El pollo de carne alcanza el peso al sacrificio en un período de tiempo cada vez menor, lo que se... more El pollo de carne alcanza el peso al sacrificio en un período de tiempo cada vez menor, lo que se debe en gran medida al mayor consumo de alimento en los primeros días de vida. Esta mejora se debe a la genética y a la nutrición. Se recomienda que los pollos recién nacidos consuman alimento y agua tan pronto como sea posible a fin de forzar un crecimiento rápido. Sin embargo, debido a las prácticas de manejo y al sistema de transporte, es frecuente observar ayunos de 24 a 48 horas (Nir & Levanon, 1993).
El exceso de grasa en la canal del pollo broilers es un problema comercial grave ya que la grasa ... more El exceso de grasa en la canal del pollo broilers es un problema comercial grave ya que la grasa abdominal es eliminada durante el despiece. Ademas los consumidores rechazan los alimentos ricos en grasa, especialmente si estas son saturadas y de origen animal. El contenido de grasa de la canal esta influenciado por factores tales como la genética, el sexo, la edad, la temperatura, la nutrición y el manejo.
Reporte exclusivo sobre el consumo milenario del chacko (arcilla 3A-T) en Puno-Peru. Las arcillas... more Reporte exclusivo sobre el consumo milenario del chacko (arcilla 3A-T) en Puno-Peru. Las arcillas tienen la propiedad de atrapar y/o reutralizar a ciertas sustancias toxicas, estabilizan la acidez gastrica, especialmente frente a la resaca alcohólica, son ricas en calcio y hierro protegen a la mucosa intestinal, ayudan a regenerar el epitelio gastrico y en general favorecen al proceso digestivo de los alimentos.
DIGESTIBLE ENERGY OF NOVEL
FEEDSTUFFS IN RAINBOW TROUT
(Oncorrynchus mykiss).
Marcelino Jorge Ara... more DIGESTIBLE ENERGY OF NOVEL FEEDSTUFFS IN RAINBOW TROUT (Oncorrynchus mykiss). Marcelino Jorge Aranibar Aranibar, Enrique Calmet Uria y Bernardo Roque Huanca
ABSTRACT
A trial was conducted to study the digestible energy value of novel feedstuffs in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). A basal diet was considered with fish meal and 10 experimental diets that included 70% of basal diet and 30% of value of novel feedstuffs in meal presentation (quinoa, cañihua, amaranth, lupine,wheat, sacha inchi and Brazil nut) and an animal byproduct (pota meal). The digestible energy was determined by conventional digestibility experiments with the indirect method, using acid insoluble ash as an indigestible marker (Hyflo Super Cel ). The digestible energy was ® determined in 180 rainbow trout with 93 g of body weight and 20 cm in total length. The fishes were randomly distributed into 9 tanks of 500 L of capacity. For then were considered two periods of 14 days (7 days preexperimental time and 7 days of fecal collection time) and each period of digestible energy from 3 diets were determined with 3 replicates each diet. The energy content of feedstuffs and feces collected were determined with a calorimeter Parr Instruments 1341 . The digestible ® energy of feedstuffswas calculated by an equation involving the energy of feed and feces and the proportions of the basal diet (70%) and value of novel feedstuffs (30%). The results were analyzed using descriptive statistics, analysis of variance and Tukey test for comparing the means of the digestible energy from value of novel feedstuffs. The digestible energy content was greater in pota meal, lupine meal and sacha inchi meal (4,515, 4,279 and 3,992 cal/g, respectively), compare to other feedstuffs. It is concluded, that energy digestible presented in pota meal, sacha inchi meal and lupine meal were greater than other feedstuffs studied.
Abstract
The guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) eat all, but they know what eat.
Marleni Mamani, Hei... more Abstract
The guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) eat all, but they know what eat.
Marleni Mamani, Heidi K. Araníbar, Antonio Quinto y Marcelino J. Araníbar Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia Universidad Nacional del Altiplano (www.unap.edu.pe) Avenida El Ejercito, 329 Puno.
ABSTRACT
A research was carried out to determine nutritional content (dry matter-DM, crude protein-CP, ethereus extract-EE, crude fibre-CF, ash-As and nitrogen free extract-NFE), palatability and effect of native forages (kudzú, oropel, gramalote, chunchu rosario and aro aro) and Lucerne on productive parameters of guinea pigs under forest border conditions. After Lucerne, kudzú was the forage with more nutritional content with 23.9% DM, 13.3% CP, 2.9% EE, 12.3% CF, 7.5% As and 63.9% NFE, followed by oropel, gramalote, chunchu rosario and finally the aro aro. In the CIP Tambopata (San Juan del Oro) at UNAP, were carried out two experiments (E), in E1 palatability of the forages was studied and E2 effect of forage consumption on productive parameters of guinea pigs was determined. E1: 16 female guinea pigs were distributed at random in 8 boxes, initial body weight and final body weight was controlled and forage consumption during 10d were controlled (12h of consumed/d). The palatability was related with forage nutrients concentration, then the forage more consumed (g of DM per day) was kudzú (14.0), followed by gramalote (6.0), chunchu rosario (5.8), oropel (5.4) and aro aro (1.9). E2: 48 female guinea pigs were random distributed in 24 boxes. Productive parameters were controlled during 8 weeks. The guinea pigs had same pattern forage consumption that trial palatability (P <0.001). The forage consumption was related directly with body weight gain (g/d). The highest body weight gain was the Lucerne (10.3), followed by kudzú (8.7), gramalote (7.7), oropel (7.0), aro aro (6.8) and chunchu rosario (3.4), respectively (P <0.001). Also, forage conversion was correlated with the highest consumption and highest body weight gain of the guinea pigs during the experiment (P <0.001). In conclusion, the best performance of the guinea pigs was produced with kudzú forage and was explained by its major nutritional content and major palatability. These results confirm that guinea pigs the same as rodents select their feeds, according to quality nutritional content.
The effect of inclusion native clay 3A-T (Chacko) in fed contaminated with mycotoxins on broiler ... more The effect of inclusion native clay 3A-T (Chacko) in fed contaminated with mycotoxins on broiler performance was studied until 42 d. The experiment was realized in the Poultry Research Center in CIP - Majes (Arequipa) dependence of UNAP. Four hundred male chicks (Cobb-500) were distributed randomized in complete experimental design with five treatments. There were four levels of clay 3A-T added into fed (control, 0.00, 0.25, 0.50 and 0.75 %) each treatment was replicated eight times (10 chicks/cage). All animals received a common diet from 0 to 14 d containing 23 % of crude protein and 3.00 Mcal ME/kg without mycotoxins. From 14 to 26 d of age all animals consumed experimental diets (control and with mycotoxins: 10 ppb of aflatoxins B1 and 40 ppb of ocratoxin A) with 22 % of crude protein and 3.10 Mcal ME/kg. Diet finished (27 – 42 d) was common for all animals and contained 20 % of protein and 3.20 Mcal ME/kg. Productive performance (fed consumption, body weight, fed conversion and mortality) was controlled at 14, 26 and 42 d. At 42 d of age, there were not differences in average consumed daily between treatments (69.5, 68.3, 69.5, 71.6 and 69.7, g/d; P > 0.05, respectively). Also, there were not differences in body weight (1937.2, 1899.3, 1918.6, 1965.0 and 1924.8 g; P >0.05, respectively). Neither differences were in fed conversion (1.54, 1.55, 1.56, 1.57 and 1.56 g/g; P > 0.05, respectively) and mortality at 42 of age. We were concluded that level of mycotoxins and clay 3A-T addition in fed no affected negatively productive performance. Key Words: Native clay, Aflatoxins, Broiler and Mycotoxins.
Poultry Science
Annual Meeting
Abstracts
Poultry Science Association
Volume 80, Suplement 1
Indi... more Poultry Science Annual Meeting Abstracts
Poultry Science Association Volume 80, Suplement 1 Indianapolis, Indiana - USA July 24-28, 2001
710 Influence of source of energy of the pre-starter diet on performance and nutrient digestibility of broiler.
M.J. Araníbar, M. I. Gracia, R. Lazaro*, and G. G. Mateos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain.
Abstract
A trial was conducted to investigate the influence of different energy sources in the pre-starter diet on performance and nutrient digestibility of broiler chicks. There were five treatments and five replicates of four chicks per treatment. The experimental diets (0 to 10d) were based on corn and soybean meal and included either 6.8% of a fat source (sun-flower oil, fish oil or lard) or 15.0% of a carbohydrate source (starch or sucrose). The nutrient content of these diets was approximately 3,150 kcal AMEn/kg and 1.33% Lys for the fat diets and 2,920 kcal AMEn/kg and 1.23% Lys for the carbohydrate diets. From 10 to 21d all the birds received a common diet containing 3,000 kcal AMEn/kg and 1.33% Lys. Productive performance was measured at 10 and 21d and apparent fecal digestibility of crude protein (CPD) and crude fat (CFD), and the AMEn of the diets were determined at 4, 7, and 10d of age. No differences in performance were observed among treatments at 21d of age. As expected, birds fed the fat diets had similar body weight but better feed conversion (P<0.01) than broilers fed the carbohydrate diets at 10d of age. Apparent CPD and AMEn of the diets increased with age (48.3, 55.4, and 58.4%; P<0.001, and 2,637, 2,731, and 2,853 kcal AME/kg; P<0.001 at 4, 7, and 10d of age, respectively). Unexpectedly, apparent CFD decreased at 7d as compared to 4d (67.7 vs 76.4%; P<0.01) and then increased slightly at 10d of age (70.5%). The differences on CFD between 4 and 7d were more pronounced for fish oil (80.8 vs 58.4%; P<0.001) and lard (77.8 vs 62.3%; P<0.001) than for sunflower oil (84.7 vs 80.3%; P>0.05). We conclude that fat digestibility of chicks was lower at 7 than at 4 or 10d and that type and source of energy used from 0 to 10d does not influence broiler performance at 21d.
Poultry Science
Annual Meeting
Abstracts
Poultry Science Association
Volume 80, Suplement 1
Indi... more Poultry Science Annual Meeting Abstracts
Poultry Science Association Volume 80, Suplement 1 Indianapolis, Indiana - USA July 24-28, 2001
692 Influence of heat processing of corn and barley and enzyme supplementation on nutrient digestibility of broiler chicks.
M. I. Gracia*, M. J. Araníbar, and G. G. Mateos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain.
Abstract Atrial was conducted to study the influence of heat processing (HP) of cereals, and enzyme supplementation (ES) on digestibility of nutrients of broilers from 0 to 21d. There were 8 treatments arranged factorially, with two basal cereals (corn vs barley), two processing treatments (raw vs cooked for 1h at 103◦C and 19% moisture), and two levels of ES (0 vs 500ppm). The enzyme complex contained 20,000 TLXU of xylanases, 90 BAU of α-amylases, and 19,000 PU of proteases per kg. Each treatment was replicated 5 times (16 Cobb chicks per cage). The apparent fecal digestibility (AFD) of organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) was measured at 4, 8, 15, and 21d of age. Digestibility of nutrients varied with time for all treatments (P<0.05). Heat processing improved AFD of OM, CP, and NDF until 8d of age (58.6 vs 62.1 %, 45.5 vs 47.6 %, and 22.6 vs 27.5 %, respectively; P<0.05), but not thereafter. However, HP increased AFD of EE throughout the trial (58.4 vs 64.3 %; P<0.05). Also, HP increased AFD of NDF in barley but not in corn diets (P<0.01), while the opposite occurred for EE (P<0.01). Birds fed barley had lower digestibility coefficient of OM at 8 and 15d (P<0.05) than broilers fed corn diets, but the differences disappeared thereafter. On the other hand, AFD of EE was greater for barley than for corn diets throughout the trial (P<0.01). Enzyme supplementation improved AFD of OM, CP and EE for all diets throughout the trial (61.3 vs 64.0 %, 46.7 vs 51.1 %, and 58.9 vs 63.7 %, respectively; P<0.05) but the effect was greater for barley than for corn diets (P<0.05). Enzyme supplementation improved AFD of EE more for HP than for raw cereal diets (P=0.05). It is concluded that nutrient digestibility of broiler chicks was modified by both HP and ES though the beneficial effects of HP were only noticed during the first week of age, and the effect of ES was greater for barley than for corn diets. Key Words: Heat Processing, Digestibility, Broilers.
Poultry Science
Annual Meeting
Abstracts
Poultry Science Association
2000 World’s Poultry Congre... more Poultry Science Annual Meeting Abstracts
Poultry Science Association 2000 World’s Poultry Congress, Montreal, Quebec, Canada August 18–20, 2000
183 Influence of Post hatch Holding Time and Diet Composition on Early Digestibility of Nutrients and Broiler Performance.
M.J. Araníbar, M.I. Gracia, M. García*, and G.G. Mateos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain.
Abstract
The effect of post hatch holding time (PHT) and diet composition on digestibility of nutrients and productive performance was studied in broilers using a completely randomized design with 18 treatments. There were two PHT (12 vs 36 h), three energy levels (2,820, 3,000, and 3,180 kcal AMEn/kg), and three protein levels (21.6, 23.0, and 24.4% corresponding to 1.23, 1.34, and 1.43% of total Lys, respectively). There were 5 replicates (10 birds/cage) per treatment. The experimental diets were fed for 10d, and then all the birds received a common starter (10 to 21d) and finisher (21 to 42d) diet. The apparent digestibility of organic matter (OMD), crude protein (CPD), fat (FD) and AMEn was measured at 7 and 10d postfeeding. At the time of placement control chicks were heavier (44.5 vs 39.6 g, P<0.01) than chicks held without feed for 36 h. At 10d postfeeding, the chicks with a PHT of 36 h had better feed intake (20.6 vs 21.9 g/d; P<0.01) and grew more (17.8 vs 18.9 g/d; P<0.01) than the control birds, but not differences were detected for feed efficiency. Increasing the energy content of the diet improved feed efficiency (1.21, 1.16 and 1.12 g/g, respectively; P<0.01) but daily gains were not affected. Increasing the crude protein content of the diet also improved feed efficiency (P<0.01) but not daily gains. At 7d postfeeding, chicks held without feed for 36 h showed increased OMD, CPD, and AMEn of the diet (P<0.01) with respect to control chicks, but FD was not modified (P>0.05). As dietary energy content was increased the OMD, CPD, FD, and AMEn was improved (P<0.01). Protein level affected FD at 7d postfeeding (P<0.03) only. The digestibility coefficients for all the nutrients studied were higher at 10 than at 7d postfeeding. No differences among treatments for BW and feed efficiency were observed at 42d. In conclusion, a PHT of 36 h did not affect broiler performance at 42d and increased nutrient digestibility at 7 and 10d postfeeding whit respect to control non fasted birds.
