This paper presents a partial equilibrium characterization of the credit market in an economy wit... more This paper presents a partial equilibrium characterization of the credit market in an economy with partial …nancial dollarization. Financial frictions, in the form of costly state veri…cation and banking regulation restrictions, are introduced and their impact on lending and deposit interest rates denominated in domestic and foreign currency studied. The analysis shows that reserve requirements act as a tax that leads banks to decrease deposit rates, while the wedge between foreign and domestic currency lending rates is decreasing in exchange rate volatility and increasing in the degree of correlation between entrepreneur's returns and the exchange rate.
Mucopolysaccharidosis IVA (MPS IVA) is an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorder caused b... more Mucopolysaccharidosis IVA (MPS IVA) is an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorder caused by a genetic defect in N-acetylgalactosamine-6-sulfate sulfatase (GALNS). In previous studies, we have found two common mutations in Caucasians and Japanese, respectively. To characterize the mutational spectrum in various ethnic groups, mutations in the GALNS gene in Colombian MPS IVA patients were investigated, and genetic backgrounds were extensively analyzed to identify racial origin, based on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) lineages. Three novel missense mutations never identified previously in other populations and found in 16 out of 19 Colombian MPS IVA unrelated alleles account for 84.2% of the alleles in this study. The G301C and S162F mutations account for 68.4% and 10.5% of mutations, respectively, whereas the remaining F69V is limited to a single allele. The skewed prevalence of G301C in only Colombian patients and haplotype analysis by restriction fragment length polymorphisms in the GALNS gene suggest that G301C originated from a common ancestor. Investigation of the genetic background by means of mtDNA lineages indicate that all our patients are probably of native American descent.
Introducción. La enfermedad de Gaucher es una condición panétnica, caracterizada por la acumulaci... more Introducción. La enfermedad de Gaucher es una condición panétnica, caracterizada por la acumulación de glucosilceramida en los macrófagos. La causa principal de esta enfermedad en algunos países occidentales, incluido Colombia, es la mutación N370S, en el gen de la glucocerebrosidasa localizado en 1q21. Objetivo. Determinar el grado de asociación entre la mutación N370S y los alelos de cinco microsatélites cercanos al sitio de la mutación en nueve pacientes colombianos Gaucher tipo 1, procedentes del altiplano cundiboyacense. Materiales y métodos. A partir del ADN de los pacientes, sus familiares cercanos y 30 individuos control, los loci: D1S305, D1S2624, D1S2777, ITG6.6.2 y 5GC3.2 fueron amplificados mediante reacción en cadena de la polimerasa. Las frecuencias alélicas por microsatélite fueron calculadas en pacientes y controles y 11 haplotipos N370S fueron inferidos y se determinó el grado de desequilibrio de ligamiento entre los alelos de cada haplotipo con la mutación N370S. Resultados. Se encontró un haplotipo consenso N370S compuesto por los alelos 222-314-260-301-172 (pares de bases) que corresponden a los microsatélites: 5GC3.2 ITG6.6.2, D1S2777 D1S2624 y D1S305 respectivamente. Hubo desequilibrio de ligamiento significativo entre los alelos de 222, 314, 260 y 301 pares de bases y la mutación N370S. Conclusión. Una fracción conservada del haplotipo pudo haber estado asociada la mutación en un cromosoma ancestral al grupo de pacientes, cuya procedencia étnica es aún desconocida.
The interbank market helps regulate liquidity in the banking sector. Banks with outstanding resou... more The interbank market helps regulate liquidity in the banking sector. Banks with outstanding resources usually lend to banks that are in needs of liquidity. Regulating the interbank market may actually benefit the policy stance of monetary policy. Introducing an interbank market in a general equilibrium model may allow better identification of the final effects of non-conventional policy tools such as reserve requirements. We introduce an interbank market in which there are two types of private banks and a central bank that has the ability to issue money into a DSGE model. Then, we use the model to analyse the effects of changes to reserve requirements (a macroprudential tool), while the central bank follows a Taylor rule to set the policy interest rate. We find that changes to reserve requirements have similar effects to interest rate hikes and that both monetary policy tools can be used jointly in order to avoid big swings in the policy rate (that could have an undesired effect on private expectations) or a zero bound (i.e. liquidity trap scenarios).
