Abstract: The aim of this research was to test the effectiveness of coconut shell liquid smoke in... more Abstract: The aim of this research was to test the effectiveness of coconut shell liquid smoke in preservation of meatballs. The research had been performed using factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with two factors i.e. liquid smoke concentration (0%, 3%, 5% and 7%) and shelf life at refrigeration temperature (0, 5, 10 and 15 days). Parameter analyzed were water content, protein content, fat content, pH and Total Plate Count (TPC). Liquid smoke concentration had significant effect on water content, protein content, fat content, pH and Total Plate Count. Shelf life had significant effect on water content, protein content, fat content and Total Plate Count but not for pH. The interaction of liquid smoke concentration and shelf life had significant effect on protein content only. Applications of 7% liquid smoke in meatballs at 4±1°C increased shelf life until 15 days storage were better accepted and retarded the decreased of pH and moisture content compared to control. The result indicated that liquid smoke was an effective preservative agent for meatballs. Key words: Coconut shell liquid smoke, meatballs preservation, TPC value
Abstract: The research was conducted to determine the optimum dose of phytase supplementation of
... more Abstract: The research was conducted to determine the optimum dose of phytase supplementation of Fusarium verticillioides on Phosphor-deficient rations. This study used 24 broiler chickens (4 weeks). This research used Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with five ration treatments with 4 replications. Ration treatment was supplemented phytase with different doses: R1: 0 U/kg, R2: 250 U/ kg, R3: 500 U/kg, R4: 750 U/kg and R5: 1000 U/kg. Ration was based on iso protein (20%) and iso energy (2882 kcal/kg). The variables measured were retention of phosphor, calcium and nitrogen. The results showed that supplementation of phytase on broiler rations which Phosphor-deficiency was influenced the retention of Phosphor, calcium and nitrogen significantly (P<0.01). The optimum phytase supplementation of Fusarium verticillioides on broiler rations which phosphor-deficient was 750 U/kg ratio, it is seen from retention of phosphor (71.38%), calcium (75.65%) and nitrogen (67.61%). Key words: Phytase, supplementation, Fusarium verticillioides, retention, broiler
Abstract: Eleven isolates of thermophilic bacteria were isolated from hot spring and collected fr... more Abstract: Eleven isolates of thermophilic bacteria were isolated from hot spring and collected from West Sumatera of Indonesia. The bacteri isolated were grown on medium agar containing locust bean gum at 60°C for 48 hours to examine their mannanase production by using Congo red test. It was found that four isolates showed positive results with clear zone around the cultures. All isolates were evaluated their mannanase activity by growing in liquid medium supplemented with 0.5% locust bean gum as mannan source. It was found that isolate SM-1.4 displayed that highest enzyme activity of 119,44 U/ml and specific activity of 19.55 U/mg protein. The optimal growth conditions were at 60°C, pH 7 and 24 hours of incubation. According to the morphological studies, the isolate SM-1.4 was primarily identified as the genus Bacillus. The bacteria was gram negative and has endospore. Key words: Thermophilic bacteria, hot spring, mannanase activity
Abstract— Phytic acid have been considered as a threat in monogastric animal such as broiler, lay... more Abstract— Phytic acid have been considered as a threat in monogastric animal such as broiler, layer, fig and fish due to its anti nutrients factor which known as strong chelators of divalent minerals such as Ca2+, Mg2+, Zn2+ and Fe2+. Phytic acid also has a potential for binding positively charged proteins, and amino acids in feedstuffs. Objective of the research were to determine optimum phytase and substrates concentration and time reactions of phytic acid in the feedstuffs degrade by phytase. The research was designed in a completely randomized design (CRD) with 4 treatments and 4 replicates. Treatments were phytase concentrations (A: 0, B: 100,C: 200, D: 300 U/kg); feedstuffs concentrations (A: 5, B:10, C: 15, D: 20% (w/v)) and time reactions (1, 2, 4, 6 h) Measured variable was: phytic acid content and phosphorous in organic released. The subsrates used are feedstuffs such as soybean, rice bran, corn and coconut cake meal. The results showed that different feedstuffs has different optimum enzyme concentration and different substrates concentration and time reactions. The results also showed that degradation of phytic acid by new phytase from Fusarium verticilliodes has been shown to vary depending on the type of the feedstuffs. The results showed that the profile phosporus in organic released were rice bran > corn > soybean > coconut cake meal, whereas in the optimum enzyme and substrates concentrations could released 139; 126; 107 and 82 μmols Pi/ml respectively. All of the degradation of phytic acid showed that highly significant (P<0.01) between the feedstuffs The optimum substrates and enzyme concentration were 20% (w/v) and 300 U/kg of phytase, respectively at 55°C and pH 5.5. Among the feedstuff used have different reactions time where rice bran and coconut cake meal have 6 h while 2 h for soybean and corn meal. When feedstuffs were treated with phytase, the phytate decreased. The results could be concluded that the phytase produced by Fusarium verticilliodes could be improved the phosphorus (P) and decrease of phytate. Keywords— phytate phosphorus, soybean, rice bran, corn and coconut cake meal
Recently, alcohol fuels have been produced on industrial scales by fermentation of sugars deriv... more Recently, alcohol fuels have been produced on industrial scales by fermentation of sugars derived from wheat, corn, sugar beets, sugar cane etc. The enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulosic materials to produce fermentable sugars has an enormous potential in meeting global bioenergy demand through the biorefinery concept, since agri-food processes generate millions of tones of waste each year (Xeros and Christakopoulos 2009) such as sugar cane baggase , wheat straw, rice straw, corn cob, and oil palm trunk. In fact oil palm trunk is one of the most abundant lignocellulosic wastes by-products worldwide especially come from Malaysia, Indonesia and Nigeria and provides an alternative substrate to produce useful chemicals such as bioethanol. Usually, from the ages 3 years to 25 years, is the economical life of oil palm and after that, it is cut for replantation. The size of trunk usually is 15-18 meters in length and 46-60 centimeters in diameter. The trunk after cutting is agricultural waste causing problem in elimination but due to the trunk contains about 42% cellulose, 34.4%hemicellulose, 17.1% lignin and 7.3% other compounds,these agricultural wastes could make value added products (Pumiput, 2006).This research was production of bioethanol from oil palm trunk via saccharafication by cocktail carbohydrases enzymes. Enzymatic saccharification of acid treated oil palm trunk was carried out in reaction mixture containing 40 g treated oil palm trunk in 200 ml 0.1 M citrate buffer pH 4.8 with 500 unit/kg amylase for treatment A: Treatment B: Treatment A + 500 unit/kg cellulose; C: treatment B + 500 unit/kgg xylanase: D: treatment D + 500 unit/kg ligninase and E: OPT without treated + 500 unit/kg amylase + 500 unit/kg cellulose + 500 unit/kg xylanase + 500 unit/kg ligninase. The reaction mixture was incubated on a water bath rotary shaker adjusted to 600C and 75 rpm. The samples were withdraw at intervals 12 and 24, 36, 48,60, and 72 hr. For bioethanol production in biofermentor of 5L the hydrolysis product were inoculated a loop of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and then incubated at 34 0C under static conditions. Samples are withdraw after 12, 24, 36, 48 and 72 hr for bioethanol and residual glucose.
Figure 1. Enzymatic hydrolysis of OPT Figure 2. Bioethanol production
The results of the enzymatic hidrolysis (Figure1) showed that the treatment B (OPT hydrolyzed with amylase and cellulase) have optimum condition for glucose production, where was both of enzymes can be degraded OPT perfectly. The same results also reported by Primarini et al., (2012) reported the optimum conditions the hydrolysis of OPT was at concentration of 25% (w /v) with 0.3% (w/v) amylase, 0.6% (w /v) glucoamylase and 4% (w/v) cellulase. In the Figure 2 showed that optimum bioethanol produced at 48 hr after incubation,if time increased the biothanol decreased. According Roukas (1996), a decrease in the concentration of ethanol occur at excess glucose as substrate and product inhibition effects. Substrate concentration is too high reduces the amount of dissolved oxygen, although in very small amounts, oxygen is still needed in the fermentation by Saccaromyces cerevisiae to keep life in high cell concentrations (Nowak 2000, Tao et al. 2005). The results of the research can be conluded that the optimum enzymatic hydrolysis occured when the OPT added with amylase and cellulase and optimum bioethanol produced at 48 hr incubation using Saccharomyses cerevicea whereas 18.08 % bioethanol produced from glucose conversion.
Nowak, J. (2000). Electronic Journal of Polish Agricultural Universities, Vol. 3, No. 2, seri Food Science and Technology. Primarini,D; Syafruddin,A; Supriyanti A; Muchtar L. 2012. Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology. Pumiput, P. 2006..M.S.Thesis, Kasetsart University. Bangkok. p. 50. Roukas, T. (1996). Journal of Food Engineering, 27:87-96. Tao, F., Miao, J. Y., Shi, G. Y. dan Zhang, K. C. 2003 Process Biochemistry , Elsevier, 40, 183-187 Xiros C., Christakopoulos P.(2009). Biotechnol Biofuel ; 2:4.
