Thermokarst lakes are a prominent feature of the landscape on the Arctic Coastal Plain of norther... more Thermokarst lakes are a prominent feature of the landscape on the Arctic Coastal Plain of northern Alaska. Otherwise known as ``thaw lakes,'' these shallow, water-filled depressions form in subsiding tundra in response to thawing permafrost. Occasionally, these lakes will drain and refill, sometimes undergoing numerous life cycles, and eventually leaving the landscape dotted with lakes and former lake basins. Understanding the dynamics of this unique, lake-rich landscape requires an assessment of the lakes' water and energy balance, as well as an understanding of lake connectivity to the regional climate and climate variability. Given the ongoing, rapid climate change in the Arctic region, it is particularly important that we begin to address these issues so that the effects of climate change on this vast water resource can be assessed. In this study, we present results from an ongoing project to intensively measure the energy and water balance of a variety of thaw lakes...
Accurate estimation of evapotranspiration (ET) is essential for effective local and regional wate... more Accurate estimation of evapotranspiration (ET) is essential for effective local and regional water management. Remote sensing based energy balance models are most suited for estimating ET at both field and regional scales. However, the spatial and temporal resolution of remote sensing data from an existing set of earth observing satellite platforms are not sufficient enough to continually provide spatially distributed ET for on-farm irrigation management purposes. Presently, limited efforts are being made to fill this knowledge gap by employing land surface models. This paper investigates the performance of Noah land surface model (LSM) and energy-balance based Mapping Evapotranspiration at High Resolution along with Internal Calibration (METRIC) model in south-central Nebraska, where water is a key strategic resource. The ET was estimated with both METRIC, using a series of Landsat-5 Thematic Mapper data acquired during 2007, and Noah-LSM and compared against ET derived from Bowen ...
Water consumed through evapotranspiration (ET) impacts local and regional hydrologic regimes on v... more Water consumed through evapotranspiration (ET) impacts local and regional hydrologic regimes on various spatial and temporal scales. Estimating ET in the Great Plains is a prerequisite for effective regional water resource management of the Ogallala (High Plains) Aquifer, which supplies vital water resources in the form of irrigation for extensive agricultural production. The Sand Hills region of Nebraska is one of the largest grass-stabilized eolian (windblown) sand dune formations in the world, with an area of roughly 50,000–60,000 km 2 that supports a system of five major land cover types: (1) lakes, (2) wetlands (with lakes, ~5%), (3) subirrigated meadows (water table is within ~1 m of surface; ~10%), (4) dry valleys (water table is 1–10 m below surface; ~20%), and (5) upland dunes (water table is more than 10 m below surface; ~65%). Fully understanding the hydrologic regime of these different ecosystems is a fundamental challenge in regional water resource assessment. The surfa...
We investigated the magnitude and dynamics of the eddy covariance system (ECS) residual energy (e... more We investigated the magnitude and dynamics of the eddy covariance system (ECS) residual energy (energy balance closure error) for a subsurface drip-irrigated maize (Zea mays L.) field in 2005 and 2006 growing and non-growing (dormant) seasons. The corrections for coordinate rotation, oxygen, frequency, and Webb–Pearman–Leuning corrections improved the slope of the total convective energy (latent heat + sensible heat) with respect to the net available energy (from 0.68 to 0.84), but the data filtering (for horizontal and frictional wind speeds higher than 2 m s−1 and lower than 0.2 m s−1) had little effect on the slope. Also, the number of data points available for the analyses was reduced by 53 % after filtering. Overall, the daytime residual energy varied between −100 and 200 W m−2 during the dormant seasons and between −500 and 600 W m−2 during the growing seasons. Most of the nighttime residual energy ranged within ±40 W m−2 during the calendar year in 2005 and within −60 and 20 ...