Key Words: post hatch time, metabolizable energy, protein, digestibility
Poultry Science
Annual Meeting
Abstracts
Poultry Science Association
2000 World’s Poultry Congre... more Poultry Science Annual Meeting Abstracts
Poultry Science Association 2000 World’s Poultry Congress, Montreal, Quebec, Canada August 18–20, 2000
191 Use of a mixture of rapeseed and sunflower meal with or without hydrothermal processing in broiler diets.
R. Lázaro, M.I. Gracia, M.J. Araníbar, P. Medel, and G.G. Mateos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid.
Abstract A trial was conducted to study the effects of a mixture of rapeseed and sunflower meal (70:30) raw or cooked and expanded on nutrient digestibility and performance of broilers at 42 d. A total of 385 one-day old Cobb breeder male chicks were allotted at random into 7 treatments; a control diet based on extruded full fat soybean and soybean meal and 6 additional diets arranged factorially, with three levels of inclusion of the mixture (20, 15, and 10%) and two processing techniques (raw vs cooked and expanded). Each treatment was replicated 5 times (11 chicks per cage). All diets were formulated to be isonutritive and to exceed nutrient requirements of NRC (1994). At 42 d, broilers fed 10% of the cooked and expanded mixture had the same performance than control birds. Hydrothermal treatment of the mixture improved AMEn of the diet (3,170 vs 3,107 kcal/kg DM; P<0.005), fat digestibility (73.7 vs 69.9%; P<0.05), and daily gain from 1 to 21 d (23.3 vs 22.4 g/d; P=0.07). When the mixture was supplied at 20% of inclusion, hydrothermal processing improved performance from 22 to 42 d, but not from 1 to 21 d. At 42 d, feed efficiency of broilers fed the mixture at any level was similar to those fed the full fat soybean control diet, but BW was lower when the non-treated mixture was used at more than 10%. The mixture also decreased AMEn (3,138 vs 3,220 kcal/kg DM) and digestibility of DM (68.7 vs 71.4%), organic matter (70.4 vs 72.9%) and fat (71.8 vs 78.6%) with respect to the control diet (P<0.005). It is concluded that a mixture of rapeseed and sunflower meal can be used successfully in broiler diets from 1 to 42 d. Level of inclusion up to 20% can be used from 22 to 42 d, but not from 1 to 21 d. The inclusion of 10% of the cooked and expanded mixture produced similar results to those of the control diet from 1 to 21 d and at the end of the experiment.
Poultry Science
Annual Meeting
Abstracts
Poultry Science Association
2000 World’s Poultry Congre... more Poultry Science Annual Meeting Abstracts
Poultry Science Association 2000 World’s Poultry Congress, Montreal, Quebec, Canada August 18–20, 2000
87 Influence of microbial phytase on bone ash and performance of broilers. P. Cachaldora1, M. J. Aranibar2, J. Mendez1, and G. G. Mateos*2, 1Coren SCL, Spain, 2Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain. Abstract An experiment was conducted to evaluate the influence of phytase supplementation (Natuphos® 5000) on strength and ash content of tarsus and performance of broiler chicks. A completely randomized design was used with four treatments arranged as a 2x2 factorial with two levels of available phosphorus (0.40 vs 0.32% from 0 to 21 d and 0.37 vs 0.29% from 22 to 42d of age) and two levels of phytase supplementation (0 vs 500 FTU microbial phytase/kg). There were six replicates per treatment (70 straight run chicks per pen). The diets were based on wheat, corn, soybean meal and meat and bone meal with 3,010 and 3,150 kcal ME/kg and 1.36 and 1.24% total lysine from 0 to 21 and from 21 to 42d, respectively. At the end of the trial four birds of each pen were killed by cervical dislocation and the tarsus was removed for measuring bone strength and ash content. At 42d of age no differences among treatments were detected for average daily gain (57.7, 57.0, 57.3, and 57.7 g/d, respectively; P>0.05), or feed conversion (1.71, 1.72, 1.72, and 1.71 g/g, respectively; P>0.05). Neither available phosphorus level nor phytase supplementation influenced tarsus strength (13.8 vs 14.6 kg/mm2 and 14.4 vs 14.0 kg/mm2, respectively) but phytase supplementation tended to improved tarsus ash content (31.8 vs 32.7%, P=0.09). We conclude that phytase supplementation improved bone ash and that 500 FTU of phytase are equivalent to at least 0.08 % of available phosphorus in commercial diets for broilers. Key Words: Broiler, Available phosphorous, Microbial phytase.
Poultry Science
Annual Meeting
Abstracts
Poultry Science Association
88th Annual Meeting
1999 Aug... more Poultry Science Annual Meeting Abstracts Poultry Science Association 88th Annual Meeting 1999 August 8-11 Springdale, Arkansas USA Poscal 78 (Supplement 1) Pages 1-165, 1999
224 Effect of source and level of xanthophylls on yolk pigmentation. M.J. Araníbar, M. Garcia, P.G. Rebollar, and G.G. Mateos*, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid. Abstract An experiment was conducted to evaluate the influence of source and level of xanthophylls in the diet of laying hens on yolk pigmentation. There were 16 treatments arranged factorially with two sources of yellow pigment (YEW), four levels of YEW (4, 6, 8, and 10 ppm), and two levels of red pigment (RED: 2.5 and 3.5 ppm). YEW were based on saponified marigold extract and contained either 3.8 g of lutein and 9.0 g of zeaxanthin/kg (HZ), or 16.5 g of lutein and 0.94 g of zeaxanthin/kg (LZ). RED contained 10 g of canthaxanthin/kg. Each treatment was replicated 3 times (5 molted hens, 60 wks of age, per cage). Experimental feed was based on white cereals with 2,740 kcal AMEn/kg, 4.4% of added fat, 16.4% crude protein, and 0.34% total methionine. All the birds received a white diet without pigmentation during 14 d and then each treatment received their respective experimental diet during 20 d. pigmentation of yolk o 10 eggs per replicate choosen at random during the last 5 d of trial were measured by both the Roche colour fan (RCF), 1993 and the Miniscan MS/S-4500L (Hunterlab system) colorimeter. YEW source an level of RED in the diet influenced yolk pigmentation. HZ improved yolk colour over LZ supplementation (RCF: 13.5 vs 13.3, P=.19; a*/b*: 0.603 vs 0.576, P<.01). Level of YEW did not modify yolk colour (RCF: 13.4, 13.4, 13.3, and 13.6, P>.05; a*/b*: 0.604, 0.578, 0.585, and 0.593, P>.05 for 4, 6, 8, and 10 ppm of YEW, respectively). RED at 3.5 ppm pigmented the yolk better than at 2.5 ppm (RCF: 13.7 vs 13.1; P<.01; a*/b*: 0.615 vs 0.565; P<.01). In conclusion HZ pigmented the yolk better than LZ, and the effect of RED on yolk pigmentation was more noticeable than the effect of YEW. Under the conditions of the present study values obtained by the Miniscan colorimeter (a*/b*) were consistently correlated (r=.73) with those obtained by RCF. Key Words: Layers, Zeaxanthin, Lutein, Yolk
A trial was conducted to study the influence of cooking–flaking
(C-F) of maize and enzyme supplem... more A trial was conducted to study the influence of cooking–flaking (C-F) of maize and enzyme supplementation (ES) of the diet on mucosa morphometry, digestive organ weight, dietary component digestibility and growth performance of broilers from1 to 21 days of age. There were 4 treatments arranged factorially with 2 heat processings of maize (raw and C-F) and 2 levels (0 and 500 mg/kg) of an enzyme complex with xylanase, protease and -amylase activity. Dietary treatment did not affect any productive trait from 1 to 21 days of age. However, from 1 to 4 days of age, body weight gain (P<0.01) and feed conversion ratio (P<0.001) were improved by ES of the diet. Intestinal viscosity increased with C-F of maize and decreased with ES of the diet (P<0.001). The effects of ES on intestinal viscosity were more pronounced with C-F than with raw maize (P<0.001) and at younger than older ages (P<0.05). Cooking–flaking of maize increasedtotal tract apparent digestibility of dry matter and organic matter (P<0.05) and of neutral detergent fibre and starch (P<0.001) and tended to improve ether extract (EE) digestibility (P<0.10). In addition, ES improved nitrogen retention (P<0.01) and EE digestibility (P<0.001). Digestibility of neutral detergent fibre and starch increased linearly (P<0.001) with age whereas nitrogen retention and organic matter, EE and gross energy digestibility decreased from 4 to 8 days of age and increased thereafter (P<0.001). The relative weight (g/kg body weight) of the pancreas decreased (P<0.01) and that of the liver increased (P<0.001) with C-F of maize. The relativeweight of the proventriculus, gizzard and liver reached a maximum before 6 days of age and that of the small intestine and pancreas at approximately 7.8 days of age (P<0.001). Enzymes increased villus height (P<0.05) but did not affect villus width or villus surface area. It is concluded that C-F of maize improved dietary component digestibility but had no effect on broiler performance at 21 days of age. In addition, ES improved nitrogen retention, EE digestibility and productive performance of broilers but only from 1 to 4 days of age.
Abstract 1. Laying hen performance, egg quality, intestinal viscosity and nutrient apparent
diges... more Abstract 1. Laying hen performance, egg quality, intestinal viscosity and nutrient apparent digestibility were evaluated with respect to the main cereal used in the diet and dosage rate of a fungal b-glucanase/xylanase enzyme complex. 2. Twelve diets were arranged factorially, with three soluble fibre cereals (SFC); 500 g/kg of wheat or barley or 350 g/kg of rye, and 4 enzyme concentrations (0, 250, 1250 and 2500 mg/kg). An additional control diet based on maize was also included. 3. The use of SFC in the diet instead of maize did not affect egg production or food efficiency, but hens fed on SFC diets exhibited a higher incidence of dirty eggs than hens fed on the maize diet (86 vs 46%; P<001). 4. Laying hens fed on enzyme-supplemented diets produced more eggs (21%; P<005) and had better food efficiency per dozen eggs (25%; P < 005) than hens fed on non-supplemented diets. An excess of enzymes in the diet (10 times the recommended dose) did not produce any deleterious effect on laying hen productivity. 5. Enzyme supplementation (ES) reduced intestinal viscosity (P<0001) and the incidence of dirty eggs (P<001). The reduction in viscosity was more pronounced in barley than in wheat or rye diets (P<005). 6. Apparent nutrient digestibility in SFC diets was higher with ES, including dry matter (31%; P¼008), fat (44%; P<0001), non-starch polysaccharides (833%; P<001) and AMEn (25%, P<001). 7. It is concluded that substitution of maize by SFC is facilitated by ES, especially with respect to egg production, food conversion efficiency and egg shell cleanliness. An excess of enzymes did not produce any deleterious effect on nutrient digestibility or performance of laying hens.
ABSTRACT A 42-d trial was conducted to study the
influence of exogenous α-amylase on digestive an... more ABSTRACT A 42-d trial was conducted to study the influence of exogenous α-amylase on digestive and performance traits in broilers fed a corn-soybean meal diet. There were two treatments (control and α-amylase supplemented diet) and six replicates (14 Cobb male chicks caged together) per treatment. At 7 d of age, α-amylase supplementation improved daily gain by 9.4% (P ≤ 0.05) and feed conversion by 4.2% (P ≤ 0.01). At the end of the trial, birds fed the α-amylase-supplemented diet ate more and grew faster (P ≤ 0.05) and had better feed conversion (P ≤ 0.10) than broilers fed the control diet. Also, α-amylase supplementation improved apparent fecal digestibility of organic matter and starch (P ≤ 0.01) and AMEn of the diet (P ≤ 0.001). However, no effects were detected for CP or fat digestibility. Nutrient digestibility andAMEn of the diet increased with age (P ≤ 0.001); however, no interactions of α-amylase × age were observed for any trait. Coefficients of apparent ileal and fecal digestibility of starch at 28 d of age were similar, which indicated that most of the undigested starch was not fermented in the hindgut of the chick. α-Amylase supplementation reduced relative pancreas weight (P ≤ 0.001) but did not affect the weight of the remaining organs. Age consistently reduced intestinal viscosity and relative weights of all the organs (P ≤ 0.001). The data indicated that α- amylase supplementation of a corn-soybean meal diet improved digestibility of nutrients and performance of broilers. (Key words: amylase, corn, digestibility, digestive organ size, broiler)
Un estudio fue conducido con la finalidad de valorar el contenido nutricional de las materias pri... more Un estudio fue conducido con la finalidad de valorar el contenido nutricional de las materias primas orgánicas (MPO) certificadas, como fuente no convencional de nutrientes en la alimentación de truchas. Los alimentos fueron molidos hasta harina y los macro-nutrientes fueron analizados (materia seca-MS, proteína bruta-PB, Extracto Etéreo-EE, Ceniza total-CT y Energía bruta-EB) en triplicado de acuerdo a la AOAC (2011). El contenido de aminoácidos se determinó por HPLC. Asimismo, se estudió la densidad de las MPO tanto en la presentación de grano como en harina, así como el efecto de la extrusión sobre la densidad. Los datos fueron analizados utilizando el programa SAS (2002). Los macronutrientes en estudio presentaron diferencias significativas entre las diferentes materias primas (P<0.001). La harina de sacha inchi tuvo el valor más alto en MS (92.7%) y la quinua el más bajo (89.1%). Mientras que el mayor contenido de PB estuvo en la harina de pota (65.8%) y el menor en el trigo grano (9.1%). En las MPO estudiadas, destaca su contenido de PB el sacha inchi (51.1%), la nuez (44.2%) y el lupino (33.3%), muy por debajo se encuentran la kiwicha (14.0%), la cañihua (12.0%) y la quinua (10.0%). Respecto al EE el lupino presento el mayor contenido (17.9%), mientras que la quinua (5.4%), la cañihua (4.6%) y la kiwicha (5.9%) presentaron valores inferiores. El contenido de CT fue mayor en la harina de pota (11.0%) y nuez (10.3%) y fue menor en el trigo (1.8%), la kiwicha (3.4%) y la quinua (3.4%). El valor de EB de las materias primas estuvo correlacionado con el EE. El lupino presento el mayor valor de EB (5008 kcal/kg). Por su parte, la quinua (4064 kcal/kg), la cañihua (4172 kcal/kg) y la kiwicha (4193 kcal/kg) presentaron valores inferiores, propios de estos granos. El lupino, la nuez y el sacha inchi presentaron altos niveles de aminoácidos esenciales, pero fueron inferiores a los de la harina de pota. La densidad de las MPO en grano fue diferente (P<0.001), siendo mayor para los granos de kiwicha comparado a la quinua y cañihua. En general, se observó una reducción de la densidad en los granos andinos con la molienda hasta harina. Mientras que el proceso de extrusión incremento la densidad de la harina de quinua (530.8 vs 762.0g/L; P< 0.001, respectivamente) y de la harina de lupino (632.2 vs 694.9 g/L; P< 0.001, respectivamente). En conclusión, las materias primas orgánicas se presentan como una gran alternativa para la formulación de raciones para truchas en reemplazo de materias primas convencionales, debido a su valor nutritivo y a las particularidades físicas que presentan. Palabras clave: alimentos orgánicos, nutrientes, extrusión, densidad, truchas.