Abstract— The research porpused to scale up production of bioethanol from oil palm trunk by enzym... more Abstract— The research porpused to scale up production of bioethanol from oil palm trunk by enzymatic hydrolysis usig amylase and cellulose thermostable. The experiment consisted of two stages, the phase I trials were enzymatic saccharification of acid treated oil palm trunk was carried out in reaction mixture containing 40% acid treated oil palm trunk in 10 L of 0.1 M phosphate buffer pH 7.0 with 500 unit/kg of amylase and cellulose thermostable for treatment A. and B: 60% acid treated oil palm trunk in 10 L of 0.1 M phosphate buffer pH 7.0 with 500 unit/kg of amylase and cellulose thermostable. The oil palm trunk slurry was incubated on a water bath rotary shaker adjusted to 100 0C and 90 rpm for 30 menit for saccharification process, after the slurry was filtered using squezer machine, the process continued for liquifaction, the temperature was 600C whereas the enzyme added to the slurry. The samples were withdraw at intervals 2, 4 and 8 hr. The phase II trials were for bioethanol production in biofermentor of 10 L, the hydrolysis product were added with 0.2; 0.4 and 0.6 % of urea as nitrogen sources, 0.5 % (DM) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae powder then inoculated to the mixtures and incubated at room temperatur under static conditions. Samples were withdraw after 48 hr, bioethanol and residual glucose were measured. The results showed that, for the phase I trials were the treatment B produced more total glucose and reducing sugar compared to treatment A, whereas no significant differents between the incubation times. The bioethanol rendement was higher when 0.2% of urea added compared the other treatments. The research concluded that for scale up of bioethanol production from oil palm trunk were 60 % acid treated oil palm trunk using 500 unit/kg amylase and 500 unit/kg of cellulase for 2 hr and 0.2 % urea of fermentation process for 48 hr.
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the optimization of the concentration of oil palm trunks and... more Abstract This study aimed to explore the optimization of the concentration of oil palm trunks and thermostable cellulose enzyme preformance produce highest sugar (glucose total and reducing sugars) as well as the degree of polymerization. The design used in this study was a completely randomized design (CRD) factorial using 2 factors: factor A consists of four levels of cellulose enzyme that A1: 250 U/kg, A2: 500 U/kg, A3: 750 U/kg and A4: 1000 U/kg. Factor B is the concentration of oil palm trunk yitu B1: 20% ; B2: 40% and B3: 60% were repeated 3 times. The results showed that there is a significantly effect (P <0.05) in the levels of cellulose enzyme (factor A) with the concentration of oil palm trunks (factor B) and interactions of enzyme and oil palm trunk (factor AB) to reducing sugar, total sugars and degree of polymerization (DP) . This research can be concluded that the best total sugar produced was 19.68 mg/ml, the reducing sugars was 11.17 and degree of polymerization was 3.47. Keyword: Cellulose, glucose, reducing sugars, degree of polymerization
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the optimization of the concentration of oil palm trunks and... more Abstract This study aimed to explore the optimization of the concentration of oil palm trunks and thermostable amylase enzyme preformance produce highest sugar (glucose total and reducing sugars) as well as the degree of polymerization. The design used in this study was a completely randomized design (CRD) factorial using 2 factors: factor A which consists of four levels of amylase enzyme that A1: 250 units / kg, A2: 500 units / kg, A3: 750 units / kg and A4: 1000 units / kg. Factor B is the concentration of oil palm trunk yitu B1: 20% (200 g / 1 liter) B2: 40% (400 grams / 1 liter) and B3: 60% (600 grams / 1 liter) were repeated 3 times. The results showed that there is a highly significant interaction (P <0.01) in the levels of amylase enzyme (factor A) with the concentration of oil palm trunks (factor B) on reducing sugar, siqnificantly interaction (P <0.05) on total sugars and degree of polymerization (DP) . This research can be concluded that the best treatment at a concentration of 60% oil palm trunks and levels 250 unit/kg of an enzyme concentration that produces of total sugars 7.86 mg/ml, reducing sugar 15.69 mg /ml and degree of polymerization 0.50 Kata kunci : amilase, total gula, gula pereduksi, derajat polimerisasi.
Abstract
The objectives of the study were to isolate and screen a bacterial strain which can prod... more Abstract The objectives of the study were to isolate and screen a bacterial strain which can produce xylanase at temperatures above 45 0C from hot spring in West Sumatera of Indonesia and to optimization of the best strain in the production of xylanase. The research from isolation found that 9 bacterial strains from different sources of hot spring, after screening for xylanase production using brich wood as inducer, three strains were expected to produce xylanase such as isolate NG2, NG3, and NG5. Based on the clear zone forming NG2 are the best xylanase producer, a maximum xylanolytic activity with 1.8 cm in diameter of clear zone was exhibited following by NG3 and NG5. Result from morphological identification all of isolates were spore-forming, gram negative, rods. The optimum growth of NG2 found that pH optimum medium 7.0; temperature 60 0C and incubation time 60 hr. Production of xylanase at optimum condition resulted the activity was 78.000 unit/ml and protein enzyme was 1.312 mg/ml, and resulted the specific actitivity 58.98 U/mg. The future research are to purify and characterization of the xylanase and application of the enzyme in pelleting of broiler feed.
Abstract
Two trials were performed to test the stability and efficacy of a crude enzyme preparati... more Abstract Two trials were performed to test the stability and efficacy of a crude enzyme preparation containing manannase to pelleting. In Trial 1, the enzyme was sprayed to fed coconut pulp-based diets before pelleting at concentrations 0 (without enzyme), 200, 400, 600 and 800 U/kg and pelleted after conditioning for 150 s at 65, and 750 C. In Trial 2, 30, male Cobb chicks were fed coconut pulp-based diets to 48 hours with no enzyme, or with enzyme addition before or after pelleting with conditioning for 150 s at 65 and 750 C. The methods used in the both trial are Factorial Completely Randomized Design Patterns 5 x 2 x 3 replications. The results of the trial 1 showed that there was no interaction between temperature with increased enzyme supplementation manannase, and temperature also affect enzyme levels did not differ significantly (P> 0.05) in the manufacture of pellets for residual enzyme activity in pelleted broiler manannase based coconut pulp. The results of the trial 2 showed that no interaction between temperature with increased supplementation manannase, while the effect of temperature in the manufacture of pellets did not differ significantly (p> 0.05) on digestibility of crude fiber, nitrogen retention and energy metabolism, but manannase enzyme supplementation treatment was highly significant (P <0.01) for crude fiber digestibility, nitrogen retention and energy metabolism. The conclusion of this study is the use of enzyme levels manannase 400 U / kg of pellets can improve pellet quality coconut pulp-based broiler Keyword : coconut pulp, manannase, broiler, pelleting
Abstract: Antibacterial activity limonoid compounds of three different solvent extracts (methanol... more Abstract: Antibacterial activity limonoid compounds of three different solvent extracts (methanol, ethyl acetate and n-heksane) prepared by soxhlet extractor from orange waste juice were screened against two pathogenic bacteria Escherichia coli and Salmonella enteridis. The highest antibacterial potentiality was exhibited by the limonoid-ethyl acetate followed by the (limonoid-methanol) and (limonoid-n-hexane).The orange waste juice extract can be considered to be as equally potent as the antibiotics. The zone of inhibition, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of the orange waste juice extracts showed that limonoids extracted with ethyl acetate (limonoids-ethyl acetate) resulted in better inhibition of limonoids extracted with (limonoidsmethanol) and (limonoids-n-hexane). The concentration 250 ppm of MIC were test showed inhibition of (limonoids-ethyl acetate) higher with a percentage minimum (44.15 for the bacterium Escherichia coli and 14.69 for the salmonella enteridis) than (limonoids-methanol) (10.67 and 3.84) and (limonoids-n-hexane) (35.58 and 14.10). In vitro antibacterial screening of crude (limonoid-ethyl acetate) (limonoid-methanol) and (limonoid-n-hexane) of methanol extract of orange juice waste with concentration 250 ppm were test showed the clear zone in millimeters (11.75 for the bacterium Escherichia coli and 10.25 for the salmonella enteridis) than limonoid-methanol (8.00 and 9.00) and limonoid-n-hexane (8.00 and 9.25). However, when compared to synthetic antibiotics (neomiditril and coleridin), the clear zone of limonoids lower (24%) but still showed his ability as an anti-microbial. (Limonoids-ethyl acetate) dose of 250 ppm showed better activity than doses of (limonoid-methanol) and (limonoid-n-heksana) for the bacterium Escherichia coli to salmonella enteridis bacterial at 11.918 and 9.158. From these results we can conclude (limonoids-ethyl acetate) extract better than (limonoids-methanol) and (limonoids-n-hexane) and can be used as a substitute for anti biotic synthetic antimicrobial. The phytochemical analysis of orange waste juice extracts showed presence of triter penes, alkaloid, flavonoids, steroid, phenolic, saponin. Key words: Limonoid compounds, antimicrobial activity, orange juice waste, phytochemical, MIC
Abstract: Rimbo Panti hot springs located bordering the province of West Sumatra and North Sumatr... more Abstract: Rimbo Panti hot springs located bordering the province of West Sumatra and North Sumatra, precisely in the District of East Pasaman Pasaman regency of West Sumatra Province approximately 200km from the city of Padang. Hot water samples obtained from 5 pools which have a normal temperature of 50- 95°C. The aim of this research was to isolate and identify Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) thermophilic activity from hot spring with pathogen bacteria (Escherichia coli O157: H7, Salmonella thypmurium and Listeria monocytogenes) followed identified by PCR. The bacteria isolated were growth on medium thermus cair and then deMan Rogosa and Sharpe (MRS) Agar supplement with CaCO3 1% and then performed purification by plate out on deMan Rogosa and Sharpe (MRS) Agar. It was found 23 isolates of LAB showed with clear zone around the culture and 5 isolates (N2, N4, N6, N9 and N12) has been antimicrobial activity against the growth of pathogenic bacteria. The results showed that isolates N6 had the highest antimicrobial activity against all bacteria test, with a range of inhibition zone 18-30 mm, gram positive, spore former coccus, non motility and catalase negative. LAB isolates that have the widest diameter of the clear zone continued to test the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). MIC values of isolates N6 supernatant against pathogenic bacteria Escherichia coli O157: H7 by 60 and 80% of the bacterial pathogen Salmonella thypmurium and 50% of the bacterial pathogen Listeria monocytogenes. Based on morphological examination and PCR analysis, the isolate N6 was primarily identified as Pediococcus pentosaceus strain A24 bacteria. Key words: Antimicrobial activity, hot spring, isolated, food biopreservatives, west sumatera
Feed quality for food safety. To produce ASUH (safe, healthy, whole and halal) food from broiler ... more Feed quality for food safety. To produce ASUH (safe, healthy, whole and halal) food from broiler , it should be fed with quality ration that free from chemical residues derived from synthetic antioxidants such as BHT, BHA and antibiotic for the meat contained residue that will cause negative effect. Microalgae has the potential to be used as natural supplement because it contains nutrients, antioxidant, cholesterolemic effect and plant growth regulator. Ojectives of this study is to exploit natural antioxidant substance in local microalgae extract as natural supplement for broiler. This research used local microalgae collected from water of the pond located around chicken farm in Nagari Mungka, 50 Kota District. DPPH free radical absorbance method used to test antioxidant activity, while ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) used as comparison, and was tested to broiler to oversee its performance. Best concentration tested to broilers and its performances was observed. The result of study ; Local microalgae extract has ability to inhibit DPPH free radical by concentration at 80 mg/ml which is equal to 6 mg/ml of Vitamin C. The performance after giving microalgae as antioxidant is better than Vitamin C because it contains nutrition and others secondary metabolic such as antimicrobial, cholesterolimic effect and plant growth regulator. Local microalgae is potential as source of natural antioxidants for producing ASUH broiler meat Keywords— Microalgae, Antioxidant Activity, ASUH Chicken Meat.