To determine the frequency rate of C. pneumoniae, rhinovirus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), ... more To determine the frequency rate of C. pneumoniae, rhinovirus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza virus, metapneumovirus, adenovirus', parainfluenza virus and coronavirus in acute respiratory tract infections in children. One hundred nine pediatric patients having respiratory tract infections were included in this study. Real time PCR, DFA and cell culture method were used for detection of C. pneumoniae, RSV antigen and influenza virus respectively. Multiplex PCR was used for detection of other viruses. No C. pneumoniae DNA was detected in the samples. Virus was detected in 43 cases from larynx swabs (43/109, 39.4 %). The frequency order of the viral agents detected were as follows; rhinoviruses 14.7 %, RSV B 7.3 %, influenza A 6.4 %, metapneumovirus 3.6 %, adenovirus 3.6 %, coronavirus 0.9 %, parainfluenzavirus type 3, 0.9 %, parainfluenzavirus type 4, 0.9 % and RSV A 0.9 %. Sensitivity of the PCR and DFA methods for the diagnosis of RSV infections were detected as 100 % and 100 %, respectively. Specificity of the PCR and DFA methods for RSV infections were detected as 97 % and 100 % respectively. Sensitivity of the PCR and cell culture methods for influenzavirus infections were detected as 100 % and 100 %, respectively. Specificity of the PCR and DFA methods for RSV infections were detected as 96 % and 100 % respectively. Prevalence of viral agents was detected as 39.4 %. Influenza viruses and RSV were common. Metapneumovirus was also frequent (3.6 %). C. pneumoniae was not found to be a common agent for acute respiratory disease in children.
International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, 2007
To determine the efficiency of drugs, which include antihistaminic-decongestant-acetaminophen age... more To determine the efficiency of drugs, which include antihistaminic-decongestant-acetaminophen agents versus only acetaminophen in symptomatic treatment of acute nasopharyngitis in children. This clinical, randomized, controlled, single blind drug efficacy comparison research was conducted in 148 patients with acute nasopharyngitis between ages 2 and 12 years. After randomization, Group-1 consisted of cases (n: 86), which used OTC drugs [acetaminophen+diphenhydramine+pseudoephedrin] and Group-2 consisted of cases (n: 62), which used only acetaminophen. After receiving nasal swab for showing the viral etiology, symptoms were scored clinically on admission and then on 10 days follow-up period, and re-evaluated on the third and fifth days of the drug therapy with the same scoring scale. Any complications were noted during the 1-month follow-up period after taking the drugs. The virus isolation rate in Group-1 was 27.9% and in Group-2 was 22.6%. At the first day of study, before medication, clinic scores of the groups did not show a significant difference (Group-1 1.7 versus Group-2 2.0). Clinic scores in both groups on the third (Group-1 4.0 versus Group-2 4.1) and fifth days of therapy (Group-1 1.7 versus Group-2 2.0) were not different either. Also, the complication rate was not different during the 1-month follow-up period (Group-1 2.3% versus Group-2 8.0%, p: 0.12). The family response for the drug satisfaction in both groups was similar and positive. For relieving symptoms of acute nasopharyngitis in children, acetaminophen without any combination is as effective as OTC drugs containing acetaminophen, decongestant, and antihistaminics.
5th National Decennial Irrigation Conference Proceedings, 5-8 December 2010, Phoenix Convention Center, Phoenix, Arizona USA, 2010
ABSTRACT Satellite-based models for determining evapotranspiration (ET) are now routinely applied... more ABSTRACT Satellite-based models for determining evapotranspiration (ET) are now routinely applied as part of water and water resources management operations of state and federal agencies. Strengths and weaknesses of more common models are briefly described. The more dependable and universal satellite-based models employ a surface energy balance (EB) where ET is computed as a residual of surface energy. This determination requires a thermal imager onboard the satellite, which is not common. The 'CIMEC' approach ("calibration using inverse modeling of extreme conditions") used by two moderate resolution, operational models is described where CIMEC calibrates around uncertainties and biases in satellite based energy balance components. Creating ‘maps’ of ET that are useful in management and in quantifying and managing water resources requires the computation of ET over monthly and longer periods such as growing seasons or annual periods. Interpolation between images from ‘snapshot’ models involves treatment of clouded areas of images, accounting for evaporation from wetting events occurring prior to or following overpass dates. A technique currently used in the METRIC model for accounting for evaporation from precipitation between images is described. How the interpolation is done substantially impacts the quality and accuracy of the final ET product.
1. Vaccine. 2008 Jun 25;26(27-28):3371-2. Epub 2008 Apr 30. The effectiveness of varicella vaccin... more 1. Vaccine. 2008 Jun 25;26(27-28):3371-2. Epub 2008 Apr 30. The effectiveness of varicella vaccination during an outbreak in a children's day-care center. Kiliç A, Unüvar E, Yilmaz C, Yildiz I, Oğuz F, Sidal M. PMID: 18490083 ...