The interbank market helps regulate liquidity in the banking sector. Banks with outstanding resou... more The interbank market helps regulate liquidity in the banking sector. Banks with outstanding resources usually lend to banks that are in needs of liquidity. Regulating the interbank market may actually benefit the policy stance of monetary policy. Introducing an interbank market in a general equilibrium model may allow better identification of the final effects of non-conventional policy tools such as reserve requirements. We introduce an interbank market in which there are two types of private banks and a central bank that has the ability to issue money into a DSGE model. Then, we use the model to analyse the effects of changes to reserve requirements (a macroprudential tool), while the central bank follows a Taylor rule to set the policy interest rate. We find that changes to reserve requirements have similar effects to interest rate hikes and that both monetary policy tools can be used jointly in order to avoid big swings in the policy rate (that could have an undesired effect on private expectations) or a zero bound (i.e. liquidity trap scenarios).
Background Roberts syndrome (RBS) and SC phocomelia are caused by mutations in ESCO2, which codes... more Background Roberts syndrome (RBS) and SC phocomelia are caused by mutations in ESCO2, which codes for an acetyltransferase involved in the regulation of sister chromatid cohesion. Of 26 mutations described to date, only one missense mutation has been reported and all others are predicted to be truncating mutations. Genotypeephenotype analysis has been hampered by limited numbers of patients with clinical information available. Objective To provide unpublished clinical data for 31 patients with proven ESCO2 mutations and combine this series with previously reported clinical and mutation data on 18 cases. Methods Genotypeephenotype correlations and functional effects of two novel ESCO2 mutations were analysed. In situ hybridisation on human embryos at Carnegie stages 14, 17 and 21 was performed to study ESCO2 expression during development. Results and conclusions Using the cohort of 49 patients, the clinical criteria for RBS were delineated to include: growth retardation; symmetric mesomelic shortening of the limbs in which the upper limbs are more commonly and severely affected than the lower limbs; characteristic facies with microcephaly. The severity of malformations of the facies correlates with the severity of limb reduction. The occurrence of corneal opacities may be associated with specific mutations. Two new mutations, both in the ESCO2 acetyltransferase domain, are described and their acetylation effects in vitro demonstrated. In situ hybridisation on human embryos showed ESCO2 expression in the brain, face, limb, kidney and gonads, which corresponds to the structures affected in RBS.
Roberts syndrome is caused by mutations in ESCO2, a human homolog of yeast ECO1 that is essential... more Roberts syndrome is caused by mutations in ESCO2, a human homolog of yeast ECO1 that is essential for the establishment of sister chromatid cohesion
This paper presents a partial equilibrium characterization of the credit market in an economy wit... more This paper presents a partial equilibrium characterization of the credit market in an economy with partial …nancial dollarization. Financial frictions, in the form of costly state veri…cation and banking regulation restrictions, are introduced and their impact on lending and deposit interest rates denominated in domestic and foreign currency studied. The analysis shows that reserve requirements act as a tax that leads banks to decrease deposit rates, while the wedge between foreign and domestic currency lending rates is decreasing in exchange rate volatility and increasing in the degree of correlation between entrepreneur's returns and the exchange rate.
Mucopolysaccharidosis IVA (MPS IVA) is an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorder caused b... more Mucopolysaccharidosis IVA (MPS IVA) is an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorder caused by a genetic defect in N-acetylgalactosamine-6-sulfate sulfatase (GALNS). In previous studies, we have found two common mutations in Caucasians and Japanese, respectively. To characterize the mutational spectrum in various ethnic groups, mutations in the GALNS gene in Colombian MPS IVA patients were investigated, and genetic backgrounds were extensively analyzed to identify racial origin, based on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) lineages. Three novel missense mutations never identified previously in other populations and found in 16 out of 19 Colombian MPS IVA unrelated alleles account for 84.2% of the alleles in this study. The G301C and S162F mutations account for 68.4% and 10.5% of mutations, respectively, whereas the remaining F69V is limited to a single allele. The skewed prevalence of G301C in only Colombian patients and haplotype analysis by restriction fragment length polymorphisms in the GALNS gene suggest that G301C originated from a common ancestor. Investigation of the genetic background by means of mtDNA lineages indicate that all our patients are probably of native American descent.
