinic, Iran, were selected and given a self-administered survey to
assess eating behaviour, using the extended TRA constructs. Bivariate correlations and Enter regression
analyses of the extended TRA model were performed with SPSS software. Overall, the proposed model explained
31.6% of variance of behavioural intention and 21.5% of variance of dietary behaviour. Among
the model constructs, self-efficacy was the strongest predictor of intentions and dietary practice. In addition
to the model variables, visit intervals of patients and source of obtaining information about diabetes
from sociodemographic factors were also associated with dietary behaviours of the diabetics. This
research has highlighted the relative importance of the extended TRA constructs upon behavioural intention
and subsequent behaviour. Therefore, use of the present research model in designing educational
interventions to increase adherence to dietary behaviours among diabetic patients was recommended
and emphasized.