The recessive form of congenital methemoglobinemia, caused by a defect of nicotinamide adenine di... more The recessive form of congenital methemoglobinemia, caused by a defect of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-cytb5 reductase enzyme (cytb5r), is a rare disorder clinically presenting with cyanosis. Two different forms of recessive congenital methemoglobinemia have been described: In type I, cyanosis is the only major symptom and enzyme deficiency is restricted to erythrocytes. In type II, observed in 10-15% of all patients, enzyme deficiency occurs in the entire body and cyanosis is associated with severe, progressive neurologic impairment. This report presents a 10-year-old female with recessive congenital methemoglobinemia type II. She was admitted with quadriparetic cerebral palsy, mental retardation, convulsions, swallowing difficulty, and cyanosis. Etiology of cyanosis was not clarified exactly but was readily but erroneously attributed to uncontrolled, repetitive convulsions and aspiration of excessive oral secretions. Her methemoglobin level was measured as 51%, and a diagnosis of congenital methemoglobinemia was established. Oral ascorbic acid 500 mg/day was initiated. She responded well to therapy. Interestingly, neurologic deficits improved after ascorbic acid treatment. In conclusion, cyanosis and repetitive convulsions associated with neurologic deficits may be explained by congenital methemoglobinemia, a potentially treatable condition.
The therapeutic effect of corticosteroids in acute idiopathic peripheral nerve paralysis (Bell&am... more The therapeutic effect of corticosteroids in acute idiopathic peripheral nerve paralysis (Bell's palsy) in children is controversial. The authors evaluated the effect of steroids on the early and late outcome of children with Bell's palsy in a prospective randomized controlled setting. Forty-two patients (21 females, 21 males) with complete paralysis were enrolled in the study. Group 1 (n = 21) received methylprednisolone (1 mg/kg daily for 10 days orally); Group 2 (n = 21) did not. All patients were observed in the first 3 days of the disease and at 4, 6, and 12 months of follow-up. The mean age of Group 1 was 52.4 +/- 4.3 months, not significantly different from that of Group 2. In Group 1, 86% and 100% exhibited normal nerve function at 4 and 6 months of follow-up, respectively; in Group 2, 72% and 86% demonstrated complete recovery at 4 and 6 months, respectively, with improvement in all patients by 12 months. The improvement rates between the treated and untreated groups did not differ significantly. No side effects necessitated steroid withdrawal. The results of this study indicate that steroid therapy initiated at an early stage of childhood Bell's palsy does not significantly improve the outcome.
Chlamydia pneumoniae and Mycoplasma pneumoniae are among the most important pathogens of acute re... more Chlamydia pneumoniae and Mycoplasma pneumoniae are among the most important pathogens of acute respiratory infections in children between the ages of 5 and 15 years. We aimed to investigate seasonal frequency of respiratory infections caused by C. pneumoniae and M. pneumoniae, frequency of coinfection, clinical findings and to determine relationship between clinical findings and laboratory results. Total of 284 patients (ranging 5-15 years of age), admitted to out-patient clinic with symptoms of respiratory tract infections between January 2004 and June 2005, were enrolled in the study. IgA, IgG and IgM antibodies against C. pneumoniae were quantitatively detected in all serum samples by using microimmunofluorescence (MIF). For the M. pneumoniae infection an IgM titer in the ELISA test were analyzed. Nasopharyngeal smear samples were collected for PCR detection. Mean age was 8 +/- 2.2 (range 5-14) years. Mycoplasma pneumoniae IgM in 86 (30.2%) cases, C. pneumoniae IgM in one (0.3%) case, IgA in six (2.1%) cases and IgG in 10 (3.5%) cases were found positive. In 10 (3.5%) cases, both C. pneumoniae IgG (a titer of >1/216) and M. pneumoniae IgM were found positive concomitantly. The M. pneumoniae IgM in winter was found significantly higher compared to other seasons. Mycoplasma pneumoniae PCR method was performed on a total of 203 samples in 33 (16.2%) of which M. pneumoniae was found positive. The false positive ratio of PCR technique was found 16.2%. In a total of 217 examined samples by PCR method, the DNA of C. pneumoniae was found positive in two patients. Mycoplasma pneumoniae was a common pathogen in respiratory infections. The otherwise C. pneumoniae infections were rarely seen in children. A Comparison of serology diagnostic tests for M. pneumoniae infections was found more sensitive and specific than PCR.