El consumo de arcillas comestibles en humanos se inició hace más de 500 años y probablemente estu... more El consumo de arcillas comestibles en humanos se inició hace más de 500 años y probablemente estuvo relacionado con la domesticación de las papas nativas, ellas contienen glucoalcaloides (solaninas) que irritan el tubo digestivo en humanos y animales. En la región Puno, las personas del altiplano y también los loros de Tambopata aprendieron
con la experiencia que sus problemas gastrointestinales podían aliviarse con el consumo de arcillas. En el altiplano peruano - boliviano existen varios yacimientos de arcillas comestibles. Los principales están ubicados en Ácora, Asillo, Azángaro y
Tiquillaca en Perú, Achocalla, Mocomoco y Oruro en Bolivia. Estas arcillas están compuestas principalmente por minerales como la montmorillonita, caolinita, illita y cuarzo. Con la purificación de estas arcillas se eliminan impurezas y partículas
no deseables, mejorando sus propiedades de atrapar sustancias tóxicas polares presentes en algunos alimentos, estabilizan la acidez gástrica y protegen la mucosa gastrointestinal en animales. En la actualidad estas arcillas son consumidas por los pobladores rurales con frecuencia al finalizar la etapa de cosecha de papas. Mientras que las
principales arcillas naturales se comercializan en los yacimientos, en las ferias sabatinas o dominicales y en los mercados informales de algunas ciudades. Con estos antecedentes el gobierno español a través de la Universidad
Politécnica de Madrid (Dr. GG. Mateos), la Universidad Nacional del Altiplano (Dr. MJ. Araníbar), y la Universidad Mayor de San Andrés (Dr. F. Mamani) conjuntamente con un grupo de investigadores Harnold Portocarrero, Julio Arizabal, Carlos Jara, Wilfredo Oblitas, Karol Araníbar y Halley Rodríguez, desarrollaron el Py “Montchack® incrementa el
empleo rural en el altiplano peruano - boliviano”.
El proyecto considero la ubicación de los yacimientos, cuidados durante la extracción, purificación de las arcillas, preparación comercial, pruebas biológicas y mecanismos de comercialización.
El pollo de carne alcanza el peso al sacrificio en un período de tiempo cada vez menor, lo que se... more El pollo de carne alcanza el peso al sacrificio en un período de tiempo cada vez menor, lo que se debe en gran medida al mayor consumo de alimento en los primeros días de vida. Esta mejora se debe a la genética y a la nutrición. Se recomienda que los pollos recién nacidos consuman alimento y agua tan pronto como sea posible a fin de forzar un crecimiento rápido. Sin embargo, debido a las prácticas de manejo y al sistema de transporte, es frecuente observar ayunos de 24 a 48 horas (Nir & Levanon, 1993).
El exceso de grasa en la canal del pollo broilers es un problema comercial grave ya que la grasa ... more El exceso de grasa en la canal del pollo broilers es un problema comercial grave ya que la grasa abdominal es eliminada durante el despiece. Ademas los consumidores rechazan los alimentos ricos en grasa, especialmente si estas son saturadas y de origen animal. El contenido de grasa de la canal esta influenciado por factores tales como la genética, el sexo, la edad, la temperatura, la nutrición y el manejo.
Reporte exclusivo sobre el consumo milenario del chacko (arcilla 3A-T) en Puno-Peru. Las arcillas... more Reporte exclusivo sobre el consumo milenario del chacko (arcilla 3A-T) en Puno-Peru. Las arcillas tienen la propiedad de atrapar y/o reutralizar a ciertas sustancias toxicas, estabilizan la acidez gastrica, especialmente frente a la resaca alcohólica, son ricas en calcio y hierro protegen a la mucosa intestinal, ayudan a regenerar el epitelio gastrico y en general favorecen al proceso digestivo de los alimentos.
DIGESTIBLE ENERGY OF NOVEL
FEEDSTUFFS IN RAINBOW TROUT
(Oncorrynchus mykiss).
Marcelino Jorge Ara... more DIGESTIBLE ENERGY OF NOVEL FEEDSTUFFS IN RAINBOW TROUT (Oncorrynchus mykiss). Marcelino Jorge Aranibar Aranibar, Enrique Calmet Uria y Bernardo Roque Huanca
ABSTRACT
A trial was conducted to study the digestible energy value of novel feedstuffs in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). A basal diet was considered with fish meal and 10 experimental diets that included 70% of basal diet and 30% of value of novel feedstuffs in meal presentation (quinoa, cañihua, amaranth, lupine,wheat, sacha inchi and Brazil nut) and an animal byproduct (pota meal). The digestible energy was determined by conventional digestibility experiments with the indirect method, using acid insoluble ash as an indigestible marker (Hyflo Super Cel ). The digestible energy was ® determined in 180 rainbow trout with 93 g of body weight and 20 cm in total length. The fishes were randomly distributed into 9 tanks of 500 L of capacity. For then were considered two periods of 14 days (7 days preexperimental time and 7 days of fecal collection time) and each period of digestible energy from 3 diets were determined with 3 replicates each diet. The energy content of feedstuffs and feces collected were determined with a calorimeter Parr Instruments 1341 . The digestible ® energy of feedstuffswas calculated by an equation involving the energy of feed and feces and the proportions of the basal diet (70%) and value of novel feedstuffs (30%). The results were analyzed using descriptive statistics, analysis of variance and Tukey test for comparing the means of the digestible energy from value of novel feedstuffs. The digestible energy content was greater in pota meal, lupine meal and sacha inchi meal (4,515, 4,279 and 3,992 cal/g, respectively), compare to other feedstuffs. It is concluded, that energy digestible presented in pota meal, sacha inchi meal and lupine meal were greater than other feedstuffs studied.
Abstract
The guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) eat all, but they know what eat.
Marleni Mamani, Hei... more Abstract
The guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) eat all, but they know what eat.
Marleni Mamani, Heidi K. Araníbar, Antonio Quinto y Marcelino J. Araníbar Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia Universidad Nacional del Altiplano (www.unap.edu.pe) Avenida El Ejercito, 329 Puno.
ABSTRACT
A research was carried out to determine nutritional content (dry matter-DM, crude protein-CP, ethereus extract-EE, crude fibre-CF, ash-As and nitrogen free extract-NFE), palatability and effect of native forages (kudzú, oropel, gramalote, chunchu rosario and aro aro) and Lucerne on productive parameters of guinea pigs under forest border conditions. After Lucerne, kudzú was the forage with more nutritional content with 23.9% DM, 13.3% CP, 2.9% EE, 12.3% CF, 7.5% As and 63.9% NFE, followed by oropel, gramalote, chunchu rosario and finally the aro aro. In the CIP Tambopata (San Juan del Oro) at UNAP, were carried out two experiments (E), in E1 palatability of the forages was studied and E2 effect of forage consumption on productive parameters of guinea pigs was determined. E1: 16 female guinea pigs were distributed at random in 8 boxes, initial body weight and final body weight was controlled and forage consumption during 10d were controlled (12h of consumed/d). The palatability was related with forage nutrients concentration, then the forage more consumed (g of DM per day) was kudzú (14.0), followed by gramalote (6.0), chunchu rosario (5.8), oropel (5.4) and aro aro (1.9). E2: 48 female guinea pigs were random distributed in 24 boxes. Productive parameters were controlled during 8 weeks. The guinea pigs had same pattern forage consumption that trial palatability (P <0.001). The forage consumption was related directly with body weight gain (g/d). The highest body weight gain was the Lucerne (10.3), followed by kudzú (8.7), gramalote (7.7), oropel (7.0), aro aro (6.8) and chunchu rosario (3.4), respectively (P <0.001). Also, forage conversion was correlated with the highest consumption and highest body weight gain of the guinea pigs during the experiment (P <0.001). In conclusion, the best performance of the guinea pigs was produced with kudzú forage and was explained by its major nutritional content and major palatability. These results confirm that guinea pigs the same as rodents select their feeds, according to quality nutritional content.
The effect of inclusion native clay 3A-T (Chacko) in fed contaminated with mycotoxins on broiler ... more The effect of inclusion native clay 3A-T (Chacko) in fed contaminated with mycotoxins on broiler performance was studied until 42 d. The experiment was realized in the Poultry Research Center in CIP - Majes (Arequipa) dependence of UNAP. Four hundred male chicks (Cobb-500) were distributed randomized in complete experimental design with five treatments. There were four levels of clay 3A-T added into fed (control, 0.00, 0.25, 0.50 and 0.75 %) each treatment was replicated eight times (10 chicks/cage). All animals received a common diet from 0 to 14 d containing 23 % of crude protein and 3.00 Mcal ME/kg without mycotoxins. From 14 to 26 d of age all animals consumed experimental diets (control and with mycotoxins: 10 ppb of aflatoxins B1 and 40 ppb of ocratoxin A) with 22 % of crude protein and 3.10 Mcal ME/kg. Diet finished (27 – 42 d) was common for all animals and contained 20 % of protein and 3.20 Mcal ME/kg. Productive performance (fed consumption, body weight, fed conversion and mortality) was controlled at 14, 26 and 42 d. At 42 d of age, there were not differences in average consumed daily between treatments (69.5, 68.3, 69.5, 71.6 and 69.7, g/d; P > 0.05, respectively). Also, there were not differences in body weight (1937.2, 1899.3, 1918.6, 1965.0 and 1924.8 g; P >0.05, respectively). Neither differences were in fed conversion (1.54, 1.55, 1.56, 1.57 and 1.56 g/g; P > 0.05, respectively) and mortality at 42 of age. We were concluded that level of mycotoxins and clay 3A-T addition in fed no affected negatively productive performance. Key Words: Native clay, Aflatoxins, Broiler and Mycotoxins.
Poultry Science
Annual Meeting
Abstracts
Poultry Science Association
Volume 80, Suplement 1
Indi... more Poultry Science Annual Meeting Abstracts
Poultry Science Association Volume 80, Suplement 1 Indianapolis, Indiana - USA July 24-28, 2001
710 Influence of source of energy of the pre-starter diet on performance and nutrient digestibility of broiler.
M.J. Araníbar, M. I. Gracia, R. Lazaro*, and G. G. Mateos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain.
Abstract
A trial was conducted to investigate the influence of different energy sources in the pre-starter diet on performance and nutrient digestibility of broiler chicks. There were five treatments and five replicates of four chicks per treatment. The experimental diets (0 to 10d) were based on corn and soybean meal and included either 6.8% of a fat source (sun-flower oil, fish oil or lard) or 15.0% of a carbohydrate source (starch or sucrose). The nutrient content of these diets was approximately 3,150 kcal AMEn/kg and 1.33% Lys for the fat diets and 2,920 kcal AMEn/kg and 1.23% Lys for the carbohydrate diets. From 10 to 21d all the birds received a common diet containing 3,000 kcal AMEn/kg and 1.33% Lys. Productive performance was measured at 10 and 21d and apparent fecal digestibility of crude protein (CPD) and crude fat (CFD), and the AMEn of the diets were determined at 4, 7, and 10d of age. No differences in performance were observed among treatments at 21d of age. As expected, birds fed the fat diets had similar body weight but better feed conversion (P<0.01) than broilers fed the carbohydrate diets at 10d of age. Apparent CPD and AMEn of the diets increased with age (48.3, 55.4, and 58.4%; P<0.001, and 2,637, 2,731, and 2,853 kcal AME/kg; P<0.001 at 4, 7, and 10d of age, respectively). Unexpectedly, apparent CFD decreased at 7d as compared to 4d (67.7 vs 76.4%; P<0.01) and then increased slightly at 10d of age (70.5%). The differences on CFD between 4 and 7d were more pronounced for fish oil (80.8 vs 58.4%; P<0.001) and lard (77.8 vs 62.3%; P<0.001) than for sunflower oil (84.7 vs 80.3%; P>0.05). We conclude that fat digestibility of chicks was lower at 7 than at 4 or 10d and that type and source of energy used from 0 to 10d does not influence broiler performance at 21d.
Poultry Science
Annual Meeting
Abstracts
Poultry Science Association
Volume 80, Suplement 1
Indi... more Poultry Science Annual Meeting Abstracts
Poultry Science Association Volume 80, Suplement 1 Indianapolis, Indiana - USA July 24-28, 2001
692 Influence of heat processing of corn and barley and enzyme supplementation on nutrient digestibility of broiler chicks.