A novel sago starch degrading glucoamylase which had a strong amylopectin-hydrolyzing-activity wa... more A novel sago starch degrading glucoamylase which had a strong amylopectin-hydrolyzing-activity was purified to homogeneity from a culture filtrate of Acremonium sp. isolated from forest trees. The purified enzyme was an oligomeric protein of two sub-units with molecular weights of 22 and 39 kDa. Optimum temperature and pH for enzyme activity were around 55°C and 5.5, respectively. The enzyme was stable in a pH range of 3.0–7.0 and temperatures up to 60°C. The purified enzyme was strongly inhibited by EDTA. The enzyme catalyzed hydrolysis of amylose and amylopectin, showed apparent Km values of 10.0 and 3.8 mg/ml and Vmax of 195 μmol/ml/min and 391 μmol/ml/min, respectively. Glucose was the sole product released by the hydrolysis, indicating that this enzyme displays an exo-action of starch-degrading activity.
Attempts were made to improve the growth of endophytic fungus Acremonium sp. and its raw sago sta... more Attempts were made to improve the growth of endophytic fungus Acremonium sp. and its raw sago starch degrading enzyme (RSSDE) production using different nitrogen and carbon sources at varying pH values and temperatures. It was observed that growth and enzyme activity levels were highest with peptone and sodium nitrate as the nitrogen sources and raw sago starch as the carbon source of which the optimum concentrations were 0.5 g/l, 3 g/l, and 20 g/l, respectively. Cell growth and RSSDE production reached their optimum at pH 5.0 and incubation temperature of 30°C. Under these conditions, the enzyme production was significantly increased by 19- to 22-folds compared to the activity obtained in the original basal medium.
An endophytic fungus, Gibberella pulicaris, produced an amylase which degraded raw starches from ... more An endophytic fungus, Gibberella pulicaris, produced an amylase which degraded raw starches from cereals and other crops including raw potato, sago, tapioca, corn, wheat and rice starch. In each case, glucose was the main product. Among the raw starches used, raw potato starch gave the highest enzyme activity (85 units mg−1 protein) and raw wheat starch the lowest (49 units mg−1 protein). The highest amylase production (260 units mg−1 protein) was achieved when the concentration of raw potato starch was increased to 60 g l−1. Optimum hydrolysis was at 40 °C and pH 5.5.
World Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology, 2000
Four newly isolated strains of endophytic fungi namely Gibberella pulicaris, Acremonium sp., `Syn... more Four newly isolated strains of endophytic fungi namely Gibberella pulicaris, Acremonium sp., `Synnematous' sp. and Nodilusporium sp. were compared for their degradative activity on raw and gelatinized starches, substrate specificity and optimum pH. Results showed that the raw starch-degrading enzyme from Acremonium sp. had a broad activity towards both small and large granule size of raw starches while the enzyme from other strains showed high activity toward starches of smaller granule size. Analysis of the end product by TLC showed that enzyme from Gibberella pulicaris, Acremonium and Nodilusporium sp. hydrolysed raw sago starch to produce solely glucose but the enzyme of `Synnematous' sp. produced glucose and maltose.
Abstract: The aim of this research was to test the effectiveness of coconut shell liquid smoke in... more Abstract: The aim of this research was to test the effectiveness of coconut shell liquid smoke in preservation of meatballs. The research had been performed using factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with two factors i.e. liquid smoke concentration (0%, 3%, 5% and 7%) and shelf life at refrigeration temperature (0, 5, 10 and 15 days). Parameter analyzed were water content, protein content, fat content, pH and Total Plate Count (TPC). Liquid smoke concentration had significant effect on water content, protein content, fat content, pH and Total Plate Count. Shelf life had significant effect on water content, protein content, fat content and Total Plate Count but not for pH. The interaction of liquid smoke concentration and shelf life had significant effect on protein content only. Applications of 7% liquid smoke in meatballs at 4±1°C increased shelf life until 15 days storage were better accepted and retarded the decreased of pH and moisture content compared to control. The result indicated that liquid smoke was an effective preservative agent for meatballs. Key words: Coconut shell liquid smoke, meatballs preservation, TPC value
Abstract: The research was conducted to determine the optimum dose of phytase supplementation of
... more Abstract: The research was conducted to determine the optimum dose of phytase supplementation of Fusarium verticillioides on Phosphor-deficient rations. This study used 24 broiler chickens (4 weeks). This research used Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with five ration treatments with 4 replications. Ration treatment was supplemented phytase with different doses: R1: 0 U/kg, R2: 250 U/ kg, R3: 500 U/kg, R4: 750 U/kg and R5: 1000 U/kg. Ration was based on iso protein (20%) and iso energy (2882 kcal/kg). The variables measured were retention of phosphor, calcium and nitrogen. The results showed that supplementation of phytase on broiler rations which Phosphor-deficiency was influenced the retention of Phosphor, calcium and nitrogen significantly (P<0.01). The optimum phytase supplementation of Fusarium verticillioides on broiler rations which phosphor-deficient was 750 U/kg ratio, it is seen from retention of phosphor (71.38%), calcium (75.65%) and nitrogen (67.61%). Key words: Phytase, supplementation, Fusarium verticillioides, retention, broiler
Abstract: Eleven isolates of thermophilic bacteria were isolated from hot spring and collected fr... more Abstract: Eleven isolates of thermophilic bacteria were isolated from hot spring and collected from West Sumatera of Indonesia. The bacteri isolated were grown on medium agar containing locust bean gum at 60°C for 48 hours to examine their mannanase production by using Congo red test. It was found that four isolates showed positive results with clear zone around the cultures. All isolates were evaluated their mannanase activity by growing in liquid medium supplemented with 0.5% locust bean gum as mannan source. It was found that isolate SM-1.4 displayed that highest enzyme activity of 119,44 U/ml and specific activity of 19.55 U/mg protein. The optimal growth conditions were at 60°C, pH 7 and 24 hours of incubation. According to the morphological studies, the isolate SM-1.4 was primarily identified as the genus Bacillus. The bacteria was gram negative and has endospore. Key words: Thermophilic bacteria, hot spring, mannanase activity
Abstract— Phytic acid have been considered as a threat in monogastric animal such as broiler, lay... more Abstract— Phytic acid have been considered as a threat in monogastric animal such as broiler, layer, fig and fish due to its anti nutrients factor which known as strong chelators of divalent minerals such as Ca2+, Mg2+, Zn2+ and Fe2+. Phytic acid also has a potential for binding positively charged proteins, and amino acids in feedstuffs. Objective of the research were to determine optimum phytase and substrates concentration and time reactions of phytic acid in the feedstuffs degrade by phytase. The research was designed in a completely randomized design (CRD) with 4 treatments and 4 replicates. Treatments were phytase concentrations (A: 0, B: 100,C: 200, D: 300 U/kg); feedstuffs concentrations (A: 5, B:10, C: 15, D: 20% (w/v)) and time reactions (1, 2, 4, 6 h) Measured variable was: phytic acid content and phosphorous in organic released. The subsrates used are feedstuffs such as soybean, rice bran, corn and coconut cake meal. The results showed that different feedstuffs has different optimum enzyme concentration and different substrates concentration and time reactions. The results also showed that degradation of phytic acid by new phytase from Fusarium verticilliodes has been shown to vary depending on the type of the feedstuffs. The results showed that the profile phosporus in organic released were rice bran > corn > soybean > coconut cake meal, whereas in the optimum enzyme and substrates concentrations could released 139; 126; 107 and 82 μmols Pi/ml respectively. All of the degradation of phytic acid showed that highly significant (P<0.01) between the feedstuffs The optimum substrates and enzyme concentration were 20% (w/v) and 300 U/kg of phytase, respectively at 55°C and pH 5.5. Among the feedstuff used have different reactions time where rice bran and coconut cake meal have 6 h while 2 h for soybean and corn meal. When feedstuffs were treated with phytase, the phytate decreased. The results could be concluded that the phytase produced by Fusarium verticilliodes could be improved the phosphorus (P) and decrease of phytate. Keywords— phytate phosphorus, soybean, rice bran, corn and coconut cake meal
Recently, alcohol fuels have been produced on industrial scales by fermentation of sugars deriv... more Recently, alcohol fuels have been produced on industrial scales by fermentation of sugars derived from wheat, corn, sugar beets, sugar cane etc. The enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulosic materials to produce fermentable sugars has an enormous potential in meeting global bioenergy demand through the biorefinery concept, since agri-food processes generate millions of tones of waste each year (Xeros and Christakopoulos 2009) such as sugar cane baggase , wheat straw, rice straw, corn cob, and oil palm trunk. In fact oil palm trunk is one of the most abundant lignocellulosic wastes by-products worldwide especially come from Malaysia, Indonesia and Nigeria and provides an alternative substrate to produce useful chemicals such as bioethanol. Usually, from the ages 3 years to 25 years, is the economical life of oil palm and after that, it is cut for replantation. The size of trunk usually is 15-18 meters in length and 46-60 centimeters in diameter. The trunk after cutting is agricultural waste causing problem in elimination but due to the trunk contains about 42% cellulose, 34.4%hemicellulose, 17.1% lignin and 7.3% other compounds,these agricultural wastes could make value added products (Pumiput, 2006).This research was production of bioethanol from oil palm trunk via saccharafication by cocktail carbohydrases enzymes. Enzymatic saccharification of acid treated oil palm trunk was carried out in reaction mixture containing 40 g treated oil palm trunk in 200 ml 0.1 M citrate buffer pH 4.8 with 500 unit/kg amylase for treatment A: Treatment B: Treatment A + 500 unit/kg cellulose; C: treatment B + 500 unit/kgg xylanase: D: treatment D + 500 unit/kg ligninase and E: OPT without treated + 500 unit/kg amylase + 500 unit/kg cellulose + 500 unit/kg xylanase + 500 unit/kg ligninase. The reaction mixture was incubated on a water bath rotary shaker adjusted to 600C and 75 rpm. The samples were withdraw at intervals 12 and 24, 36, 48,60, and 72 hr. For bioethanol production in biofermentor of 5L the hydrolysis product were inoculated a loop of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and then incubated at 34 0C under static conditions. Samples are withdraw after 12, 24, 36, 48 and 72 hr for bioethanol and residual glucose.