Thermokarst lakes are a prominent feature of the landscape on the Arctic Coastal Plain of norther... more Thermokarst lakes are a prominent feature of the landscape on the Arctic Coastal Plain of northern Alaska. Otherwise known as ``thaw lakes,'' these shallow, water-filled depressions form in subsiding tundra in response to thawing permafrost. Occasionally, these lakes will drain and refill, sometimes undergoing numerous life cycles, and eventually leaving the landscape dotted with lakes and former lake basins. Understanding the dynamics of this unique, lake-rich landscape requires an assessment of the lakes' water and energy balance, as well as an understanding of lake connectivity to the regional climate and climate variability. Given the ongoing, rapid climate change in the Arctic region, it is particularly important that we begin to address these issues so that the effects of climate change on this vast water resource can be assessed. In this study, we present results from an ongoing project to intensively measure the energy and water balance of a variety of thaw lakes...
Accurate estimation of evapotranspiration (ET) is essential for effective local and regional wate... more Accurate estimation of evapotranspiration (ET) is essential for effective local and regional water management. Remote sensing based energy balance models are most suited for estimating ET at both field and regional scales. However, the spatial and temporal resolution of remote sensing data from an existing set of earth observing satellite platforms are not sufficient enough to continually provide spatially distributed ET for on-farm irrigation management purposes. Presently, limited efforts are being made to fill this knowledge gap by employing land surface models. This paper investigates the performance of Noah land surface model (LSM) and energy-balance based Mapping Evapotranspiration at High Resolution along with Internal Calibration (METRIC) model in south-central Nebraska, where water is a key strategic resource. The ET was estimated with both METRIC, using a series of Landsat-5 Thematic Mapper data acquired during 2007, and Noah-LSM and compared against ET derived from Bowen ...
Water consumed through evapotranspiration (ET) impacts local and regional hydrologic regimes on v... more Water consumed through evapotranspiration (ET) impacts local and regional hydrologic regimes on various spatial and temporal scales. Estimating ET in the Great Plains is a prerequisite for effective regional water resource management of the Ogallala (High Plains) Aquifer, which supplies vital water resources in the form of irrigation for extensive agricultural production. The Sand Hills region of Nebraska is one of the largest grass-stabilized eolian (windblown) sand dune formations in the world, with an area of roughly 50,000–60,000 km 2 that supports a system of five major land cover types: (1) lakes, (2) wetlands (with lakes, ~5%), (3) subirrigated meadows (water table is within ~1 m of surface; ~10%), (4) dry valleys (water table is 1–10 m below surface; ~20%), and (5) upland dunes (water table is more than 10 m below surface; ~65%). Fully understanding the hydrologic regime of these different ecosystems is a fundamental challenge in regional water resource assessment. The surfa...
We investigated the magnitude and dynamics of the eddy covariance system (ECS) residual energy (e... more We investigated the magnitude and dynamics of the eddy covariance system (ECS) residual energy (energy balance closure error) for a subsurface drip-irrigated maize (Zea mays L.) field in 2005 and 2006 growing and non-growing (dormant) seasons. The corrections for coordinate rotation, oxygen, frequency, and Webb–Pearman–Leuning corrections improved the slope of the total convective energy (latent heat + sensible heat) with respect to the net available energy (from 0.68 to 0.84), but the data filtering (for horizontal and frictional wind speeds higher than 2 m s−1 and lower than 0.2 m s−1) had little effect on the slope. Also, the number of data points available for the analyses was reduced by 53 % after filtering. Overall, the daytime residual energy varied between −100 and 200 W m−2 during the dormant seasons and between −500 and 600 W m−2 during the growing seasons. Most of the nighttime residual energy ranged within ±40 W m−2 during the calendar year in 2005 and within −60 and 20 ...