M. I. Gracia*, M. J. Araníbar, and G. G. Mateos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain.
Abstract Atrial was conducted to study the influence of heat processing (HP) of cereals, and enzyme supplementation (ES) on digestibility of nutrients of broilers from 0 to 21d. There were 8 treatments arranged factorially, with two basal cereals (corn vs barley), two processing treatments (raw vs cooked for 1h at 103◦C and 19% moisture), and two levels of ES (0 vs 500ppm). The enzyme complex contained 20,000 TLXU of xylanases, 90 BAU of α-amylases, and 19,000 PU of proteases per kg. Each treatment was replicated 5 times (16 Cobb chicks per cage). The apparent fecal digestibility (AFD) of organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) was measured at 4, 8, 15, and 21d of age. Digestibility of nutrients varied with time for all treatments (P<0.05). Heat processing improved AFD of OM, CP, and NDF until 8d of age (58.6 vs 62.1 %, 45.5 vs 47.6 %, and 22.6 vs 27.5 %, respectively; P<0.05), but not thereafter. However, HP increased AFD of EE throughout the trial (58.4 vs 64.3 %; P<0.05). Also, HP increased AFD of NDF in barley but not in corn diets (P<0.01), while the opposite occurred for EE (P<0.01). Birds fed barley had lower digestibility coefficient of OM at 8 and 15d (P<0.05) than broilers fed corn diets, but the differences disappeared thereafter. On the other hand, AFD of EE was greater for barley than for corn diets throughout the trial (P<0.01). Enzyme supplementation improved AFD of OM, CP and EE for all diets throughout the trial (61.3 vs 64.0 %, 46.7 vs 51.1 %, and 58.9 vs 63.7 %, respectively; P<0.05) but the effect was greater for barley than for corn diets (P<0.05). Enzyme supplementation improved AFD of EE more for HP than for raw cereal diets (P=0.05). It is concluded that nutrient digestibility of broiler chicks was modified by both HP and ES though the beneficial effects of HP were only noticed during the first week of age, and the effect of ES was greater for barley than for corn diets. Key Words: Heat Processing, Digestibility, Broilers.
Poultry Science
Annual Meeting
Abstracts
Poultry Science Association
2000 World’s Poultry Congre... more Poultry Science Annual Meeting Abstracts
Poultry Science Association 2000 World’s Poultry Congress, Montreal, Quebec, Canada August 18–20, 2000
183 Influence of Post hatch Holding Time and Diet Composition on Early Digestibility of Nutrients and Broiler Performance.
M.J. Araníbar, M.I. Gracia, M. García*, and G.G. Mateos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain.
Abstract
The effect of post hatch holding time (PHT) and diet composition on digestibility of nutrients and productive performance was studied in broilers using a completely randomized design with 18 treatments. There were two PHT (12 vs 36 h), three energy levels (2,820, 3,000, and 3,180 kcal AMEn/kg), and three protein levels (21.6, 23.0, and 24.4% corresponding to 1.23, 1.34, and 1.43% of total Lys, respectively). There were 5 replicates (10 birds/cage) per treatment. The experimental diets were fed for 10d, and then all the birds received a common starter (10 to 21d) and finisher (21 to 42d) diet. The apparent digestibility of organic matter (OMD), crude protein (CPD), fat (FD) and AMEn was measured at 7 and 10d postfeeding. At the time of placement control chicks were heavier (44.5 vs 39.6 g, P<0.01) than chicks held without feed for 36 h. At 10d postfeeding, the chicks with a PHT of 36 h had better feed intake (20.6 vs 21.9 g/d; P<0.01) and grew more (17.8 vs 18.9 g/d; P<0.01) than the control birds, but not differences were detected for feed efficiency. Increasing the energy content of the diet improved feed efficiency (1.21, 1.16 and 1.12 g/g, respectively; P<0.01) but daily gains were not affected. Increasing the crude protein content of the diet also improved feed efficiency (P<0.01) but not daily gains. At 7d postfeeding, chicks held without feed for 36 h showed increased OMD, CPD, and AMEn of the diet (P<0.01) with respect to control chicks, but FD was not modified (P>0.05). As dietary energy content was increased the OMD, CPD, FD, and AMEn was improved (P<0.01). Protein level affected FD at 7d postfeeding (P<0.03) only. The digestibility coefficients for all the nutrients studied were higher at 10 than at 7d postfeeding. No differences among treatments for BW and feed efficiency were observed at 42d. In conclusion, a PHT of 36 h did not affect broiler performance at 42d and increased nutrient digestibility at 7 and 10d postfeeding whit respect to control non fasted birds.
Key Words: post hatch time, metabolizable energy, protein, digestibility
Poultry Science
Annual Meeting
Abstracts
Poultry Science Association
2000 World’s Poultry Congre... more Poultry Science Annual Meeting Abstracts
Poultry Science Association 2000 World’s Poultry Congress, Montreal, Quebec, Canada August 18–20, 2000
191 Use of a mixture of rapeseed and sunflower meal with or without hydrothermal processing in broiler diets.
R. Lázaro, M.I. Gracia, M.J. Araníbar, P. Medel, and G.G. Mateos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid.
Abstract A trial was conducted to study the effects of a mixture of rapeseed and sunflower meal (70:30) raw or cooked and expanded on nutrient digestibility and performance of broilers at 42 d. A total of 385 one-day old Cobb breeder male chicks were allotted at random into 7 treatments; a control diet based on extruded full fat soybean and soybean meal and 6 additional diets arranged factorially, with three levels of inclusion of the mixture (20, 15, and 10%) and two processing techniques (raw vs cooked and expanded). Each treatment was replicated 5 times (11 chicks per cage). All diets were formulated to be isonutritive and to exceed nutrient requirements of NRC (1994). At 42 d, broilers fed 10% of the cooked and expanded mixture had the same performance than control birds. Hydrothermal treatment of the mixture improved AMEn of the diet (3,170 vs 3,107 kcal/kg DM; P<0.005), fat digestibility (73.7 vs 69.9%; P<0.05), and daily gain from 1 to 21 d (23.3 vs 22.4 g/d; P=0.07). When the mixture was supplied at 20% of inclusion, hydrothermal processing improved performance from 22 to 42 d, but not from 1 to 21 d. At 42 d, feed efficiency of broilers fed the mixture at any level was similar to those fed the full fat soybean control diet, but BW was lower when the non-treated mixture was used at more than 10%. The mixture also decreased AMEn (3,138 vs 3,220 kcal/kg DM) and digestibility of DM (68.7 vs 71.4%), organic matter (70.4 vs 72.9%) and fat (71.8 vs 78.6%) with respect to the control diet (P<0.005). It is concluded that a mixture of rapeseed and sunflower meal can be used successfully in broiler diets from 1 to 42 d. Level of inclusion up to 20% can be used from 22 to 42 d, but not from 1 to 21 d. The inclusion of 10% of the cooked and expanded mixture produced similar results to those of the control diet from 1 to 21 d and at the end of the experiment.
Poultry Science
Annual Meeting
Abstracts
Poultry Science Association
2000 World’s Poultry Congre... more Poultry Science Annual Meeting Abstracts
Poultry Science Association 2000 World’s Poultry Congress, Montreal, Quebec, Canada August 18–20, 2000
87 Influence of microbial phytase on bone ash and performance of broilers. P. Cachaldora1, M. J. Aranibar2, J. Mendez1, and G. G. Mateos*2, 1Coren SCL, Spain, 2Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain. Abstract An experiment was conducted to evaluate the influence of phytase supplementation (Natuphos® 5000) on strength and ash content of tarsus and performance of broiler chicks. A completely randomized design was used with four treatments arranged as a 2x2 factorial with two levels of available phosphorus (0.40 vs 0.32% from 0 to 21 d and 0.37 vs 0.29% from 22 to 42d of age) and two levels of phytase supplementation (0 vs 500 FTU microbial phytase/kg). There were six replicates per treatment (70 straight run chicks per pen). The diets were based on wheat, corn, soybean meal and meat and bone meal with 3,010 and 3,150 kcal ME/kg and 1.36 and 1.24% total lysine from 0 to 21 and from 21 to 42d, respectively. At the end of the trial four birds of each pen were killed by cervical dislocation and the tarsus was removed for measuring bone strength and ash content. At 42d of age no differences among treatments were detected for average daily gain (57.7, 57.0, 57.3, and 57.7 g/d, respectively; P>0.05), or feed conversion (1.71, 1.72, 1.72, and 1.71 g/g, respectively; P>0.05). Neither available phosphorus level nor phytase supplementation influenced tarsus strength (13.8 vs 14.6 kg/mm2 and 14.4 vs 14.0 kg/mm2, respectively) but phytase supplementation tended to improved tarsus ash content (31.8 vs 32.7%, P=0.09). We conclude that phytase supplementation improved bone ash and that 500 FTU of phytase are equivalent to at least 0.08 % of available phosphorus in commercial diets for broilers. Key Words: Broiler, Available phosphorous, Microbial phytase.
Poultry Science
Annual Meeting
Abstracts
Poultry Science Association
88th Annual Meeting
1999 Aug... more Poultry Science Annual Meeting Abstracts Poultry Science Association 88th Annual Meeting 1999 August 8-11 Springdale, Arkansas USA Poscal 78 (Supplement 1) Pages 1-165, 1999
224 Effect of source and level of xanthophylls on yolk pigmentation. M.J. Araníbar, M. Garcia, P.G. Rebollar, and G.G. Mateos*, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid. Abstract An experiment was conducted to evaluate the influence of source and level of xanthophylls in the diet of laying hens on yolk pigmentation. There were 16 treatments arranged factorially with two sources of yellow pigment (YEW), four levels of YEW (4, 6, 8, and 10 ppm), and two levels of red pigment (RED: 2.5 and 3.5 ppm). YEW were based on saponified marigold extract and contained either 3.8 g of lutein and 9.0 g of zeaxanthin/kg (HZ), or 16.5 g of lutein and 0.94 g of zeaxanthin/kg (LZ). RED contained 10 g of canthaxanthin/kg. Each treatment was replicated 3 times (5 molted hens, 60 wks of age, per cage). Experimental feed was based on white cereals with 2,740 kcal AMEn/kg, 4.4% of added fat, 16.4% crude protein, and 0.34% total methionine. All the birds received a white diet without pigmentation during 14 d and then each treatment received their respective experimental diet during 20 d. pigmentation of yolk o 10 eggs per replicate choosen at random during the last 5 d of trial were measured by both the Roche colour fan (RCF), 1993 and the Miniscan MS/S-4500L (Hunterlab system) colorimeter. YEW source an level of RED in the diet influenced yolk pigmentation. HZ improved yolk colour over LZ supplementation (RCF: 13.5 vs 13.3, P=.19; a*/b*: 0.603 vs 0.576, P<.01). Level of YEW did not modify yolk colour (RCF: 13.4, 13.4, 13.3, and 13.6, P>.05; a*/b*: 0.604, 0.578, 0.585, and 0.593, P>.05 for 4, 6, 8, and 10 ppm of YEW, respectively). RED at 3.5 ppm pigmented the yolk better than at 2.5 ppm (RCF: 13.7 vs 13.1; P<.01; a*/b*: 0.615 vs 0.565; P<.01). In conclusion HZ pigmented the yolk better than LZ, and the effect of RED on yolk pigmentation was more noticeable than the effect of YEW. Under the conditions of the present study values obtained by the Miniscan colorimeter (a*/b*) were consistently correlated (r=.73) with those obtained by RCF. Key Words: Layers, Zeaxanthin, Lutein, Yolk
A trial was conducted to study the influence of cooking–flaking
(C-F) of maize and enzyme supplem... more A trial was conducted to study the influence of cooking–flaking (C-F) of maize and enzyme supplementation (ES) of the diet on mucosa morphometry, digestive organ weight, dietary component digestibility and growth performance of broilers from1 to 21 days of age. There were 4 treatments arranged factorially with 2 heat processings of maize (raw and C-F) and 2 levels (0 and 500 mg/kg) of an enzyme complex with xylanase, protease and -amylase activity. Dietary treatment did not affect any productive trait from 1 to 21 days of age. However, from 1 to 4 days of age, body weight gain (P<0.01) and feed conversion ratio (P<0.001) were improved by ES of the diet. Intestinal viscosity increased with C-F of maize and decreased with ES of the diet (P<0.001). The effects of ES on intestinal viscosity were more pronounced with C-F than with raw maize (P<0.001) and at younger than older ages (P<0.05). Cooking–flaking of maize increasedtotal tract apparent digestibility of dry matter and organic matter (P<0.05) and of neutral detergent fibre and starch (P<0.001) and tended to improve ether extract (EE) digestibility (P<0.10). In addition, ES improved nitrogen retention (P<0.01) and EE digestibility (P<0.001). Digestibility of neutral detergent fibre and starch increased linearly (P<0.001) with age whereas nitrogen retention and organic matter, EE and gross energy digestibility decreased from 4 to 8 days of age and increased thereafter (P<0.001). The relative weight (g/kg body weight) of the pancreas decreased (P<0.01) and that of the liver increased (P<0.001) with C-F of maize. The relativeweight of the proventriculus, gizzard and liver reached a maximum before 6 days of age and that of the small intestine and pancreas at approximately 7.8 days of age (P<0.001). Enzymes increased villus height (P<0.05) but did not affect villus width or villus surface area. It is concluded that C-F of maize improved dietary component digestibility but had no effect on broiler performance at 21 days of age. In addition, ES improved nitrogen retention, EE digestibility and productive performance of broilers but only from 1 to 4 days of age.
Abstract 1. Laying hen performance, egg quality, intestinal viscosity and nutrient apparent
diges... more Abstract 1. Laying hen performance, egg quality, intestinal viscosity and nutrient apparent digestibility were evaluated with respect to the main cereal used in the diet and dosage rate of a fungal b-glucanase/xylanase enzyme complex. 2. Twelve diets were arranged factorially, with three soluble fibre cereals (SFC); 500 g/kg of wheat or barley or 350 g/kg of rye, and 4 enzyme concentrations (0, 250, 1250 and 2500 mg/kg). An additional control diet based on maize was also included. 3. The use of SFC in the diet instead of maize did not affect egg production or food efficiency, but hens fed on SFC diets exhibited a higher incidence of dirty eggs than hens fed on the maize diet (86 vs 46%; P<001). 4. Laying hens fed on enzyme-supplemented diets produced more eggs (21%; P<005) and had better food efficiency per dozen eggs (25%; P < 005) than hens fed on non-supplemented diets. An excess of enzymes in the diet (10 times the recommended dose) did not produce any deleterious effect on laying hen productivity. 5. Enzyme supplementation (ES) reduced intestinal viscosity (P<0001) and the incidence of dirty eggs (P<001). The reduction in viscosity was more pronounced in barley than in wheat or rye diets (P<005). 6. Apparent nutrient digestibility in SFC diets was higher with ES, including dry matter (31%; P¼008), fat (44%; P<0001), non-starch polysaccharides (833%; P<001) and AMEn (25%, P<001). 7. It is concluded that substitution of maize by SFC is facilitated by ES, especially with respect to egg production, food conversion efficiency and egg shell cleanliness. An excess of enzymes did not produce any deleterious effect on nutrient digestibility or performance of laying hens.