Figure 1. Enzymatic hydrolysis of OPT Figure 2. Bioethanol production
The results of the enzymatic hidrolysis (Figure1) showed that the treatment B (OPT hydrolyzed with amylase and cellulase) have optimum condition for glucose production, where was both of enzymes can be degraded OPT perfectly. The same results also reported by Primarini et al., (2012) reported the optimum conditions the hydrolysis of OPT was at concentration of 25% (w /v) with 0.3% (w/v) amylase, 0.6% (w /v) glucoamylase and 4% (w/v) cellulase. In the Figure 2 showed that optimum bioethanol produced at 48 hr after incubation,if time increased the biothanol decreased. According Roukas (1996), a decrease in the concentration of ethanol occur at excess glucose as substrate and product inhibition effects. Substrate concentration is too high reduces the amount of dissolved oxygen, although in very small amounts, oxygen is still needed in the fermentation by Saccaromyces cerevisiae to keep life in high cell concentrations (Nowak 2000, Tao et al. 2005). The results of the research can be conluded that the optimum enzymatic hydrolysis occured when the OPT added with amylase and cellulase and optimum bioethanol produced at 48 hr incubation using Saccharomyses cerevicea whereas 18.08 % bioethanol produced from glucose conversion.
Nowak, J. (2000). Electronic Journal of Polish Agricultural Universities, Vol. 3, No. 2, seri Food Science and Technology. Primarini,D; Syafruddin,A; Supriyanti A; Muchtar L. 2012. Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology. Pumiput, P. 2006..M.S.Thesis, Kasetsart University. Bangkok. p. 50. Roukas, T. (1996). Journal of Food Engineering, 27:87-96. Tao, F., Miao, J. Y., Shi, G. Y. dan Zhang, K. C. 2003 Process Biochemistry , Elsevier, 40, 183-187 Xiros C., Christakopoulos P.(2009). Biotechnol Biofuel ; 2:4.
Abstract— The research porpused to scale up production of bioethanol from oil palm trunk by enzym... more Abstract— The research porpused to scale up production of bioethanol from oil palm trunk by enzymatic hydrolysis usig amylase and cellulose thermostable. The experiment consisted of two stages, the phase I trials were enzymatic saccharification of acid treated oil palm trunk was carried out in reaction mixture containing 40% acid treated oil palm trunk in 10 L of 0.1 M phosphate buffer pH 7.0 with 500 unit/kg of amylase and cellulose thermostable for treatment A. and B: 60% acid treated oil palm trunk in 10 L of 0.1 M phosphate buffer pH 7.0 with 500 unit/kg of amylase and cellulose thermostable. The oil palm trunk slurry was incubated on a water bath rotary shaker adjusted to 100 0C and 90 rpm for 30 menit for saccharification process, after the slurry was filtered using squezer machine, the process continued for liquifaction, the temperature was 600C whereas the enzyme added to the slurry. The samples were withdraw at intervals 2, 4 and 8 hr. The phase II trials were for bioethanol production in biofermentor of 10 L, the hydrolysis product were added with 0.2; 0.4 and 0.6 % of urea as nitrogen sources, 0.5 % (DM) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae powder then inoculated to the mixtures and incubated at room temperatur under static conditions. Samples were withdraw after 48 hr, bioethanol and residual glucose were measured. The results showed that, for the phase I trials were the treatment B produced more total glucose and reducing sugar compared to treatment A, whereas no significant differents between the incubation times. The bioethanol rendement was higher when 0.2% of urea added compared the other treatments. The research concluded that for scale up of bioethanol production from oil palm trunk were 60 % acid treated oil palm trunk using 500 unit/kg amylase and 500 unit/kg of cellulase for 2 hr and 0.2 % urea of fermentation process for 48 hr.
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the optimization of the concentration of oil palm trunks and... more Abstract This study aimed to explore the optimization of the concentration of oil palm trunks and thermostable cellulose enzyme preformance produce highest sugar (glucose total and reducing sugars) as well as the degree of polymerization. The design used in this study was a completely randomized design (CRD) factorial using 2 factors: factor A consists of four levels of cellulose enzyme that A1: 250 U/kg, A2: 500 U/kg, A3: 750 U/kg and A4: 1000 U/kg. Factor B is the concentration of oil palm trunk yitu B1: 20% ; B2: 40% and B3: 60% were repeated 3 times. The results showed that there is a significantly effect (P <0.05) in the levels of cellulose enzyme (factor A) with the concentration of oil palm trunks (factor B) and interactions of enzyme and oil palm trunk (factor AB) to reducing sugar, total sugars and degree of polymerization (DP) . This research can be concluded that the best total sugar produced was 19.68 mg/ml, the reducing sugars was 11.17 and degree of polymerization was 3.47. Keyword: Cellulose, glucose, reducing sugars, degree of polymerization
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the optimization of the concentration of oil palm trunks and... more Abstract This study aimed to explore the optimization of the concentration of oil palm trunks and thermostable amylase enzyme preformance produce highest sugar (glucose total and reducing sugars) as well as the degree of polymerization. The design used in this study was a completely randomized design (CRD) factorial using 2 factors: factor A which consists of four levels of amylase enzyme that A1: 250 units / kg, A2: 500 units / kg, A3: 750 units / kg and A4: 1000 units / kg. Factor B is the concentration of oil palm trunk yitu B1: 20% (200 g / 1 liter) B2: 40% (400 grams / 1 liter) and B3: 60% (600 grams / 1 liter) were repeated 3 times. The results showed that there is a highly significant interaction (P <0.01) in the levels of amylase enzyme (factor A) with the concentration of oil palm trunks (factor B) on reducing sugar, siqnificantly interaction (P <0.05) on total sugars and degree of polymerization (DP) . This research can be concluded that the best treatment at a concentration of 60% oil palm trunks and levels 250 unit/kg of an enzyme concentration that produces of total sugars 7.86 mg/ml, reducing sugar 15.69 mg /ml and degree of polymerization 0.50 Kata kunci : amilase, total gula, gula pereduksi, derajat polimerisasi.
Abstract
The objectives of the study were to isolate and screen a bacterial strain which can prod... more Abstract The objectives of the study were to isolate and screen a bacterial strain which can produce xylanase at temperatures above 45 0C from hot spring in West Sumatera of Indonesia and to optimization of the best strain in the production of xylanase. The research from isolation found that 9 bacterial strains from different sources of hot spring, after screening for xylanase production using brich wood as inducer, three strains were expected to produce xylanase such as isolate NG2, NG3, and NG5. Based on the clear zone forming NG2 are the best xylanase producer, a maximum xylanolytic activity with 1.8 cm in diameter of clear zone was exhibited following by NG3 and NG5. Result from morphological identification all of isolates were spore-forming, gram negative, rods. The optimum growth of NG2 found that pH optimum medium 7.0; temperature 60 0C and incubation time 60 hr. Production of xylanase at optimum condition resulted the activity was 78.000 unit/ml and protein enzyme was 1.312 mg/ml, and resulted the specific actitivity 58.98 U/mg. The future research are to purify and characterization of the xylanase and application of the enzyme in pelleting of broiler feed.