To determine the frequency rate of C. pneumoniae, rhinovirus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), ... more To determine the frequency rate of C. pneumoniae, rhinovirus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza virus, metapneumovirus, adenovirus', parainfluenza virus and coronavirus in acute respiratory tract infections in children. One hundred nine pediatric patients having respiratory tract infections were included in this study. Real time PCR, DFA and cell culture method were used for detection of C. pneumoniae, RSV antigen and influenza virus respectively. Multiplex PCR was used for detection of other viruses. No C. pneumoniae DNA was detected in the samples. Virus was detected in 43 cases from larynx swabs (43/109, 39.4 %). The frequency order of the viral agents detected were as follows; rhinoviruses 14.7 %, RSV B 7.3 %, influenza A 6.4 %, metapneumovirus 3.6 %, adenovirus 3.6 %, coronavirus 0.9 %, parainfluenzavirus type 3, 0.9 %, parainfluenzavirus type 4, 0.9 % and RSV A 0.9 %. Sensitivity of the PCR and DFA methods for the diagnosis of RSV infections were detected as 100 % and 100 %, respectively. Specificity of the PCR and DFA methods for RSV infections were detected as 97 % and 100 % respectively. Sensitivity of the PCR and cell culture methods for influenzavirus infections were detected as 100 % and 100 %, respectively. Specificity of the PCR and DFA methods for RSV infections were detected as 96 % and 100 % respectively. Prevalence of viral agents was detected as 39.4 %. Influenza viruses and RSV were common. Metapneumovirus was also frequent (3.6 %). C. pneumoniae was not found to be a common agent for acute respiratory disease in children.
International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, 2007
To determine the efficiency of drugs, which include antihistaminic-decongestant-acetaminophen age... more To determine the efficiency of drugs, which include antihistaminic-decongestant-acetaminophen agents versus only acetaminophen in symptomatic treatment of acute nasopharyngitis in children. This clinical, randomized, controlled, single blind drug efficacy comparison research was conducted in 148 patients with acute nasopharyngitis between ages 2 and 12 years. After randomization, Group-1 consisted of cases (n: 86), which used OTC drugs [acetaminophen+diphenhydramine+pseudoephedrin] and Group-2 consisted of cases (n: 62), which used only acetaminophen. After receiving nasal swab for showing the viral etiology, symptoms were scored clinically on admission and then on 10 days follow-up period, and re-evaluated on the third and fifth days of the drug therapy with the same scoring scale. Any complications were noted during the 1-month follow-up period after taking the drugs. The virus isolation rate in Group-1 was 27.9% and in Group-2 was 22.6%. At the first day of study, before medication, clinic scores of the groups did not show a significant difference (Group-1 1.7 versus Group-2 2.0). Clinic scores in both groups on the third (Group-1 4.0 versus Group-2 4.1) and fifth days of therapy (Group-1 1.7 versus Group-2 2.0) were not different either. Also, the complication rate was not different during the 1-month follow-up period (Group-1 2.3% versus Group-2 8.0%, p: 0.12). The family response for the drug satisfaction in both groups was similar and positive. For relieving symptoms of acute nasopharyngitis in children, acetaminophen without any combination is as effective as OTC drugs containing acetaminophen, decongestant, and antihistaminics.
5th National Decennial Irrigation Conference Proceedings, 5-8 December 2010, Phoenix Convention Center, Phoenix, Arizona USA, 2010
ABSTRACT Satellite-based models for determining evapotranspiration (ET) are now routinely applied... more ABSTRACT Satellite-based models for determining evapotranspiration (ET) are now routinely applied as part of water and water resources management operations of state and federal agencies. Strengths and weaknesses of more common models are briefly described. The more dependable and universal satellite-based models employ a surface energy balance (EB) where ET is computed as a residual of surface energy. This determination requires a thermal imager onboard the satellite, which is not common. The 'CIMEC' approach ("calibration using inverse modeling of extreme conditions") used by two moderate resolution, operational models is described where CIMEC calibrates around uncertainties and biases in satellite based energy balance components. Creating ‘maps’ of ET that are useful in management and in quantifying and managing water resources requires the computation of ET over monthly and longer periods such as growing seasons or annual periods. Interpolation between images from ‘snapshot’ models involves treatment of clouded areas of images, accounting for evaporation from wetting events occurring prior to or following overpass dates. A technique currently used in the METRIC model for accounting for evaporation from precipitation between images is described. How the interpolation is done substantially impacts the quality and accuracy of the final ET product.
1. Vaccine. 2008 Jun 25;26(27-28):3371-2. Epub 2008 Apr 30. The effectiveness of varicella vaccin... more 1. Vaccine. 2008 Jun 25;26(27-28):3371-2. Epub 2008 Apr 30. The effectiveness of varicella vaccination during an outbreak in a children's day-care center. Kiliç A, Unüvar E, Yilmaz C, Yildiz I, Oğuz F, Sidal M. PMID: 18490083 ...