ABSTRACT A 42-d trial was conducted to study the
influence of exogenous α-amylase on digestive an... more ABSTRACT A 42-d trial was conducted to study the influence of exogenous α-amylase on digestive and performance traits in broilers fed a corn-soybean meal diet. There were two treatments (control and α-amylase supplemented diet) and six replicates (14 Cobb male chicks caged together) per treatment. At 7 d of age, α-amylase supplementation improved daily gain by 9.4% (P ≤ 0.05) and feed conversion by 4.2% (P ≤ 0.01). At the end of the trial, birds fed the α-amylase-supplemented diet ate more and grew faster (P ≤ 0.05) and had better feed conversion (P ≤ 0.10) than broilers fed the control diet. Also, α-amylase supplementation improved apparent fecal digestibility of organic matter and starch (P ≤ 0.01) and AMEn of the diet (P ≤ 0.001). However, no effects were detected for CP or fat digestibility. Nutrient digestibility andAMEn of the diet increased with age (P ≤ 0.001); however, no interactions of α-amylase × age were observed for any trait. Coefficients of apparent ileal and fecal digestibility of starch at 28 d of age were similar, which indicated that most of the undigested starch was not fermented in the hindgut of the chick. α-Amylase supplementation reduced relative pancreas weight (P ≤ 0.001) but did not affect the weight of the remaining organs. Age consistently reduced intestinal viscosity and relative weights of all the organs (P ≤ 0.001). The data indicated that α- amylase supplementation of a corn-soybean meal diet improved digestibility of nutrients and performance of broilers. (Key words: amylase, corn, digestibility, digestive organ size, broiler)
Un estudio fue conducido con la finalidad de valorar el contenido nutricional de las materias pri... more Un estudio fue conducido con la finalidad de valorar el contenido nutricional de las materias primas orgánicas (MPO) certificadas, como fuente no convencional de nutrientes en la alimentación de truchas. Los alimentos fueron molidos hasta harina y los macro-nutrientes fueron analizados (materia seca-MS, proteína bruta-PB, Extracto Etéreo-EE, Ceniza total-CT y Energía bruta-EB) en triplicado de acuerdo a la AOAC (2011). El contenido de aminoácidos se determinó por HPLC. Asimismo, se estudió la densidad de las MPO tanto en la presentación de grano como en harina, así como el efecto de la extrusión sobre la densidad. Los datos fueron analizados utilizando el programa SAS (2002). Los macronutrientes en estudio presentaron diferencias significativas entre las diferentes materias primas (P<0.001). La harina de sacha inchi tuvo el valor más alto en MS (92.7%) y la quinua el más bajo (89.1%). Mientras que el mayor contenido de PB estuvo en la harina de pota (65.8%) y el menor en el trigo grano (9.1%). En las MPO estudiadas, destaca su contenido de PB el sacha inchi (51.1%), la nuez (44.2%) y el lupino (33.3%), muy por debajo se encuentran la kiwicha (14.0%), la cañihua (12.0%) y la quinua (10.0%). Respecto al EE el lupino presento el mayor contenido (17.9%), mientras que la quinua (5.4%), la cañihua (4.6%) y la kiwicha (5.9%) presentaron valores inferiores. El contenido de CT fue mayor en la harina de pota (11.0%) y nuez (10.3%) y fue menor en el trigo (1.8%), la kiwicha (3.4%) y la quinua (3.4%). El valor de EB de las materias primas estuvo correlacionado con el EE. El lupino presento el mayor valor de EB (5008 kcal/kg). Por su parte, la quinua (4064 kcal/kg), la cañihua (4172 kcal/kg) y la kiwicha (4193 kcal/kg) presentaron valores inferiores, propios de estos granos. El lupino, la nuez y el sacha inchi presentaron altos niveles de aminoácidos esenciales, pero fueron inferiores a los de la harina de pota. La densidad de las MPO en grano fue diferente (P<0.001), siendo mayor para los granos de kiwicha comparado a la quinua y cañihua. En general, se observó una reducción de la densidad en los granos andinos con la molienda hasta harina. Mientras que el proceso de extrusión incremento la densidad de la harina de quinua (530.8 vs 762.0g/L; P< 0.001, respectivamente) y de la harina de lupino (632.2 vs 694.9 g/L; P< 0.001, respectivamente). En conclusión, las materias primas orgánicas se presentan como una gran alternativa para la formulación de raciones para truchas en reemplazo de materias primas convencionales, debido a su valor nutritivo y a las particularidades físicas que presentan. Palabras clave: alimentos orgánicos, nutrientes, extrusión, densidad, truchas.
El consumo de arcillas comestibles en humanos se inició hace más de 500 años y probablemente estu... more El consumo de arcillas comestibles en humanos se inició hace más de 500 años y probablemente estuvo relacionado con la domesticación de las papas nativas, ellas contienen glucoalcaloides (solaninas) que irritan el tubo digestivo en humanos y animales. En la región Puno, las personas del altiplano y también los loros de Tambopata aprendieron
con la experiencia que sus problemas gastrointestinales podían aliviarse con el consumo de arcillas. En el altiplano peruano - boliviano existen varios yacimientos de arcillas comestibles. Los principales están ubicados en Ácora, Asillo, Azángaro y
Tiquillaca en Perú, Achocalla, Mocomoco y Oruro en Bolivia. Estas arcillas están compuestas principalmente por minerales como la montmorillonita, caolinita, illita y cuarzo. Con la purificación de estas arcillas se eliminan impurezas y partículas
no deseables, mejorando sus propiedades de atrapar sustancias tóxicas polares presentes en algunos alimentos, estabilizan la acidez gástrica y protegen la mucosa gastrointestinal en animales. En la actualidad estas arcillas son consumidas por los pobladores rurales con frecuencia al finalizar la etapa de cosecha de papas. Mientras que las
principales arcillas naturales se comercializan en los yacimientos, en las ferias sabatinas o dominicales y en los mercados informales de algunas ciudades. Con estos antecedentes el gobierno español a través de la Universidad
Politécnica de Madrid (Dr. GG. Mateos), la Universidad Nacional del Altiplano (Dr. MJ. Araníbar), y la Universidad Mayor de San Andrés (Dr. F. Mamani) conjuntamente con un grupo de investigadores Harnold Portocarrero, Julio Arizabal, Carlos Jara, Wilfredo Oblitas, Karol Araníbar y Halley Rodríguez, desarrollaron el Py “Montchack® incrementa el
empleo rural en el altiplano peruano - boliviano”.
El proyecto considero la ubicación de los yacimientos, cuidados durante la extracción, purificación de las arcillas, preparación comercial, pruebas biológicas y mecanismos de comercialización.
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Papers by Marcelino J Aranibar
FEEDSTUFFS IN RAINBOW TROUT
(Oncorrynchus mykiss).
Marcelino Jorge Aranibar Aranibar, Enrique Calmet Uria y
Bernardo Roque Huanca
ABSTRACT
A trial was conducted to study the digestible
energy value of novel feedstuffs in rainbow
trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). A basal diet was
considered with fish meal and 10 experimental
diets that included 70% of basal diet and 30%
of value of novel feedstuffs in meal presentation
(quinoa, cañihua, amaranth, lupine,wheat,
sacha inchi and Brazil nut) and an animal byproduct
(pota meal). The digestible energy was
determined by conventional digestibility
experiments with the indirect method, using
acid insoluble ash as an indigestible marker
(Hyflo Super Cel ). The digestible energy was ®
determined in 180 rainbow trout with 93 g of
body weight and 20 cm in total length. The
fishes were randomly distributed into 9 tanks
of 500 L of capacity. For then were considered
two periods of 14 days (7 days preexperimental
time and 7 days of fecal collection
time) and each period of digestible energy
from 3 diets were determined with 3 replicates
each diet. The energy content of feedstuffs and
feces collected were determined with a calorimeter
Parr Instruments 1341 . The digestible ®
energy of feedstuffswas calculated by an equation
involving the energy of feed and feces and
the proportions of the basal diet (70%) and
value of novel feedstuffs (30%). The results
were analyzed using descriptive statistics, analysis
of variance and Tukey test for comparing
the means of the digestible energy from value
of novel feedstuffs. The digestible energy content
was greater in pota meal, lupine meal and
sacha inchi meal (4,515, 4,279 and 3,992 cal/g,
respectively), compare to other feedstuffs. It is
concluded, that energy digestible presented in
pota meal, sacha inchi meal and lupine meal
were greater than other feedstuffs studied.
Key words: digestibility, feedstuffs, digestible
energy, rainbowtrout.
The guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) eat all, but they know what eat.
Marleni Mamani, Heidi K. Araníbar, Antonio Quinto y Marcelino J. Araníbar
Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia
Universidad Nacional del Altiplano (www.unap.edu.pe)
Avenida El Ejercito, 329 Puno.
ABSTRACT
A research was carried out to determine nutritional content (dry matter-DM, crude protein-CP, ethereus extract-EE, crude fibre-CF, ash-As and nitrogen free extract-NFE), palatability and effect of native forages (kudzú, oropel, gramalote, chunchu rosario and aro aro) and Lucerne on productive parameters of guinea pigs under forest border conditions. After Lucerne, kudzú was the forage with more nutritional content with 23.9% DM, 13.3% CP, 2.9% EE, 12.3% CF, 7.5% As and 63.9% NFE, followed by oropel, gramalote, chunchu rosario and finally the aro aro. In the CIP Tambopata (San Juan del Oro) at UNAP, were carried out two experiments (E), in E1 palatability of the forages was studied and E2 effect of forage consumption on productive parameters of guinea pigs was determined. E1: 16 female guinea pigs were distributed at random in 8 boxes, initial body weight and final body weight was controlled and forage consumption during 10d were controlled (12h of consumed/d). The palatability was related with forage nutrients concentration, then the forage more consumed (g of DM per day) was kudzú (14.0), followed by gramalote (6.0), chunchu rosario (5.8), oropel (5.4) and aro aro (1.9). E2: 48 female guinea pigs were random distributed in 24 boxes. Productive parameters were controlled during 8 weeks. The guinea pigs had same pattern forage consumption that trial palatability (P <0.001). The forage consumption was related directly with body weight gain (g/d). The highest body weight gain was the Lucerne (10.3), followed by kudzú (8.7), gramalote (7.7), oropel (7.0), aro aro (6.8) and chunchu rosario (3.4), respectively (P <0.001). Also, forage conversion was correlated with the highest consumption and highest body weight gain of the guinea pigs during the experiment (P <0.001). In conclusion, the best performance of the guinea pigs was produced with kudzú forage and was explained by its major nutritional content and major palatability. These results confirm that guinea pigs the same as rodents select their feeds, according to quality nutritional content.
Key words: forages, nutritional content, forage palatability, guinea pig, performance.
Key Words: Native clay, Aflatoxins, Broiler and Mycotoxins.
Annual Meeting
Abstracts
Poultry Science Association
Volume 80, Suplement 1
Indianapolis, Indiana - USA
July 24-28, 2001
710 Influence of source of energy of the pre-starter diet on performance and nutrient digestibility of broiler.
M.J. Araníbar, M. I. Gracia, R. Lazaro*, and G. G. Mateos,
Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain.
Abstract
A trial was conducted to investigate the influence of different energy sources in the pre-starter diet on performance and nutrient digestibility of broiler chicks. There were five treatments and five replicates of four chicks per treatment. The experimental diets (0 to 10d) were based on corn and soybean meal and included either 6.8% of a fat source (sun-flower oil, fish oil or lard) or 15.0% of a carbohydrate source (starch or sucrose). The nutrient content of these diets was approximately 3,150 kcal AMEn/kg and 1.33% Lys for the fat diets and 2,920 kcal AMEn/kg and 1.23% Lys for the carbohydrate diets. From 10 to 21d all the birds received a common diet containing 3,000 kcal AMEn/kg and 1.33% Lys. Productive performance was measured at 10 and 21d and apparent fecal digestibility of crude protein (CPD) and crude fat (CFD), and the AMEn of the diets were determined at 4, 7, and 10d of age. No differences in performance were observed among treatments at 21d of age. As expected, birds fed the fat diets had similar body weight but better feed conversion (P<0.01) than broilers fed the carbohydrate diets at 10d of age. Apparent CPD and AMEn of the diets increased with age (48.3, 55.4, and 58.4%; P<0.001, and 2,637, 2,731, and 2,853 kcal AME/kg; P<0.001 at 4, 7, and 10d of age, respectively). Unexpectedly, apparent CFD decreased at 7d as compared to 4d (67.7 vs 76.4%; P<0.01) and then increased slightly at 10d of age (70.5%). The differences on CFD between 4 and 7d were more pronounced for fish oil (80.8 vs 58.4%; P<0.001) and lard (77.8 vs 62.3%; P<0.001) than for sunflower oil (84.7 vs 80.3%; P>0.05). We conclude that fat digestibility of chicks was lower at 7 than at 4 or 10d and that type and source of energy used from 0 to 10d does not influence broiler performance at 21d.
Key Words: Broilers, Digestibility, Fat
J. Anim. Sci. Vol. 79, Suppl. 1/J. Dairy Sci. Vol. 84, Suppl. 1/Poult. Sci. Vol. 80, Suppl. 1/54th Annu. Rec. Meat Conf., Vol. II
Annual Meeting
Abstracts
Poultry Science Association
Volume 80, Suplement 1
Indianapolis, Indiana - USA
July 24-28, 2001
692 Influence of heat processing of corn and barley and enzyme supplementation on nutrient digestibility of broiler chicks.
M. I. Gracia*, M. J. Araníbar, and G. G. Mateos,
Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain.