Abstract
Two trials were performed to test the stability and efficacy of a crude enzyme preparati... more Abstract Two trials were performed to test the stability and efficacy of a crude enzyme preparation containing manannase to pelleting. In Trial 1, the enzyme was sprayed to fed coconut pulp-based diets before pelleting at concentrations 0 (without enzyme), 200, 400, 600 and 800 U/kg and pelleted after conditioning for 150 s at 65, and 750 C. In Trial 2, 30, male Cobb chicks were fed coconut pulp-based diets to 48 hours with no enzyme, or with enzyme addition before or after pelleting with conditioning for 150 s at 65 and 750 C. The methods used in the both trial are Factorial Completely Randomized Design Patterns 5 x 2 x 3 replications. The results of the trial 1 showed that there was no interaction between temperature with increased enzyme supplementation manannase, and temperature also affect enzyme levels did not differ significantly (P> 0.05) in the manufacture of pellets for residual enzyme activity in pelleted broiler manannase based coconut pulp. The results of the trial 2 showed that no interaction between temperature with increased supplementation manannase, while the effect of temperature in the manufacture of pellets did not differ significantly (p> 0.05) on digestibility of crude fiber, nitrogen retention and energy metabolism, but manannase enzyme supplementation treatment was highly significant (P <0.01) for crude fiber digestibility, nitrogen retention and energy metabolism. The conclusion of this study is the use of enzyme levels manannase 400 U / kg of pellets can improve pellet quality coconut pulp-based broiler Keyword : coconut pulp, manannase, broiler, pelleting
Abstract: Antibacterial activity limonoid compounds of three different solvent extracts (methanol... more Abstract: Antibacterial activity limonoid compounds of three different solvent extracts (methanol, ethyl acetate and n-heksane) prepared by soxhlet extractor from orange waste juice were screened against two pathogenic bacteria Escherichia coli and Salmonella enteridis. The highest antibacterial potentiality was exhibited by the limonoid-ethyl acetate followed by the (limonoid-methanol) and (limonoid-n-hexane).The orange waste juice extract can be considered to be as equally potent as the antibiotics. The zone of inhibition, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of the orange waste juice extracts showed that limonoids extracted with ethyl acetate (limonoids-ethyl acetate) resulted in better inhibition of limonoids extracted with (limonoidsmethanol) and (limonoids-n-hexane). The concentration 250 ppm of MIC were test showed inhibition of (limonoids-ethyl acetate) higher with a percentage minimum (44.15 for the bacterium Escherichia coli and 14.69 for the salmonella enteridis) than (limonoids-methanol) (10.67 and 3.84) and (limonoids-n-hexane) (35.58 and 14.10). In vitro antibacterial screening of crude (limonoid-ethyl acetate) (limonoid-methanol) and (limonoid-n-hexane) of methanol extract of orange juice waste with concentration 250 ppm were test showed the clear zone in millimeters (11.75 for the bacterium Escherichia coli and 10.25 for the salmonella enteridis) than limonoid-methanol (8.00 and 9.00) and limonoid-n-hexane (8.00 and 9.25). However, when compared to synthetic antibiotics (neomiditril and coleridin), the clear zone of limonoids lower (24%) but still showed his ability as an anti-microbial. (Limonoids-ethyl acetate) dose of 250 ppm showed better activity than doses of (limonoid-methanol) and (limonoid-n-heksana) for the bacterium Escherichia coli to salmonella enteridis bacterial at 11.918 and 9.158. From these results we can conclude (limonoids-ethyl acetate) extract better than (limonoids-methanol) and (limonoids-n-hexane) and can be used as a substitute for anti biotic synthetic antimicrobial. The phytochemical analysis of orange waste juice extracts showed presence of triter penes, alkaloid, flavonoids, steroid, phenolic, saponin. Key words: Limonoid compounds, antimicrobial activity, orange juice waste, phytochemical, MIC
Abstract: Rimbo Panti hot springs located bordering the province of West Sumatra and North Sumatr... more Abstract: Rimbo Panti hot springs located bordering the province of West Sumatra and North Sumatra, precisely in the District of East Pasaman Pasaman regency of West Sumatra Province approximately 200km from the city of Padang. Hot water samples obtained from 5 pools which have a normal temperature of 50- 95°C. The aim of this research was to isolate and identify Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) thermophilic activity from hot spring with pathogen bacteria (Escherichia coli O157: H7, Salmonella thypmurium and Listeria monocytogenes) followed identified by PCR. The bacteria isolated were growth on medium thermus cair and then deMan Rogosa and Sharpe (MRS) Agar supplement with CaCO3 1% and then performed purification by plate out on deMan Rogosa and Sharpe (MRS) Agar. It was found 23 isolates of LAB showed with clear zone around the culture and 5 isolates (N2, N4, N6, N9 and N12) has been antimicrobial activity against the growth of pathogenic bacteria. The results showed that isolates N6 had the highest antimicrobial activity against all bacteria test, with a range of inhibition zone 18-30 mm, gram positive, spore former coccus, non motility and catalase negative. LAB isolates that have the widest diameter of the clear zone continued to test the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). MIC values of isolates N6 supernatant against pathogenic bacteria Escherichia coli O157: H7 by 60 and 80% of the bacterial pathogen Salmonella thypmurium and 50% of the bacterial pathogen Listeria monocytogenes. Based on morphological examination and PCR analysis, the isolate N6 was primarily identified as Pediococcus pentosaceus strain A24 bacteria. Key words: Antimicrobial activity, hot spring, isolated, food biopreservatives, west sumatera
Feed quality for food safety. To produce ASUH (safe, healthy, whole and halal) food from broiler ... more Feed quality for food safety. To produce ASUH (safe, healthy, whole and halal) food from broiler , it should be fed with quality ration that free from chemical residues derived from synthetic antioxidants such as BHT, BHA and antibiotic for the meat contained residue that will cause negative effect. Microalgae has the potential to be used as natural supplement because it contains nutrients, antioxidant, cholesterolemic effect and plant growth regulator. Ojectives of this study is to exploit natural antioxidant substance in local microalgae extract as natural supplement for broiler. This research used local microalgae collected from water of the pond located around chicken farm in Nagari Mungka, 50 Kota District. DPPH free radical absorbance method used to test antioxidant activity, while ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) used as comparison, and was tested to broiler to oversee its performance. Best concentration tested to broilers and its performances was observed. The result of study ; Local microalgae extract has ability to inhibit DPPH free radical by concentration at 80 mg/ml which is equal to 6 mg/ml of Vitamin C. The performance after giving microalgae as antioxidant is better than Vitamin C because it contains nutrition and others secondary metabolic such as antimicrobial, cholesterolimic effect and plant growth regulator. Local microalgae is potential as source of natural antioxidants for producing ASUH broiler meat Keywords— Microalgae, Antioxidant Activity, ASUH Chicken Meat.
A novel sago starch degrading glucoamylase which had a strong amylopectin-hydrolyzing-activity wa... more A novel sago starch degrading glucoamylase which had a strong amylopectin-hydrolyzing-activity was purified to homogeneity from a culture filtrate of Acremonium sp. isolated from forest trees. The purified enzyme was an oligomeric protein of two sub-units with molecular weights of 22 and 39 kDa. Optimum temperature and pH for enzyme activity were around 55°C and 5.5, respectively. The enzyme was stable in a pH range of 3.0–7.0 and temperatures up to 60°C. The purified enzyme was strongly inhibited by EDTA. The enzyme catalyzed hydrolysis of amylose and amylopectin, showed apparent Km values of 10.0 and 3.8 mg/ml and Vmax of 195 μmol/ml/min and 391 μmol/ml/min, respectively. Glucose was the sole product released by the hydrolysis, indicating that this enzyme displays an exo-action of starch-degrading activity.
Attempts were made to improve the growth of endophytic fungus Acremonium sp. and its raw sago sta... more Attempts were made to improve the growth of endophytic fungus Acremonium sp. and its raw sago starch degrading enzyme (RSSDE) production using different nitrogen and carbon sources at varying pH values and temperatures. It was observed that growth and enzyme activity levels were highest with peptone and sodium nitrate as the nitrogen sources and raw sago starch as the carbon source of which the optimum concentrations were 0.5 g/l, 3 g/l, and 20 g/l, respectively. Cell growth and RSSDE production reached their optimum at pH 5.0 and incubation temperature of 30°C. Under these conditions, the enzyme production was significantly increased by 19- to 22-folds compared to the activity obtained in the original basal medium.
An endophytic fungus, Gibberella pulicaris, produced an amylase which degraded raw starches from ... more An endophytic fungus, Gibberella pulicaris, produced an amylase which degraded raw starches from cereals and other crops including raw potato, sago, tapioca, corn, wheat and rice starch. In each case, glucose was the main product. Among the raw starches used, raw potato starch gave the highest enzyme activity (85 units mg−1 protein) and raw wheat starch the lowest (49 units mg−1 protein). The highest amylase production (260 units mg−1 protein) was achieved when the concentration of raw potato starch was increased to 60 g l−1. Optimum hydrolysis was at 40 °C and pH 5.5.
World Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology, 2000
Four newly isolated strains of endophytic fungi namely Gibberella pulicaris, Acremonium sp., `Syn... more Four newly isolated strains of endophytic fungi namely Gibberella pulicaris, Acremonium sp., `Synnematous' sp. and Nodilusporium sp. were compared for their degradative activity on raw and gelatinized starches, substrate specificity and optimum pH. Results showed that the raw starch-degrading enzyme from Acremonium sp. had a broad activity towards both small and large granule size of raw starches while the enzyme from other strains showed high activity toward starches of smaller granule size. Analysis of the end product by TLC showed that enzyme from Gibberella pulicaris, Acremonium and Nodilusporium sp. hydrolysed raw sago starch to produce solely glucose but the enzyme of `Synnematous' sp. produced glucose and maltose.
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Papers by Yetti Marlida
of meatballs. The research had been performed using factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with
two factors i.e. liquid smoke concentration (0%, 3%, 5% and 7%) and shelf life at refrigeration temperature
(0, 5, 10 and 15 days). Parameter analyzed were water content, protein content, fat content, pH and Total
Plate Count (TPC). Liquid smoke concentration had significant effect on water content, protein content, fat
content, pH and Total Plate Count. Shelf life had significant effect on water content, protein content, fat content
and Total Plate Count but not for pH. The interaction of liquid smoke concentration and shelf life had
significant effect on protein content only. Applications of 7% liquid smoke in meatballs at 4±1°C increased
shelf life until 15 days storage were better accepted and retarded the decreased of pH and moisture content
compared to control. The result indicated that liquid smoke was an effective preservative agent for meatballs.