The recessive form of congenital methemoglobinemia, caused by a defect of nicotinamide adenine di... more The recessive form of congenital methemoglobinemia, caused by a defect of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-cytb5 reductase enzyme (cytb5r), is a rare disorder clinically presenting with cyanosis. Two different forms of recessive congenital methemoglobinemia have been described: In type I, cyanosis is the only major symptom and enzyme deficiency is restricted to erythrocytes. In type II, observed in 10-15% of all patients, enzyme deficiency occurs in the entire body and cyanosis is associated with severe, progressive neurologic impairment. This report presents a 10-year-old female with recessive congenital methemoglobinemia type II. She was admitted with quadriparetic cerebral palsy, mental retardation, convulsions, swallowing difficulty, and cyanosis. Etiology of cyanosis was not clarified exactly but was readily but erroneously attributed to uncontrolled, repetitive convulsions and aspiration of excessive oral secretions. Her methemoglobin level was measured as 51%, and a diagnosis of congenital methemoglobinemia was established. Oral ascorbic acid 500 mg/day was initiated. She responded well to therapy. Interestingly, neurologic deficits improved after ascorbic acid treatment. In conclusion, cyanosis and repetitive convulsions associated with neurologic deficits may be explained by congenital methemoglobinemia, a potentially treatable condition.
The therapeutic effect of corticosteroids in acute idiopathic peripheral nerve paralysis (Bell&am... more The therapeutic effect of corticosteroids in acute idiopathic peripheral nerve paralysis (Bell's palsy) in children is controversial. The authors evaluated the effect of steroids on the early and late outcome of children with Bell's palsy in a prospective randomized controlled setting. Forty-two patients (21 females, 21 males) with complete paralysis were enrolled in the study. Group 1 (n = 21) received methylprednisolone (1 mg/kg daily for 10 days orally); Group 2 (n = 21) did not. All patients were observed in the first 3 days of the disease and at 4, 6, and 12 months of follow-up. The mean age of Group 1 was 52.4 +/- 4.3 months, not significantly different from that of Group 2. In Group 1, 86% and 100% exhibited normal nerve function at 4 and 6 months of follow-up, respectively; in Group 2, 72% and 86% demonstrated complete recovery at 4 and 6 months, respectively, with improvement in all patients by 12 months. The improvement rates between the treated and untreated groups did not differ significantly. No side effects necessitated steroid withdrawal. The results of this study indicate that steroid therapy initiated at an early stage of childhood Bell's palsy does not significantly improve the outcome.
Chlamydia pneumoniae and Mycoplasma pneumoniae are among the most important pathogens of acute re... more Chlamydia pneumoniae and Mycoplasma pneumoniae are among the most important pathogens of acute respiratory infections in children between the ages of 5 and 15 years. We aimed to investigate seasonal frequency of respiratory infections caused by C. pneumoniae and M. pneumoniae, frequency of coinfection, clinical findings and to determine relationship between clinical findings and laboratory results. Total of 284 patients (ranging 5-15 years of age), admitted to out-patient clinic with symptoms of respiratory tract infections between January 2004 and June 2005, were enrolled in the study. IgA, IgG and IgM antibodies against C. pneumoniae were quantitatively detected in all serum samples by using microimmunofluorescence (MIF). For the M. pneumoniae infection an IgM titer in the ELISA test were analyzed. Nasopharyngeal smear samples were collected for PCR detection. Mean age was 8 +/- 2.2 (range 5-14) years. Mycoplasma pneumoniae IgM in 86 (30.2%) cases, C. pneumoniae IgM in one (0.3%) case, IgA in six (2.1%) cases and IgG in 10 (3.5%) cases were found positive. In 10 (3.5%) cases, both C. pneumoniae IgG (a titer of >1/216) and M. pneumoniae IgM were found positive concomitantly. The M. pneumoniae IgM in winter was found significantly higher compared to other seasons. Mycoplasma pneumoniae PCR method was performed on a total of 203 samples in 33 (16.2%) of which M. pneumoniae was found positive. The false positive ratio of PCR technique was found 16.2%. In a total of 217 examined samples by PCR method, the DNA of C. pneumoniae was found positive in two patients. Mycoplasma pneumoniae was a common pathogen in respiratory infections. The otherwise C. pneumoniae infections were rarely seen in children. A Comparison of serology diagnostic tests for M. pneumoniae infections was found more sensitive and specific than PCR.
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