Abstract
Atrial was conducted to study the influence of heat processing (HP) of cereals, and enzyme supplementation (ES) on digestibility of nutrients of broilers from 0 to 21d. There were 8 treatments arranged factorially, with two basal cereals (corn vs barley), two processing treatments (raw vs cooked for 1h at 103◦C and 19% moisture), and two levels of ES (0 vs 500ppm). The enzyme complex contained 20,000 TLXU of xylanases, 90 BAU of α-amylases, and 19,000 PU of proteases per kg. Each treatment was replicated 5 times (16 Cobb chicks per cage). The apparent fecal digestibility (AFD) of organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) was measured at 4, 8, 15, and 21d of age. Digestibility of nutrients varied with time for all treatments (P<0.05). Heat processing improved AFD of OM, CP, and NDF until 8d of age (58.6 vs 62.1 %, 45.5 vs 47.6 %, and 22.6 vs 27.5 %, respectively; P<0.05), but not thereafter. However, HP increased AFD of EE throughout the trial (58.4 vs 64.3 %; P<0.05). Also, HP increased AFD of NDF in barley but not in corn diets (P<0.01), while the opposite occurred for EE (P<0.01). Birds fed barley had lower digestibility coefficient of OM at 8 and 15d (P<0.05) than broilers fed corn diets, but the differences disappeared thereafter. On the other hand, AFD of EE was greater for barley than for corn diets throughout the trial (P<0.01). Enzyme supplementation improved AFD of OM, CP and EE for all diets throughout the trial (61.3 vs 64.0 %, 46.7 vs 51.1 %, and 58.9 vs 63.7 %, respectively; P<0.05) but the effect was greater for barley than for corn diets (P<0.05). Enzyme supplementation improved AFD of EE more for HP than for raw cereal diets (P=0.05). It is concluded that nutrient digestibility of broiler chicks was modified by both HP and ES though the beneficial effects of HP were only noticed during the first week of age, and the effect of ES was greater for barley than for corn diets.
Key Words: Heat Processing, Digestibility, Broilers.
J. Anim. Sci. Vol. 79, Suppl. 1/J. Dairy Sci. Vol. 84, Suppl. 1/Poult. Sci. Vol. 80, Suppl. 1/54th Annu. Rec. Meat Conf., Vol. II
Annual Meeting
Abstracts
Poultry Science Association
2000 World’s Poultry Congress,
Montreal, Quebec, Canada
August 18–20, 2000
183 Influence of Post hatch Holding Time and Diet Composition on Early Digestibility of Nutrients and Broiler Performance.
M.J. Araníbar, M.I. Gracia, M. García*, and G.G. Mateos,
Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain.
Abstract
The effect of post hatch holding time (PHT) and diet composition on digestibility of nutrients and productive performance was studied in broilers using a completely randomized design with 18 treatments. There were two PHT (12 vs 36 h), three energy levels (2,820, 3,000, and 3,180 kcal AMEn/kg), and three protein levels (21.6, 23.0, and 24.4% corresponding to 1.23, 1.34, and 1.43% of total Lys, respectively). There were 5 replicates (10 birds/cage) per treatment. The experimental diets were fed for 10d, and then all the birds received a common starter (10 to 21d) and finisher (21 to 42d) diet. The apparent digestibility of organic matter (OMD), crude protein (CPD), fat (FD) and AMEn was measured at 7 and 10d postfeeding. At the time of placement control chicks were heavier (44.5 vs 39.6 g, P<0.01) than chicks held without feed for 36 h. At 10d postfeeding, the chicks with a PHT of 36 h had better feed intake (20.6 vs 21.9 g/d; P<0.01) and grew more (17.8 vs 18.9 g/d; P<0.01) than the control birds, but not differences were detected for feed efficiency. Increasing the energy content of the diet improved feed efficiency (1.21, 1.16 and 1.12 g/g, respectively; P<0.01) but daily gains were not affected. Increasing the crude protein content of the diet also improved feed efficiency (P<0.01) but not daily gains. At 7d postfeeding, chicks held without feed for 36 h showed increased OMD, CPD, and AMEn of the diet (P<0.01) with respect to control chicks, but FD was not modified (P>0.05). As dietary energy content was increased the OMD, CPD, FD, and AMEn was improved (P<0.01). Protein level affected FD at 7d postfeeding (P<0.03) only. The digestibility coefficients for all the nutrients studied were higher at 10 than at 7d postfeeding. No differences among treatments for BW and feed efficiency were observed at 42d. In conclusion, a PHT of 36 h did not affect broiler performance at 42d and increased nutrient digestibility at 7 and 10d postfeeding whit respect to control non fasted birds.
Key Words: post hatch time, metabolizable energy, protein, digestibility
Annual Meeting
Abstracts
Poultry Science Association
2000 World’s Poultry Congress,
Montreal, Quebec, Canada
August 18–20, 2000
191 Use of a mixture of rapeseed and sunflower meal with or without hydrothermal processing in broiler diets.
R. Lázaro, M.I. Gracia, M.J. Araníbar, P. Medel, and G.G. Mateos,
Universidad Politécnica de Madrid.
Abstract
A trial was conducted to study the effects of a mixture of rapeseed and sunflower meal (70:30) raw or cooked and expanded on nutrient digestibility and performance of broilers at 42 d. A total of 385 one-day old Cobb breeder male chicks were allotted at random into 7 treatments; a control diet based on extruded full fat soybean and soybean meal and 6 additional diets arranged factorially, with three levels of inclusion of the mixture (20, 15, and 10%) and two processing techniques (raw vs cooked and expanded). Each treatment was replicated 5 times (11 chicks per cage). All diets were formulated to be isonutritive and to exceed nutrient requirements of NRC (1994). At 42 d, broilers fed 10% of the cooked and expanded mixture had the same performance than control birds. Hydrothermal treatment of the mixture improved AMEn of the diet (3,170 vs 3,107 kcal/kg DM; P<0.005), fat digestibility (73.7 vs 69.9%; P<0.05), and daily gain from 1 to 21 d (23.3 vs 22.4 g/d; P=0.07). When the mixture was supplied at 20% of inclusion, hydrothermal processing improved performance from 22 to 42 d, but not from 1 to 21 d. At 42 d, feed efficiency of broilers fed the mixture at any level was similar to those fed the full fat soybean control diet, but BW was lower when the non-treated mixture was used at more than 10%. The mixture also decreased AMEn (3,138 vs 3,220 kcal/kg DM) and digestibility of DM (68.7 vs 71.4%), organic matter (70.4 vs 72.9%) and fat (71.8 vs 78.6%) with respect to the control diet (P<0.005). It is concluded that a mixture of rapeseed and sunflower meal can be used successfully in broiler diets from 1 to 42 d. Level of inclusion up to 20% can be used from 22 to 42 d, but not from 1 to 21 d. The inclusion of 10% of the cooked and expanded mixture produced similar results to those of the control diet from 1 to 21 d and at the end of the experiment.
Key Words: Broilers, Rapeseed, Hydrothermal processing, Digestibility, Performance.
Annual Meeting
Abstracts
Poultry Science Association
2000 World’s Poultry Congress,
Montreal, Quebec, Canada
August 18–20, 2000
87 Influence of microbial phytase on bone ash and performance of broilers.
P. Cachaldora1, M. J. Aranibar2, J. Mendez1, and G. G. Mateos*2,
1Coren SCL, Spain, 2Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain.
Abstract
An experiment was conducted to evaluate the influence of phytase supplementation (Natuphos® 5000) on strength and ash content of tarsus and performance of broiler chicks. A completely randomized design was used with four treatments arranged as a 2x2 factorial with two levels of available phosphorus (0.40 vs 0.32% from 0 to 21 d and 0.37 vs 0.29% from 22 to 42d of age) and two levels of phytase supplementation (0 vs 500 FTU microbial phytase/kg). There were six replicates per treatment (70 straight run chicks per pen). The diets were based on wheat, corn, soybean meal and meat and bone meal with 3,010 and 3,150 kcal ME/kg and 1.36 and 1.24% total lysine from 0 to 21 and from 21 to 42d, respectively. At the end of the trial four birds of each pen were killed by cervical dislocation and the tarsus was removed for measuring bone strength and ash content. At 42d of age no differences among treatments were detected for average daily gain (57.7, 57.0, 57.3, and 57.7 g/d, respectively; P>0.05), or feed conversion (1.71, 1.72, 1.72, and 1.71 g/g, respectively; P>0.05). Neither available phosphorus level nor phytase supplementation influenced tarsus strength (13.8 vs 14.6 kg/mm2 and 14.4 vs 14.0 kg/mm2, respectively) but phytase supplementation tended to improved tarsus ash content (31.8 vs 32.7%, P=0.09). We conclude that phytase supplementation improved bone ash and that 500 FTU of phytase are equivalent to at least 0.08 % of available phosphorus in commercial diets for broilers.
Key Words: Broiler, Available phosphorous, Microbial phytase.
Annual Meeting
Abstracts
Poultry Science Association
88th Annual Meeting
1999 August 8-11
Springdale, Arkansas
USA
Poscal 78 (Supplement 1) Pages 1-165, 1999
224 Effect of source and level of xanthophylls on yolk pigmentation. M.J. Araníbar, M. Garcia, P.G. Rebollar, and G.G. Mateos*, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid.
Abstract
An experiment was conducted to evaluate the influence of source and level of xanthophylls in the diet of laying hens on yolk pigmentation. There were 16 treatments arranged factorially with two sources of yellow pigment (YEW), four levels of YEW (4, 6, 8, and 10 ppm), and two levels of red pigment (RED: 2.5 and 3.5 ppm). YEW were based on saponified marigold extract and contained either 3.8 g of lutein and 9.0 g of zeaxanthin/kg (HZ), or 16.5 g of lutein and 0.94 g of zeaxanthin/kg (LZ). RED contained 10 g of canthaxanthin/kg. Each treatment was replicated 3 times (5 molted hens, 60 wks of age, per cage). Experimental feed was based on white cereals with 2,740 kcal AMEn/kg, 4.4% of added fat, 16.4% crude protein, and 0.34% total methionine. All the birds received a white diet without pigmentation during 14 d and then each treatment received their respective experimental diet during 20 d. pigmentation of yolk o 10 eggs per replicate choosen at random during the last 5 d of trial were measured by both the Roche colour fan (RCF), 1993 and the Miniscan MS/S-4500L (Hunterlab system) colorimeter. YEW source an level of RED in the diet influenced yolk pigmentation. HZ improved yolk colour over LZ supplementation (RCF: 13.5 vs 13.3, P=.19; a*/b*: 0.603 vs 0.576, P<.01). Level of YEW did not modify yolk colour (RCF: 13.4, 13.4, 13.3, and 13.6, P>.05; a*/b*: 0.604, 0.578, 0.585, and 0.593, P>.05 for 4, 6, 8, and 10 ppm of YEW, respectively). RED at 3.5 ppm pigmented the yolk better than at 2.5 ppm (RCF: 13.7 vs 13.1; P<.01; a*/b*: 0.615 vs 0.565; P<.01). In conclusion HZ pigmented the yolk better than LZ, and the effect of RED on yolk pigmentation was more noticeable than the effect of YEW. Under the conditions of the present study values obtained by the Miniscan colorimeter (a*/b*) were consistently correlated (r=.73) with those obtained by RCF.
Key Words: Layers, Zeaxanthin, Lutein, Yolk
(C-F) of maize and enzyme supplementation (ES) of the diet on
mucosa morphometry, digestive organ weight, dietary component
digestibility and growth performance of broilers from1 to 21 days of
age. There were 4 treatments arranged factorially with 2 heat processings
of maize (raw and C-F) and 2 levels (0 and 500 mg/kg) of
an enzyme complex with xylanase, protease and -amylase activity.
Dietary treatment did not affect any productive trait from 1
to 21 days of age. However, from 1 to 4 days of age, body weight
gain (P<0.01) and feed conversion ratio (P<0.001) were improved
by ES of the diet. Intestinal viscosity increased with C-F of maize
and decreased with ES of the diet (P<0.001). The effects of ES
on intestinal viscosity were more pronounced with C-F than with
raw maize (P<0.001) and at younger than older ages (P<0.05).
Cooking–flaking of maize increasedtotal tract apparent digestibility
of dry matter and organic matter (P<0.05) and of neutral detergent
fibre and starch (P<0.001) and tended to improve ether extract
(EE) digestibility (P<0.10). In addition, ES improved nitrogen retention
(P<0.01) and EE digestibility (P<0.001). Digestibility of neutral
detergent fibre and starch increased linearly (P<0.001) with age whereas nitrogen retention and organic matter, EE and gross energy
digestibility decreased from 4 to 8 days of age and increased
thereafter (P<0.001). The relative weight (g/kg body weight) of
the pancreas decreased (P<0.01) and that of the liver increased
(P<0.001) with C-F of maize. The relativeweight of the proventriculus,
gizzard and liver reached a maximum before 6 days of age and
that of the small intestine and pancreas at approximately 7.8 days of age (P<0.001). Enzymes increased villus height (P<0.05) but did not affect villus width or villus surface area. It is concluded that C-F of maize improved dietary component digestibility but had no effect on broiler performance at 21 days of age. In addition, ES improved nitrogen retention, EE digestibility and productive performance of broilers but only from 1 to 4 days of age.
digestibility were evaluated with respect to the main cereal used in the diet and dosage rate of a
fungal b-glucanase/xylanase enzyme complex.
2. Twelve diets were arranged factorially, with three soluble fibre cereals (SFC); 500 g/kg of wheat or
barley or 350 g/kg of rye, and 4 enzyme concentrations (0, 250, 1250 and 2500 mg/kg). An additional
control diet based on maize was also included.
3. The use of SFC in the diet instead of maize did not affect egg production or food efficiency, but hens
fed on SFC diets exhibited a higher incidence of dirty eggs than hens fed on the maize diet (86 vs 46%;
P<001).
4. Laying hens fed on enzyme-supplemented diets produced more eggs (21%; P<005) and had better
food efficiency per dozen eggs (25%; P < 005) than hens fed on non-supplemented diets. An excess of
enzymes in the diet (10 times the recommended dose) did not produce any deleterious effect on laying
hen productivity.
5. Enzyme supplementation (ES) reduced intestinal viscosity (P<0001) and the incidence of dirty eggs
(P<001). The reduction in viscosity was more pronounced in barley than in wheat or rye diets
(P<005).
6. Apparent nutrient digestibility in SFC diets was higher with ES, including dry matter (31%; P¼008),
fat (44%; P<0001), non-starch polysaccharides (833%; P<001) and AMEn (25%, P<001).
7. It is concluded that substitution of maize by SFC is facilitated by ES, especially with respect to egg
production, food conversion efficiency and egg shell cleanliness. An excess of enzymes did not produce
any deleterious effect on nutrient digestibility or performance of laying hens.
influence of exogenous α-amylase on digestive and performance
traits in broilers fed a corn-soybean meal diet.