Introducción. La enfermedad de Gaucher es una condición panétnica, caracterizada por la acumulaci... more Introducción. La enfermedad de Gaucher es una condición panétnica, caracterizada por la acumulación de glucosilceramida en los macrófagos. La causa principal de esta enfermedad en algunos países occidentales, incluido Colombia, es la mutación N370S, en el gen de la glucocerebrosidasa localizado en 1q21. Objetivo. Determinar el grado de asociación entre la mutación N370S y los alelos de cinco microsatélites cercanos al sitio de la mutación en nueve pacientes colombianos Gaucher tipo 1, procedentes del altiplano cundiboyacense. Materiales y métodos. A partir del ADN de los pacientes, sus familiares cercanos y 30 individuos control, los loci: D1S305, D1S2624, D1S2777, ITG6.6.2 y 5GC3.2 fueron amplificados mediante reacción en cadena de la polimerasa. Las frecuencias alélicas por microsatélite fueron calculadas en pacientes y controles y 11 haplotipos N370S fueron inferidos y se determinó el grado de desequilibrio de ligamiento entre los alelos de cada haplotipo con la mutación N370S. Resultados. Se encontró un haplotipo consenso N370S compuesto por los alelos 222-314-260-301-172 (pares de bases) que corresponden a los microsatélites: 5GC3.2 ITG6.6.2, D1S2777 D1S2624 y D1S305 respectivamente. Hubo desequilibrio de ligamiento significativo entre los alelos de 222, 314, 260 y 301 pares de bases y la mutación N370S. Conclusión. Una fracción conservada del haplotipo pudo haber estado asociada la mutación en un cromosoma ancestral al grupo de pacientes, cuya procedencia étnica es aún desconocida.
The interbank market helps regulate liquidity in the banking sector. Banks with outstanding resou... more The interbank market helps regulate liquidity in the banking sector. Banks with outstanding resources usually lend to banks that are in needs of liquidity. Regulating the interbank market may actually benefit the policy stance of monetary policy. Introducing an interbank market in a general equilibrium model may allow better identification of the final effects of non-conventional policy tools such as reserve requirements. We introduce an interbank market in which there are two types of private banks and a central bank that has the ability to issue money into a DSGE model. Then, we use the model to analyse the effects of changes to reserve requirements (a macroprudential tool), while the central bank follows a Taylor rule to set the policy interest rate. We find that changes to reserve requirements have similar effects to interest rate hikes and that both monetary policy tools can be used jointly in order to avoid big swings in the policy rate (that could have an undesired effect on private expectations) or a zero bound (i.e. liquidity trap scenarios).
The interbank market helps regulate liquidity in the banking sector. Banks with outstanding resou... more The interbank market helps regulate liquidity in the banking sector. Banks with outstanding resources usually lend to banks that are in needs of liquidity. Regulating the interbank market may actually benefit the policy stance of monetary policy. Introducing an interbank market in a general equilibrium model may allow better identification of the final effects of non-conventional policy tools such as reserve requirements. We introduce an interbank market in which there are two types of private banks and a central bank that has the ability to issue money into a DSGE model. Then, we use the model to analyse the effects of changes to reserve requirements (a macroprudential tool), while the central bank follows a Taylor rule to set the policy interest rate. We find that changes to reserve requirements have similar effects to interest rate hikes and that both monetary policy tools can be used jointly in order to avoid big swings in the policy rate (that could have an undesired effect on private expectations) or a zero bound (i.e. liquidity trap scenarios).
Background Roberts syndrome (RBS) and SC phocomelia are caused by mutations in ESCO2, which codes... more Background Roberts syndrome (RBS) and SC phocomelia are caused by mutations in ESCO2, which codes for an acetyltransferase involved in the regulation of sister chromatid cohesion. Of 26 mutations described to date, only one missense mutation has been reported and all others are predicted to be truncating mutations. Genotypeephenotype analysis has been hampered by limited numbers of patients with clinical information available. Objective To provide unpublished clinical data for 31 patients with proven ESCO2 mutations and combine this series with previously reported clinical and mutation data on 18 cases. Methods Genotypeephenotype correlations and functional effects of two novel ESCO2 mutations were analysed. In situ hybridisation on human embryos at Carnegie stages 14, 17 and 21 was performed to study ESCO2 expression during development. Results and conclusions Using the cohort of 49 patients, the clinical criteria for RBS were delineated to include: growth retardation; symmetric mesomelic shortening of the limbs in which the upper limbs are more commonly and severely affected than the lower limbs; characteristic facies with microcephaly. The severity of malformations of the facies correlates with the severity of limb reduction. The occurrence of corneal opacities may be associated with specific mutations. Two new mutations, both in the ESCO2 acetyltransferase domain, are described and their acetylation effects in vitro demonstrated. In situ hybridisation on human embryos showed ESCO2 expression in the brain, face, limb, kidney and gonads, which corresponds to the structures affected in RBS.
Roberts syndrome is caused by mutations in ESCO2, a human homolog of yeast ECO1 that is essential... more Roberts syndrome is caused by mutations in ESCO2, a human homolog of yeast ECO1 that is essential for the establishment of sister chromatid cohesion
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