Key words: Coconut shell liquid smoke, meatballs preservation, TPC value
Fusarium verticillioides on Phosphor-deficient rations. This study used 24 broiler chickens (4 weeks). This
research used Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with five ration treatments with 4 replications. Ration
treatment was supplemented phytase with different doses: R1: 0 U/kg, R2: 250 U/ kg, R3: 500 U/kg, R4: 750
U/kg and R5: 1000 U/kg. Ration was based on iso protein (20%) and iso energy (2882 kcal/kg). The variables
measured were retention of phosphor, calcium and nitrogen. The results showed that supplementation of
phytase on broiler rations which Phosphor-deficiency was influenced the retention of Phosphor, calcium and
nitrogen significantly (P<0.01). The optimum phytase supplementation of Fusarium verticillioides on broiler
rations which phosphor-deficient was 750 U/kg ratio, it is seen from retention of phosphor (71.38%), calcium
(75.65%) and nitrogen (67.61%).
Key words: Phytase, supplementation, Fusarium verticillioides, retention, broiler
Sumatera of Indonesia. The bacteri isolated were grown on medium agar containing locust bean gum at
60°C for 48 hours to examine their mannanase production by using Congo red test. It was found that four
isolates showed positive results with clear zone around the cultures. All isolates were evaluated their
mannanase activity by growing in liquid medium supplemented with 0.5% locust bean gum as mannan
source. It was found that isolate SM-1.4 displayed that highest enzyme activity of 119,44 U/ml and specific
activity of 19.55 U/mg protein. The optimal growth conditions were at 60°C, pH 7 and 24 hours of incubation.
According to the morphological studies, the isolate SM-1.4 was primarily identified as the genus Bacillus.
The bacteria was gram negative and has endospore.
Key words: Thermophilic bacteria, hot spring, mannanase activity
Keywords— phytate phosphorus, soybean, rice bran, corn and coconut cake meal
Enzymatic saccharification of acid treated oil palm trunk was carried out in reaction mixture containing 40 g treated oil palm trunk in 200 ml 0.1 M citrate buffer pH 4.8 with 500 unit/kg amylase for treatment A: Treatment B: Treatment A + 500 unit/kg cellulose; C: treatment B + 500 unit/kgg xylanase: D: treatment D + 500 unit/kg ligninase and E: OPT without treated + 500 unit/kg amylase + 500 unit/kg cellulose + 500 unit/kg xylanase + 500 unit/kg ligninase. The reaction mixture was incubated on a water bath rotary shaker adjusted to 600C and 75 rpm. The samples were withdraw at intervals 12 and 24, 36, 48,60, and 72 hr. For bioethanol production in biofermentor of 5L the hydrolysis product were inoculated a loop of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and then incubated at 34 0C under static conditions. Samples are withdraw after 12, 24, 36, 48 and 72 hr for bioethanol and residual glucose.
Figure 1. Enzymatic hydrolysis of OPT Figure 2. Bioethanol production
The results of the enzymatic hidrolysis (Figure1) showed that the treatment B (OPT hydrolyzed with amylase and cellulase) have optimum condition for glucose production, where was both of enzymes can be degraded OPT perfectly. The same results also reported by Primarini et al., (2012) reported the optimum conditions the hydrolysis of OPT was at concentration of 25% (w /v) with 0.3% (w/v) amylase, 0.6% (w /v) glucoamylase and 4% (w/v) cellulase. In the Figure 2 showed that optimum bioethanol produced at 48 hr after incubation,if time increased the biothanol decreased. According Roukas (1996), a decrease in the concentration of ethanol occur at excess glucose as substrate and product inhibition effects. Substrate concentration is too high reduces the amount of dissolved oxygen, although in very small amounts, oxygen is still needed in the fermentation by Saccaromyces cerevisiae to keep life in high cell concentrations (Nowak 2000, Tao et al. 2005). The results of the research can be conluded that the optimum enzymatic hydrolysis occured when the OPT added with amylase and cellulase and optimum bioethanol produced at 48 hr incubation using Saccharomyses cerevicea whereas 18.08 % bioethanol produced from glucose conversion.
Nowak, J. (2000). Electronic Journal of Polish Agricultural Universities, Vol. 3, No. 2, seri Food Science and Technology.
Primarini,D; Syafruddin,A; Supriyanti A; Muchtar L. 2012. Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology.
Pumiput, P. 2006..M.S.Thesis, Kasetsart University. Bangkok. p. 50.
Roukas, T. (1996). Journal of Food Engineering, 27:87-96.
Tao, F., Miao, J. Y., Shi, G. Y. dan Zhang, K. C. 2003 Process Biochemistry , Elsevier, 40, 183-187
Xiros C., Christakopoulos P.(2009). Biotechnol Biofuel ; 2:4.
Keywords— Saccharification, liquifaction, enzymatic, sellulose , amylase
This study aimed to explore the optimization of the concentration of oil palm trunks and thermostable cellulose enzyme preformance produce highest sugar (glucose total and reducing sugars) as well as the degree of polymerization. The design used in this study was a completely randomized design (CRD) factorial using 2 factors: factor A consists of four levels of cellulose enzyme that A1: 250 U/kg, A2: 500 U/kg, A3: 750 U/kg and A4: 1000 U/kg. Factor B is the concentration of oil palm trunk yitu B1: 20% ; B2: 40% and B3: 60% were repeated 3 times. The results showed that there is a significantly effect (P <0.05) in the levels of cellulose enzyme (factor A) with the concentration of oil palm trunks (factor B) and interactions of enzyme and oil palm trunk (factor AB) to reducing sugar, total sugars and degree of polymerization (DP) . This research can be concluded that the best total sugar produced was 19.68 mg/ml, the reducing sugars was 11.17 and degree of polymerization was 3.47.
Keyword: Cellulose, glucose, reducing sugars, degree of polymerization
This study aimed to explore the optimization of the concentration of oil palm trunks and thermostable amylase enzyme preformance produce highest sugar (glucose total and reducing sugars) as well as the degree of polymerization. The design used in this study was a completely randomized design (CRD) factorial using 2 factors: factor A which consists of four levels of amylase enzyme that A1: 250 units / kg, A2: 500 units / kg, A3: 750 units / kg and A4: 1000 units / kg. Factor B is the concentration of oil palm trunk yitu B1: 20% (200 g / 1 liter) B2: 40% (400 grams / 1 liter) and B3: 60% (600 grams / 1 liter) were repeated 3 times. The results showed that there is a highly significant interaction (P <0.01) in the levels of amylase enzyme (factor A) with the concentration of oil palm trunks (factor B) on reducing sugar, siqnificantly interaction (P <0.05) on total sugars and degree of polymerization (DP) . This research can be concluded that the best treatment at a concentration of 60% oil palm trunks and levels 250 unit/kg of an enzyme concentration that produces of total sugars 7.86 mg/ml, reducing sugar 15.69 mg /ml and degree of polymerization 0.50
Kata kunci : amilase, total gula, gula pereduksi, derajat polimerisasi.
The objectives of the study were to isolate and screen a bacterial strain which can produce xylanase at
temperatures above 45 0C from hot spring in West Sumatera of Indonesia and to optimization of the best strain in
the production of xylanase. The research from isolation found that 9 bacterial strains from different sources of hot
spring, after screening for xylanase production using brich wood as inducer, three strains were expected to produce
xylanase such as isolate NG2, NG3, and NG5. Based on the clear zone forming NG2 are the best xylanase
producer, a maximum xylanolytic activity with 1.8 cm in diameter of clear zone was exhibited following by NG3
and NG5. Result from morphological identification all of isolates were spore-forming, gram negative, rods. The
optimum growth of NG2 found that pH optimum medium 7.0; temperature 60 0C and incubation time 60 hr.
Production of xylanase at optimum condition resulted the activity was 78.000 unit/ml and protein enzyme was
1.312 mg/ml, and resulted the specific actitivity 58.98 U/mg. The future research are to purify and characterization
of the xylanase and application of the enzyme in pelleting of broiler feed.
Two trials were performed to test the stability and efficacy of a crude enzyme preparation containing manannase to pelleting. In Trial 1, the enzyme was sprayed to fed coconut pulp-based diets before pelleting at concentrations 0 (without enzyme), 200, 400, 600 and 800 U/kg and pelleted after conditioning for 150 s at 65, and 750 C. In Trial 2, 30, male Cobb chicks were fed coconut pulp-based diets to 48 hours with no enzyme, or with enzyme addition before or after pelleting with conditioning for 150 s at 65 and 750 C. The methods used in the both trial are Factorial Completely Randomized Design Patterns 5 x 2 x 3 replications. The results of the trial 1 showed that there was no interaction between temperature with increased enzyme supplementation manannase, and temperature also affect enzyme levels did not differ significantly (P> 0.05) in the manufacture of pellets for residual enzyme activity in pelleted broiler manannase based coconut pulp.