There were two treatments (control and α-amylase supplemented
diet) and six replicates (14 Cobb male chicks
caged together) per treatment. At 7 d of age, α-amylase
supplementation improved daily gain by 9.4% (P ≤ 0.05)
and feed conversion by 4.2% (P ≤ 0.01). At the end of the
trial, birds fed the α-amylase-supplemented diet ate more
and grew faster (P ≤ 0.05) and had better feed conversion
(P ≤ 0.10) than broilers fed the control diet. Also, α-amylase
supplementation improved apparent fecal digestibility
of organic matter and starch (P ≤ 0.01) and AMEn of
the diet (P ≤ 0.001). However, no effects were detected for CP or fat digestibility. Nutrient digestibility andAMEn
of the diet increased with age (P ≤ 0.001); however, no
interactions of α-amylase × age were observed for any
trait. Coefficients of apparent ileal and fecal digestibility
of starch at 28 d of age were similar, which indicated that
most of the undigested starch was not fermented in the
hindgut of the chick. α-Amylase supplementation reduced
relative pancreas weight (P ≤ 0.001) but did not
affect the weight of the remaining organs. Age consistently
reduced intestinal viscosity and relative weights
of all the organs (P ≤ 0.001). The data indicated that α-
amylase supplementation of a corn-soybean meal diet
improved digestibility of nutrients and performance of
broilers.
(Key words: amylase, corn, digestibility, digestive organ size, broiler)
harina y los macro-nutrientes fueron analizados (materia seca-MS, proteína bruta-PB, Extracto Etéreo-EE, Ceniza total-CT y Energía bruta-EB) en triplicado de acuerdo a la AOAC (2011). El contenido de aminoácidos se determinó por HPLC. Asimismo, se estudió la densidad de las MPO tanto en la presentación de
grano como en harina, así como el efecto de la extrusión sobre la densidad. Los datos fueron analizados utilizando el programa SAS (2002). Los macronutrientes en estudio presentaron diferencias significativas entre las diferentes materias primas (P<0.001). La harina de sacha inchi tuvo el valor más alto en MS
(92.7%) y la quinua el más bajo (89.1%). Mientras que el mayor contenido de PB estuvo en la harina de pota (65.8%) y el menor en el trigo grano (9.1%). En las MPO estudiadas, destaca su contenido de PB el sacha inchi (51.1%), la nuez (44.2%) y el lupino (33.3%), muy por debajo se encuentran la kiwicha (14.0%), la cañihua (12.0%) y la quinua (10.0%). Respecto al EE el lupino presento el mayor contenido (17.9%), mientras que la quinua (5.4%), la cañihua (4.6%) y la kiwicha (5.9%) presentaron valores inferiores. El contenido de CT fue mayor en la harina
de pota (11.0%) y nuez (10.3%) y fue menor en el trigo (1.8%), la kiwicha (3.4%) y la quinua (3.4%). El valor de EB de las materias primas estuvo correlacionado con el EE. El lupino presento el mayor valor de EB (5008 kcal/kg). Por su parte, la quinua (4064 kcal/kg), la cañihua (4172 kcal/kg) y la kiwicha (4193 kcal/kg)
presentaron valores inferiores, propios de estos granos. El lupino, la nuez y el sacha inchi presentaron altos niveles de aminoácidos esenciales, pero fueron inferiores a los de la harina de pota. La densidad de las MPO en grano fue
diferente (P<0.001), siendo mayor para los granos de kiwicha comparado a la quinua y cañihua. En general, se observó una reducción de la densidad en los granos andinos con la molienda hasta harina. Mientras que el proceso de
extrusión incremento la densidad de la harina de quinua (530.8 vs 762.0g/L; P< 0.001, respectivamente) y de la harina de lupino (632.2 vs 694.9 g/L; P< 0.001, respectivamente). En conclusión, las materias primas orgánicas se presentan como una gran alternativa para la formulación de raciones para truchas en
reemplazo de materias primas convencionales, debido a su valor nutritivo y a las particularidades físicas que presentan.
Palabras clave: alimentos orgánicos, nutrientes, extrusión, densidad, truchas.
con la experiencia que sus problemas gastrointestinales podían aliviarse con el consumo de arcillas. En el altiplano peruano - boliviano existen varios yacimientos de arcillas comestibles. Los principales están ubicados en Ácora, Asillo, Azángaro y
Tiquillaca en Perú, Achocalla, Mocomoco y Oruro en Bolivia. Estas arcillas están compuestas principalmente por minerales como la montmorillonita, caolinita, illita y cuarzo. Con la purificación de estas arcillas se eliminan impurezas y partículas
no deseables, mejorando sus propiedades de atrapar sustancias tóxicas polares presentes en algunos alimentos, estabilizan la acidez gástrica y protegen la mucosa gastrointestinal en animales. En la actualidad estas arcillas son consumidas por los pobladores rurales con frecuencia al finalizar la etapa de cosecha de papas. Mientras que las
principales arcillas naturales se comercializan en los yacimientos, en las ferias sabatinas o dominicales y en los mercados informales de algunas ciudades. Con estos antecedentes el gobierno español a través de la Universidad
Politécnica de Madrid (Dr. GG. Mateos), la Universidad Nacional del Altiplano (Dr. MJ. Araníbar), y la Universidad Mayor de San Andrés (Dr. F. Mamani) conjuntamente con un grupo de investigadores Harnold Portocarrero, Julio Arizabal, Carlos Jara, Wilfredo Oblitas, Karol Araníbar y Halley Rodríguez, desarrollaron el Py “Montchack® incrementa el
empleo rural en el altiplano peruano - boliviano”.
El proyecto considero la ubicación de los yacimientos, cuidados durante la extracción, purificación de las arcillas, preparación comercial, pruebas biológicas y mecanismos de comercialización.
FEEDSTUFFS IN RAINBOW TROUT
(Oncorrynchus mykiss).
Marcelino Jorge Aranibar Aranibar, Enrique Calmet Uria y
Bernardo Roque Huanca
ABSTRACT
A trial was conducted to study the digestible
energy value of novel feedstuffs in rainbow
trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). A basal diet was
considered with fish meal and 10 experimental
diets that included 70% of basal diet and 30%
of value of novel feedstuffs in meal presentation
(quinoa, cañihua, amaranth, lupine,wheat,
sacha inchi and Brazil nut) and an animal byproduct
(pota meal). The digestible energy was
determined by conventional digestibility
experiments with the indirect method, using
acid insoluble ash as an indigestible marker
(Hyflo Super Cel ). The digestible energy was ®
determined in 180 rainbow trout with 93 g of
body weight and 20 cm in total length. The
fishes were randomly distributed into 9 tanks
of 500 L of capacity. For then were considered
two periods of 14 days (7 days preexperimental
time and 7 days of fecal collection
time) and each period of digestible energy
from 3 diets were determined with 3 replicates
each diet. The energy content of feedstuffs and
feces collected were determined with a calorimeter
Parr Instruments 1341 . The digestible ®
energy of feedstuffswas calculated by an equation
involving the energy of feed and feces and
the proportions of the basal diet (70%) and
value of novel feedstuffs (30%). The results
were analyzed using descriptive statistics, analysis
of variance and Tukey test for comparing
the means of the digestible energy from value
of novel feedstuffs. The digestible energy content
was greater in pota meal, lupine meal and
sacha inchi meal (4,515, 4,279 and 3,992 cal/g,
respectively), compare to other feedstuffs. It is
concluded, that energy digestible presented in
pota meal, sacha inchi meal and lupine meal
were greater than other feedstuffs studied.
Key words: digestibility, feedstuffs, digestible
energy, rainbowtrout.
The guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) eat all, but they know what eat.
Marleni Mamani, Heidi K. Araníbar, Antonio Quinto y Marcelino J. Araníbar
Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia
Universidad Nacional del Altiplano (www.unap.edu.pe)
Avenida El Ejercito, 329 Puno.
ABSTRACT
A research was carried out to determine nutritional content (dry matter-DM, crude protein-CP, ethereus extract-EE, crude fibre-CF, ash-As and nitrogen free extract-NFE), palatability and effect of native forages (kudzú, oropel, gramalote, chunchu rosario and aro aro) and Lucerne on productive parameters of guinea pigs under forest border conditions. After Lucerne, kudzú was the forage with more nutritional content with 23.9% DM, 13.3% CP, 2.9% EE, 12.3% CF, 7.5% As and 63.9% NFE, followed by oropel, gramalote, chunchu rosario and finally the aro aro. In the CIP Tambopata (San Juan del Oro) at UNAP, were carried out two experiments (E), in E1 palatability of the forages was studied and E2 effect of forage consumption on productive parameters of guinea pigs was determined. E1: 16 female guinea pigs were distributed at random in 8 boxes, initial body weight and final body weight was controlled and forage consumption during 10d were controlled (12h of consumed/d). The palatability was related with forage nutrients concentration, then the forage more consumed (g of DM per day) was kudzú (14.0), followed by gramalote (6.0), chunchu rosario (5.8), oropel (5.4) and aro aro (1.9). E2: 48 female guinea pigs were random distributed in 24 boxes. Productive parameters were controlled during 8 weeks. The guinea pigs had same pattern forage consumption that trial palatability (P <0.001). The forage consumption was related directly with body weight gain (g/d). The highest body weight gain was the Lucerne (10.3), followed by kudzú (8.7), gramalote (7.7), oropel (7.0), aro aro (6.8) and chunchu rosario (3.4), respectively (P <0.001). Also, forage conversion was correlated with the highest consumption and highest body weight gain of the guinea pigs during the experiment (P <0.001). In conclusion, the best performance of the guinea pigs was produced with kudzú forage and was explained by its major nutritional content and major palatability. These results confirm that guinea pigs the same as rodents select their feeds, according to quality nutritional content.
Key words: forages, nutritional content, forage palatability, guinea pig, performance.
Key Words: Native clay, Aflatoxins, Broiler and Mycotoxins.
Annual Meeting
Abstracts
Poultry Science Association
Volume 80, Suplement 1
Indianapolis, Indiana - USA
July 24-28, 2001
710 Influence of source of energy of the pre-starter diet on performance and nutrient digestibility of broiler.
M.J. Araníbar, M. I. Gracia, R. Lazaro*, and G. G. Mateos,
Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain.
Abstract
A trial was conducted to investigate the influence of different energy sources in the pre-starter diet on performance and nutrient digestibility of broiler chicks. There were five treatments and five replicates of four chicks per treatment. The experimental diets (0 to 10d) were based on corn and soybean meal and included either 6.8% of a fat source (sun-flower oil, fish oil or lard) or 15.0% of a carbohydrate source (starch or sucrose). The nutrient content of these diets was approximately 3,150 kcal AMEn/kg and 1.33% Lys for the fat diets and 2,920 kcal AMEn/kg and 1.23% Lys for the carbohydrate diets. From 10 to 21d all the birds received a common diet containing 3,000 kcal AMEn/kg and 1.33% Lys. Productive performance was measured at 10 and 21d and apparent fecal digestibility of crude protein (CPD) and crude fat (CFD), and the AMEn of the diets were determined at 4, 7, and 10d of age. No differences in performance were observed among treatments at 21d of age. As expected, birds fed the fat diets had similar body weight but better feed conversion (P<0.01) than broilers fed the carbohydrate diets at 10d of age. Apparent CPD and AMEn of the diets increased with age (48.3, 55.4, and 58.4%; P<0.001, and 2,637, 2,731, and 2,853 kcal AME/kg; P<0.001 at 4, 7, and 10d of age, respectively). Unexpectedly, apparent CFD decreased at 7d as compared to 4d (67.7 vs 76.4%; P<0.01) and then increased slightly at 10d of age (70.5%). The differences on CFD between 4 and 7d were more pronounced for fish oil (80.8 vs 58.4%; P<0.001) and lard (77.8 vs 62.3%; P<0.001) than for sunflower oil (84.7 vs 80.3%; P>0.05). We conclude that fat digestibility of chicks was lower at 7 than at 4 or 10d and that type and source of energy used from 0 to 10d does not influence broiler performance at 21d.
Key Words: Broilers, Digestibility, Fat
J. Anim. Sci. Vol. 79, Suppl. 1/J. Dairy Sci. Vol. 84, Suppl. 1/Poult. Sci. Vol. 80, Suppl. 1/54th Annu. Rec. Meat Conf., Vol. II
Annual Meeting
Abstracts
Poultry Science Association
Volume 80, Suplement 1
Indianapolis, Indiana - USA
July 24-28, 2001
692 Influence of heat processing of corn and barley and enzyme supplementation on nutrient digestibility of broiler chicks.
M. I. Gracia*, M. J. Araníbar, and G. G. Mateos,
Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain.
Abstract
Atrial was conducted to study the influence of heat processing (HP) of cereals, and enzyme supplementation (ES) on digestibility of nutrients of broilers from 0 to 21d. There were 8 treatments arranged factorially, with two basal cereals (corn vs barley), two processing treatments (raw vs cooked for 1h at 103◦C and 19% moisture), and two levels of ES (0 vs 500ppm). The enzyme complex contained 20,000 TLXU of xylanases, 90 BAU of α-amylases, and 19,000 PU of proteases per kg. Each treatment was replicated 5 times (16 Cobb chicks per cage). The apparent fecal digestibility (AFD) of organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) was measured at 4, 8, 15, and 21d of age. Digestibility of nutrients varied with time for all treatments (P<0.05). Heat processing improved AFD of OM, CP, and NDF until 8d of age (58.6 vs 62.1 %, 45.5 vs 47.6 %, and 22.6 vs 27.5 %, respectively; P<0.05), but not thereafter. However, HP increased AFD of EE throughout the trial (58.4 vs 64.3 %; P<0.05). Also, HP increased AFD of NDF in barley but not in corn diets (P<0.01), while the opposite occurred for EE (P<0.01). Birds fed barley had lower digestibility coefficient of OM at 8 and 15d (P<0.05) than broilers fed corn diets, but the differences disappeared thereafter. On the other hand, AFD of EE was greater for barley than for corn diets throughout the trial (P<0.01). Enzyme supplementation improved AFD of OM, CP and EE for all diets throughout the trial (61.3 vs 64.0 %, 46.7 vs 51.1 %, and 58.9 vs 63.7 %, respectively; P<0.05) but the effect was greater for barley than for corn diets (P<0.05). Enzyme supplementation improved AFD of EE more for HP than for raw cereal diets (P=0.05). It is concluded that nutrient digestibility of broiler chicks was modified by both HP and ES though the beneficial effects of HP were only noticed during the first week of age, and the effect of ES was greater for barley than for corn diets.