The results of the trial 2 showed that no interaction between temperature with increased supplementation manannase, while the effect of temperature in the manufacture of pellets did not differ significantly (p> 0.05) on digestibility of crude fiber, nitrogen retention and energy metabolism, but manannase enzyme supplementation treatment was highly significant (P <0.01) for crude fiber digestibility, nitrogen retention and energy metabolism. The conclusion of this study is the use of enzyme levels manannase 400 U / kg of pellets can improve pellet quality coconut pulp-based broiler
Keyword : coconut pulp, manannase, broiler, pelleting
and n-heksane) prepared by soxhlet extractor from orange waste juice were screened against two
pathogenic bacteria Escherichia coli and Salmonella enteridis. The highest antibacterial potentiality was
exhibited by the limonoid-ethyl acetate followed by the (limonoid-methanol) and (limonoid-n-hexane).The
orange waste juice extract can be considered to be as equally potent as the antibiotics. The zone of inhibition,
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of the orange waste juice extracts showed that limonoids extracted
with ethyl acetate (limonoids-ethyl acetate) resulted in better inhibition of limonoids extracted with (limonoidsmethanol)
and (limonoids-n-hexane). The concentration 250 ppm of MIC were test showed inhibition of
(limonoids-ethyl acetate) higher with a percentage minimum (44.15 for the bacterium Escherichia coli and
14.69 for the salmonella enteridis) than (limonoids-methanol) (10.67 and 3.84) and (limonoids-n-hexane)
(35.58 and 14.10). In vitro antibacterial screening of crude (limonoid-ethyl acetate) (limonoid-methanol) and
(limonoid-n-hexane) of methanol extract of orange juice waste with concentration 250 ppm were test showed
the clear zone in millimeters (11.75 for the bacterium Escherichia coli and 10.25 for the salmonella enteridis)
than limonoid-methanol (8.00 and 9.00) and limonoid-n-hexane (8.00 and 9.25). However, when compared
to synthetic antibiotics (neomiditril and coleridin), the clear zone of limonoids lower (24%) but still showed
his ability as an anti-microbial. (Limonoids-ethyl acetate) dose of 250 ppm showed better activity than doses
of (limonoid-methanol) and (limonoid-n-heksana) for the bacterium Escherichia coli to salmonella enteridis
bacterial at 11.918 and 9.158. From these results we can conclude (limonoids-ethyl acetate) extract better
than (limonoids-methanol) and (limonoids-n-hexane) and can be used as a substitute for anti biotic synthetic
antimicrobial. The phytochemical analysis of orange waste juice extracts showed presence of triter penes,
alkaloid, flavonoids, steroid, phenolic, saponin.
Key words: Limonoid compounds, antimicrobial activity, orange juice waste, phytochemical, MIC
precisely in the District of East Pasaman Pasaman regency of West Sumatra Province approximately 200km
from the city of Padang. Hot water samples obtained from 5 pools which have a normal temperature of 50-
95°C. The aim of this research was to isolate and identify Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) thermophilic activity from
hot spring with pathogen bacteria (Escherichia coli O157: H7, Salmonella thypmurium and Listeria
monocytogenes) followed identified by PCR. The bacteria isolated were growth on medium thermus cair and
then deMan Rogosa and Sharpe (MRS) Agar supplement with CaCO3 1% and then performed purification
by plate out on deMan Rogosa and Sharpe (MRS) Agar. It was found 23 isolates of LAB showed with clear
zone around the culture and 5 isolates (N2, N4, N6, N9 and N12) has been antimicrobial activity against the
growth of pathogenic bacteria. The results showed that isolates N6 had the highest antimicrobial activity
against all bacteria test, with a range of inhibition zone 18-30 mm, gram positive, spore former coccus, non
motility and catalase negative. LAB isolates that have the widest diameter of the clear zone continued to test
the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). MIC values of isolates N6 supernatant against pathogenic
bacteria Escherichia coli O157: H7 by 60 and 80% of the bacterial pathogen Salmonella thypmurium and
50% of the bacterial pathogen Listeria monocytogenes. Based on morphological examination and PCR
analysis, the isolate N6 was primarily identified as Pediococcus pentosaceus strain A24 bacteria.
Key words: Antimicrobial activity, hot spring, isolated, food biopreservatives, west sumatera
quality ration that free from chemical residues derived from synthetic antioxidants such as BHT, BHA and antibiotic for the meat
contained residue that will cause negative effect. Microalgae has the potential to be used as natural supplement because it contains
nutrients, antioxidant, cholesterolemic effect and plant growth regulator. Ojectives of this study is to exploit natural antioxidant
substance in local microalgae extract as natural supplement for broiler. This research used local microalgae collected from water of
the pond located around chicken farm in Nagari Mungka, 50 Kota District. DPPH free radical absorbance method used to test
antioxidant activity, while ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) used as comparison, and was tested to broiler to oversee its performance. Best
concentration tested to broilers and its performances was observed. The result of study ; Local microalgae extract has ability to
inhibit DPPH free radical by concentration at 80 mg/ml which is equal to 6 mg/ml of Vitamin C. The performance after giving
microalgae as antioxidant is better than Vitamin C because it contains nutrition and others secondary metabolic such as
antimicrobial, cholesterolimic effect and plant growth regulator. Local microalgae is potential as source of natural antioxidants for
producing ASUH broiler meat
Keywords— Microalgae, Antioxidant Activity, ASUH Chicken Meat.
of meatballs. The research had been performed using factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with
two factors i.e. liquid smoke concentration (0%, 3%, 5% and 7%) and shelf life at refrigeration temperature
(0, 5, 10 and 15 days). Parameter analyzed were water content, protein content, fat content, pH and Total
Plate Count (TPC). Liquid smoke concentration had significant effect on water content, protein content, fat
content, pH and Total Plate Count. Shelf life had significant effect on water content, protein content, fat content
and Total Plate Count but not for pH. The interaction of liquid smoke concentration and shelf life had
significant effect on protein content only. Applications of 7% liquid smoke in meatballs at 4±1°C increased
shelf life until 15 days storage were better accepted and retarded the decreased of pH and moisture content
compared to control. The result indicated that liquid smoke was an effective preservative agent for meatballs.
Key words: Coconut shell liquid smoke, meatballs preservation, TPC value
Fusarium verticillioides on Phosphor-deficient rations. This study used 24 broiler chickens (4 weeks). This
research used Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with five ration treatments with 4 replications. Ration
treatment was supplemented phytase with different doses: R1: 0 U/kg, R2: 250 U/ kg, R3: 500 U/kg, R4: 750
U/kg and R5: 1000 U/kg. Ration was based on iso protein (20%) and iso energy (2882 kcal/kg). The variables
measured were retention of phosphor, calcium and nitrogen. The results showed that supplementation of
phytase on broiler rations which Phosphor-deficiency was influenced the retention of Phosphor, calcium and
nitrogen significantly (P<0.01). The optimum phytase supplementation of Fusarium verticillioides on broiler
rations which phosphor-deficient was 750 U/kg ratio, it is seen from retention of phosphor (71.38%), calcium
(75.65%) and nitrogen (67.61%).
Key words: Phytase, supplementation, Fusarium verticillioides, retention, broiler
Sumatera of Indonesia. The bacteri isolated were grown on medium agar containing locust bean gum at
60°C for 48 hours to examine their mannanase production by using Congo red test. It was found that four
isolates showed positive results with clear zone around the cultures. All isolates were evaluated their
mannanase activity by growing in liquid medium supplemented with 0.5% locust bean gum as mannan
source. It was found that isolate SM-1.4 displayed that highest enzyme activity of 119,44 U/ml and specific
activity of 19.55 U/mg protein. The optimal growth conditions were at 60°C, pH 7 and 24 hours of incubation.
According to the morphological studies, the isolate SM-1.4 was primarily identified as the genus Bacillus.
The bacteria was gram negative and has endospore.
Key words: Thermophilic bacteria, hot spring, mannanase activity
Keywords— phytate phosphorus, soybean, rice bran, corn and coconut cake meal
Enzymatic saccharification of acid treated oil palm trunk was carried out in reaction mixture containing 40 g treated oil palm trunk in 200 ml 0.1 M citrate buffer pH 4.8 with 500 unit/kg amylase for treatment A: Treatment B: Treatment A + 500 unit/kg cellulose; C: treatment B + 500 unit/kgg xylanase: D: treatment D + 500 unit/kg ligninase and E: OPT without treated + 500 unit/kg amylase + 500 unit/kg cellulose + 500 unit/kg xylanase + 500 unit/kg ligninase. The reaction mixture was incubated on a water bath rotary shaker adjusted to 600C and 75 rpm. The samples were withdraw at intervals 12 and 24, 36, 48,60, and 72 hr. For bioethanol production in biofermentor of 5L the hydrolysis product were inoculated a loop of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and then incubated at 34 0C under static conditions. Samples are withdraw after 12, 24, 36, 48 and 72 hr for bioethanol and residual glucose.
Figure 1. Enzymatic hydrolysis of OPT Figure 2. Bioethanol production
The results of the enzymatic hidrolysis (Figure1) showed that the treatment B (OPT hydrolyzed with amylase and cellulase) have optimum condition for glucose production, where was both of enzymes can be degraded OPT perfectly. The same results also reported by Primarini et al., (2012) reported the optimum conditions the hydrolysis of OPT was at concentration of 25% (w /v) with 0.3% (w/v) amylase, 0.6% (w /v) glucoamylase and 4% (w/v) cellulase. In the Figure 2 showed that optimum bioethanol produced at 48 hr after incubation,if time increased the biothanol decreased. According Roukas (1996), a decrease in the concentration of ethanol occur at excess glucose as substrate and product inhibition effects. Substrate concentration is too high reduces the amount of dissolved oxygen, although in very small amounts, oxygen is still needed in the fermentation by Saccaromyces cerevisiae to keep life in high cell concentrations (Nowak 2000, Tao et al. 2005). The results of the research can be conluded that the optimum enzymatic hydrolysis occured when the OPT added with amylase and cellulase and optimum bioethanol produced at 48 hr incubation using Saccharomyses cerevicea whereas 18.08 % bioethanol produced from glucose conversion.
Nowak, J. (2000). Electronic Journal of Polish Agricultural Universities, Vol. 3, No. 2, seri Food Science and Technology.
Primarini,D; Syafruddin,A; Supriyanti A; Muchtar L. 2012. Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology.
Pumiput, P. 2006..M.S.Thesis, Kasetsart University. Bangkok. p. 50.
Roukas, T. (1996). Journal of Food Engineering, 27:87-96.
Tao, F., Miao, J. Y., Shi, G. Y. dan Zhang, K. C. 2003 Process Biochemistry , Elsevier, 40, 183-187
Xiros C., Christakopoulos P.(2009). Biotechnol Biofuel ; 2:4.
Keywords— Saccharification, liquifaction, enzymatic, sellulose , amylase
This study aimed to explore the optimization of the concentration of oil palm trunks and thermostable cellulose enzyme preformance produce highest sugar (glucose total and reducing sugars) as well as the degree of polymerization. The design used in this study was a completely randomized design (CRD) factorial using 2 factors: factor A consists of four levels of cellulose enzyme that A1: 250 U/kg, A2: 500 U/kg, A3: 750 U/kg and A4: 1000 U/kg. Factor B is the concentration of oil palm trunk yitu B1: 20% ; B2: 40% and B3: 60% were repeated 3 times. The results showed that there is a significantly effect (P <0.05) in the levels of cellulose enzyme (factor A) with the concentration of oil palm trunks (factor B) and interactions of enzyme and oil palm trunk (factor AB) to reducing sugar, total sugars and degree of polymerization (DP) . This research can be concluded that the best total sugar produced was 19.68 mg/ml, the reducing sugars was 11.17 and degree of polymerization was 3.47.
Keyword: Cellulose, glucose, reducing sugars, degree of polymerization
This study aimed to explore the optimization of the concentration of oil palm trunks and thermostable amylase enzyme preformance produce highest sugar (glucose total and reducing sugars) as well as the degree of polymerization. The design used in this study was a completely randomized design (CRD) factorial using 2 factors: factor A which consists of four levels of amylase enzyme that A1: 250 units / kg, A2: 500 units / kg, A3: 750 units / kg and A4: 1000 units / kg. Factor B is the concentration of oil palm trunk yitu B1: 20% (200 g / 1 liter) B2: 40% (400 grams / 1 liter) and B3: 60% (600 grams / 1 liter) were repeated 3 times. The results showed that there is a highly significant interaction (P <0.01) in the levels of amylase enzyme (factor A) with the concentration of oil palm trunks (factor B) on reducing sugar, siqnificantly interaction (P <0.05) on total sugars and degree of polymerization (DP) . This research can be concluded that the best treatment at a concentration of 60% oil palm trunks and levels 250 unit/kg of an enzyme concentration that produces of total sugars 7.86 mg/ml, reducing sugar 15.69 mg /ml and degree of polymerization 0.50
Kata kunci : amilase, total gula, gula pereduksi, derajat polimerisasi.
The objectives of the study were to isolate and screen a bacterial strain which can produce xylanase at
temperatures above 45 0C from hot spring in West Sumatera of Indonesia and to optimization of the best strain in
the production of xylanase. The research from isolation found that 9 bacterial strains from different sources of hot
spring, after screening for xylanase production using brich wood as inducer, three strains were expected to produce
xylanase such as isolate NG2, NG3, and NG5. Based on the clear zone forming NG2 are the best xylanase
producer, a maximum xylanolytic activity with 1.8 cm in diameter of clear zone was exhibited following by NG3
and NG5. Result from morphological identification all of isolates were spore-forming, gram negative, rods. The
optimum growth of NG2 found that pH optimum medium 7.0; temperature 60 0C and incubation time 60 hr.
Production of xylanase at optimum condition resulted the activity was 78.000 unit/ml and protein enzyme was
1.312 mg/ml, and resulted the specific actitivity 58.98 U/mg. The future research are to purify and characterization
of the xylanase and application of the enzyme in pelleting of broiler feed.
Two trials were performed to test the stability and efficacy of a crude enzyme preparation containing manannase to pelleting. In Trial 1, the enzyme was sprayed to fed coconut pulp-based diets before pelleting at concentrations 0 (without enzyme), 200, 400, 600 and 800 U/kg and pelleted after conditioning for 150 s at 65, and 750 C. In Trial 2, 30, male Cobb chicks were fed coconut pulp-based diets to 48 hours with no enzyme, or with enzyme addition before or after pelleting with conditioning for 150 s at 65 and 750 C. The methods used in the both trial are Factorial Completely Randomized Design Patterns 5 x 2 x 3 replications. The results of the trial 1 showed that there was no interaction between temperature with increased enzyme supplementation manannase, and temperature also affect enzyme levels did not differ significantly (P> 0.05) in the manufacture of pellets for residual enzyme activity in pelleted broiler manannase based coconut pulp.
The results of the trial 2 showed that no interaction between temperature with increased supplementation manannase, while the effect of temperature in the manufacture of pellets did not differ significantly (p> 0.05) on digestibility of crude fiber, nitrogen retention and energy metabolism, but manannase enzyme supplementation treatment was highly significant (P <0.01) for crude fiber digestibility, nitrogen retention and energy metabolism. The conclusion of this study is the use of enzyme levels manannase 400 U / kg of pellets can improve pellet quality coconut pulp-based broiler
Keyword : coconut pulp, manannase, broiler, pelleting
and n-heksane) prepared by soxhlet extractor from orange waste juice were screened against two
pathogenic bacteria Escherichia coli and Salmonella enteridis. The highest antibacterial potentiality was
exhibited by the limonoid-ethyl acetate followed by the (limonoid-methanol) and (limonoid-n-hexane).The
orange waste juice extract can be considered to be as equally potent as the antibiotics. The zone of inhibition,
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of the orange waste juice extracts showed that limonoids extracted
with ethyl acetate (limonoids-ethyl acetate) resulted in better inhibition of limonoids extracted with (limonoidsmethanol)
and (limonoids-n-hexane). The concentration 250 ppm of MIC were test showed inhibition of
(limonoids-ethyl acetate) higher with a percentage minimum (44.15 for the bacterium Escherichia coli and
14.69 for the salmonella enteridis) than (limonoids-methanol) (10.67 and 3.84) and (limonoids-n-hexane)
(35.58 and 14.10). In vitro antibacterial screening of crude (limonoid-ethyl acetate) (limonoid-methanol) and
(limonoid-n-hexane) of methanol extract of orange juice waste with concentration 250 ppm were test showed
the clear zone in millimeters (11.75 for the bacterium Escherichia coli and 10.25 for the salmonella enteridis)
than limonoid-methanol (8.00 and 9.00) and limonoid-n-hexane (8.00 and 9.25). However, when compared
to synthetic antibiotics (neomiditril and coleridin), the clear zone of limonoids lower (24%) but still showed
his ability as an anti-microbial. (Limonoids-ethyl acetate) dose of 250 ppm showed better activity than doses
of (limonoid-methanol) and (limonoid-n-heksana) for the bacterium Escherichia coli to salmonella enteridis
bacterial at 11.918 and 9.158. From these results we can conclude (limonoids-ethyl acetate) extract better
than (limonoids-methanol) and (limonoids-n-hexane) and can be used as a substitute for anti biotic synthetic
antimicrobial. The phytochemical analysis of orange waste juice extracts showed presence of triter penes,
alkaloid, flavonoids, steroid, phenolic, saponin.
Key words: Limonoid compounds, antimicrobial activity, orange juice waste, phytochemical, MIC
precisely in the District of East Pasaman Pasaman regency of West Sumatra Province approximately 200km
from the city of Padang. Hot water samples obtained from 5 pools which have a normal temperature of 50-
95°C. The aim of this research was to isolate and identify Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) thermophilic activity from
hot spring with pathogen bacteria (Escherichia coli O157: H7, Salmonella thypmurium and Listeria
monocytogenes) followed identified by PCR. The bacteria isolated were growth on medium thermus cair and
then deMan Rogosa and Sharpe (MRS) Agar supplement with CaCO3 1% and then performed purification
by plate out on deMan Rogosa and Sharpe (MRS) Agar. It was found 23 isolates of LAB showed with clear
zone around the culture and 5 isolates (N2, N4, N6, N9 and N12) has been antimicrobial activity against the
growth of pathogenic bacteria. The results showed that isolates N6 had the highest antimicrobial activity
against all bacteria test, with a range of inhibition zone 18-30 mm, gram positive, spore former coccus, non
motility and catalase negative. LAB isolates that have the widest diameter of the clear zone continued to test
the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). MIC values of isolates N6 supernatant against pathogenic
bacteria Escherichia coli O157: H7 by 60 and 80% of the bacterial pathogen Salmonella thypmurium and
50% of the bacterial pathogen Listeria monocytogenes. Based on morphological examination and PCR
analysis, the isolate N6 was primarily identified as Pediococcus pentosaceus strain A24 bacteria.
Key words: Antimicrobial activity, hot spring, isolated, food biopreservatives, west sumatera
quality ration that free from chemical residues derived from synthetic antioxidants such as BHT, BHA and antibiotic for the meat
contained residue that will cause negative effect. Microalgae has the potential to be used as natural supplement because it contains
nutrients, antioxidant, cholesterolemic effect and plant growth regulator. Ojectives of this study is to exploit natural antioxidant
substance in local microalgae extract as natural supplement for broiler. This research used local microalgae collected from water of
the pond located around chicken farm in Nagari Mungka, 50 Kota District. DPPH free radical absorbance method used to test
antioxidant activity, while ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) used as comparison, and was tested to broiler to oversee its performance. Best
concentration tested to broilers and its performances was observed. The result of study ; Local microalgae extract has ability to
inhibit DPPH free radical by concentration at 80 mg/ml which is equal to 6 mg/ml of Vitamin C. The performance after giving
microalgae as antioxidant is better than Vitamin C because it contains nutrition and others secondary metabolic such as
antimicrobial, cholesterolimic effect and plant growth regulator. Local microalgae is potential as source of natural antioxidants for
producing ASUH broiler meat
Keywords— Microalgae, Antioxidant Activity, ASUH Chicken Meat.