Key Words: Heat Processing, Digestibility, Broilers.
J. Anim. Sci. Vol. 79, Suppl. 1/J. Dairy Sci. Vol. 84, Suppl. 1/Poult. Sci. Vol. 80, Suppl. 1/54th Annu. Rec. Meat Conf., Vol. II
Annual Meeting
Abstracts
Poultry Science Association
2000 World’s Poultry Congress,
Montreal, Quebec, Canada
August 18–20, 2000
183 Influence of Post hatch Holding Time and Diet Composition on Early Digestibility of Nutrients and Broiler Performance.
M.J. Araníbar, M.I. Gracia, M. García*, and G.G. Mateos,
Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain.
Abstract
The effect of post hatch holding time (PHT) and diet composition on digestibility of nutrients and productive performance was studied in broilers using a completely randomized design with 18 treatments. There were two PHT (12 vs 36 h), three energy levels (2,820, 3,000, and 3,180 kcal AMEn/kg), and three protein levels (21.6, 23.0, and 24.4% corresponding to 1.23, 1.34, and 1.43% of total Lys, respectively). There were 5 replicates (10 birds/cage) per treatment. The experimental diets were fed for 10d, and then all the birds received a common starter (10 to 21d) and finisher (21 to 42d) diet. The apparent digestibility of organic matter (OMD), crude protein (CPD), fat (FD) and AMEn was measured at 7 and 10d postfeeding. At the time of placement control chicks were heavier (44.5 vs 39.6 g, P<0.01) than chicks held without feed for 36 h. At 10d postfeeding, the chicks with a PHT of 36 h had better feed intake (20.6 vs 21.9 g/d; P<0.01) and grew more (17.8 vs 18.9 g/d; P<0.01) than the control birds, but not differences were detected for feed efficiency. Increasing the energy content of the diet improved feed efficiency (1.21, 1.16 and 1.12 g/g, respectively; P<0.01) but daily gains were not affected. Increasing the crude protein content of the diet also improved feed efficiency (P<0.01) but not daily gains. At 7d postfeeding, chicks held without feed for 36 h showed increased OMD, CPD, and AMEn of the diet (P<0.01) with respect to control chicks, but FD was not modified (P>0.05). As dietary energy content was increased the OMD, CPD, FD, and AMEn was improved (P<0.01). Protein level affected FD at 7d postfeeding (P<0.03) only. The digestibility coefficients for all the nutrients studied were higher at 10 than at 7d postfeeding. No differences among treatments for BW and feed efficiency were observed at 42d. In conclusion, a PHT of 36 h did not affect broiler performance at 42d and increased nutrient digestibility at 7 and 10d postfeeding whit respect to control non fasted birds.
Key Words: post hatch time, metabolizable energy, protein, digestibility
Annual Meeting
Abstracts
Poultry Science Association
2000 World’s Poultry Congress,
Montreal, Quebec, Canada
August 18–20, 2000
191 Use of a mixture of rapeseed and sunflower meal with or without hydrothermal processing in broiler diets.
R. Lázaro, M.I. Gracia, M.J. Araníbar, P. Medel, and G.G. Mateos,
Universidad Politécnica de Madrid.
Abstract
A trial was conducted to study the effects of a mixture of rapeseed and sunflower meal (70:30) raw or cooked and expanded on nutrient digestibility and performance of broilers at 42 d. A total of 385 one-day old Cobb breeder male chicks were allotted at random into 7 treatments; a control diet based on extruded full fat soybean and soybean meal and 6 additional diets arranged factorially, with three levels of inclusion of the mixture (20, 15, and 10%) and two processing techniques (raw vs cooked and expanded). Each treatment was replicated 5 times (11 chicks per cage). All diets were formulated to be isonutritive and to exceed nutrient requirements of NRC (1994). At 42 d, broilers fed 10% of the cooked and expanded mixture had the same performance than control birds. Hydrothermal treatment of the mixture improved AMEn of the diet (3,170 vs 3,107 kcal/kg DM; P<0.005), fat digestibility (73.7 vs 69.9%; P<0.05), and daily gain from 1 to 21 d (23.3 vs 22.4 g/d; P=0.07). When the mixture was supplied at 20% of inclusion, hydrothermal processing improved performance from 22 to 42 d, but not from 1 to 21 d. At 42 d, feed efficiency of broilers fed the mixture at any level was similar to those fed the full fat soybean control diet, but BW was lower when the non-treated mixture was used at more than 10%. The mixture also decreased AMEn (3,138 vs 3,220 kcal/kg DM) and digestibility of DM (68.7 vs 71.4%), organic matter (70.4 vs 72.9%) and fat (71.8 vs 78.6%) with respect to the control diet (P<0.005). It is concluded that a mixture of rapeseed and sunflower meal can be used successfully in broiler diets from 1 to 42 d. Level of inclusion up to 20% can be used from 22 to 42 d, but not from 1 to 21 d. The inclusion of 10% of the cooked and expanded mixture produced similar results to those of the control diet from 1 to 21 d and at the end of the experiment.
Key Words: Broilers, Rapeseed, Hydrothermal processing, Digestibility, Performance.
Annual Meeting
Abstracts
Poultry Science Association
2000 World’s Poultry Congress,
Montreal, Quebec, Canada
August 18–20, 2000
87 Influence of microbial phytase on bone ash and performance of broilers.
P. Cachaldora1, M. J. Aranibar2, J. Mendez1, and G. G. Mateos*2,
1Coren SCL, Spain, 2Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain.
Abstract
An experiment was conducted to evaluate the influence of phytase supplementation (Natuphos® 5000) on strength and ash content of tarsus and performance of broiler chicks. A completely randomized design was used with four treatments arranged as a 2x2 factorial with two levels of available phosphorus (0.40 vs 0.32% from 0 to 21 d and 0.37 vs 0.29% from 22 to 42d of age) and two levels of phytase supplementation (0 vs 500 FTU microbial phytase/kg). There were six replicates per treatment (70 straight run chicks per pen). The diets were based on wheat, corn, soybean meal and meat and bone meal with 3,010 and 3,150 kcal ME/kg and 1.36 and 1.24% total lysine from 0 to 21 and from 21 to 42d, respectively. At the end of the trial four birds of each pen were killed by cervical dislocation and the tarsus was removed for measuring bone strength and ash content. At 42d of age no differences among treatments were detected for average daily gain (57.7, 57.0, 57.3, and 57.7 g/d, respectively; P>0.05), or feed conversion (1.71, 1.72, 1.72, and 1.71 g/g, respectively; P>0.05). Neither available phosphorus level nor phytase supplementation influenced tarsus strength (13.8 vs 14.6 kg/mm2 and 14.4 vs 14.0 kg/mm2, respectively) but phytase supplementation tended to improved tarsus ash content (31.8 vs 32.7%, P=0.09). We conclude that phytase supplementation improved bone ash and that 500 FTU of phytase are equivalent to at least 0.08 % of available phosphorus in commercial diets for broilers.
Key Words: Broiler, Available phosphorous, Microbial phytase.
Annual Meeting
Abstracts
Poultry Science Association
88th Annual Meeting
1999 August 8-11
Springdale, Arkansas
USA
Poscal 78 (Supplement 1) Pages 1-165, 1999
224 Effect of source and level of xanthophylls on yolk pigmentation. M.J. Araníbar, M. Garcia, P.G. Rebollar, and G.G. Mateos*, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid.
Abstract
An experiment was conducted to evaluate the influence of source and level of xanthophylls in the diet of laying hens on yolk pigmentation. There were 16 treatments arranged factorially with two sources of yellow pigment (YEW), four levels of YEW (4, 6, 8, and 10 ppm), and two levels of red pigment (RED: 2.5 and 3.5 ppm). YEW were based on saponified marigold extract and contained either 3.8 g of lutein and 9.0 g of zeaxanthin/kg (HZ), or 16.5 g of lutein and 0.94 g of zeaxanthin/kg (LZ). RED contained 10 g of canthaxanthin/kg. Each treatment was replicated 3 times (5 molted hens, 60 wks of age, per cage). Experimental feed was based on white cereals with 2,740 kcal AMEn/kg, 4.4% of added fat, 16.4% crude protein, and 0.34% total methionine. All the birds received a white diet without pigmentation during 14 d and then each treatment received their respective experimental diet during 20 d. pigmentation of yolk o 10 eggs per replicate choosen at random during the last 5 d of trial were measured by both the Roche colour fan (RCF), 1993 and the Miniscan MS/S-4500L (Hunterlab system) colorimeter. YEW source an level of RED in the diet influenced yolk pigmentation. HZ improved yolk colour over LZ supplementation (RCF: 13.5 vs 13.3, P=.19; a*/b*: 0.603 vs 0.576, P<.01). Level of YEW did not modify yolk colour (RCF: 13.4, 13.4, 13.3, and 13.6, P>.05; a*/b*: 0.604, 0.578, 0.585, and 0.593, P>.05 for 4, 6, 8, and 10 ppm of YEW, respectively). RED at 3.5 ppm pigmented the yolk better than at 2.5 ppm (RCF: 13.7 vs 13.1; P<.01; a*/b*: 0.615 vs 0.565; P<.01). In conclusion HZ pigmented the yolk better than LZ, and the effect of RED on yolk pigmentation was more noticeable than the effect of YEW. Under the conditions of the present study values obtained by the Miniscan colorimeter (a*/b*) were consistently correlated (r=.73) with those obtained by RCF.
Key Words: Layers, Zeaxanthin, Lutein, Yolk
(C-F) of maize and enzyme supplementation (ES) of the diet on
mucosa morphometry, digestive organ weight, dietary component
digestibility and growth performance of broilers from1 to 21 days of
age. There were 4 treatments arranged factorially with 2 heat processings
of maize (raw and C-F) and 2 levels (0 and 500 mg/kg) of
an enzyme complex with xylanase, protease and -amylase activity.
Dietary treatment did not affect any productive trait from 1
to 21 days of age. However, from 1 to 4 days of age, body weight
gain (P<0.01) and feed conversion ratio (P<0.001) were improved
by ES of the diet. Intestinal viscosity increased with C-F of maize
and decreased with ES of the diet (P<0.001). The effects of ES
on intestinal viscosity were more pronounced with C-F than with
raw maize (P<0.001) and at younger than older ages (P<0.05).
Cooking–flaking of maize increasedtotal tract apparent digestibility
of dry matter and organic matter (P<0.05) and of neutral detergent
fibre and starch (P<0.001) and tended to improve ether extract
(EE) digestibility (P<0.10). In addition, ES improved nitrogen retention
(P<0.01) and EE digestibility (P<0.001). Digestibility of neutral
detergent fibre and starch increased linearly (P<0.001) with age whereas nitrogen retention and organic matter, EE and gross energy
digestibility decreased from 4 to 8 days of age and increased
thereafter (P<0.001). The relative weight (g/kg body weight) of
the pancreas decreased (P<0.01) and that of the liver increased
(P<0.001) with C-F of maize. The relativeweight of the proventriculus,
gizzard and liver reached a maximum before 6 days of age and
that of the small intestine and pancreas at approximately 7.8 days of age (P<0.001). Enzymes increased villus height (P<0.05) but did not affect villus width or villus surface area. It is concluded that C-F of maize improved dietary component digestibility but had no effect on broiler performance at 21 days of age. In addition, ES improved nitrogen retention, EE digestibility and productive performance of broilers but only from 1 to 4 days of age.
digestibility were evaluated with respect to the main cereal used in the diet and dosage rate of a
fungal b-glucanase/xylanase enzyme complex.
2. Twelve diets were arranged factorially, with three soluble fibre cereals (SFC); 500 g/kg of wheat or
barley or 350 g/kg of rye, and 4 enzyme concentrations (0, 250, 1250 and 2500 mg/kg). An additional
control diet based on maize was also included.
3. The use of SFC in the diet instead of maize did not affect egg production or food efficiency, but hens
fed on SFC diets exhibited a higher incidence of dirty eggs than hens fed on the maize diet (86 vs 46%;
P<001).
4. Laying hens fed on enzyme-supplemented diets produced more eggs (21%; P<005) and had better
food efficiency per dozen eggs (25%; P < 005) than hens fed on non-supplemented diets. An excess of
enzymes in the diet (10 times the recommended dose) did not produce any deleterious effect on laying
hen productivity.
5. Enzyme supplementation (ES) reduced intestinal viscosity (P<0001) and the incidence of dirty eggs
(P<001). The reduction in viscosity was more pronounced in barley than in wheat or rye diets
(P<005).
6. Apparent nutrient digestibility in SFC diets was higher with ES, including dry matter (31%; P¼008),
fat (44%; P<0001), non-starch polysaccharides (833%; P<001) and AMEn (25%, P<001).
7. It is concluded that substitution of maize by SFC is facilitated by ES, especially with respect to egg
production, food conversion efficiency and egg shell cleanliness. An excess of enzymes did not produce
any deleterious effect on nutrient digestibility or performance of laying hens.
influence of exogenous α-amylase on digestive and performance
traits in broilers fed a corn-soybean meal diet.
There were two treatments (control and α-amylase supplemented
diet) and six replicates (14 Cobb male chicks
caged together) per treatment. At 7 d of age, α-amylase
supplementation improved daily gain by 9.4% (P ≤ 0.05)
and feed conversion by 4.2% (P ≤ 0.01). At the end of the
trial, birds fed the α-amylase-supplemented diet ate more
and grew faster (P ≤ 0.05) and had better feed conversion
(P ≤ 0.10) than broilers fed the control diet. Also, α-amylase
supplementation improved apparent fecal digestibility
of organic matter and starch (P ≤ 0.01) and AMEn of
the diet (P ≤ 0.001). However, no effects were detected for CP or fat digestibility. Nutrient digestibility andAMEn
of the diet increased with age (P ≤ 0.001); however, no
interactions of α-amylase × age were observed for any
trait. Coefficients of apparent ileal and fecal digestibility
of starch at 28 d of age were similar, which indicated that
most of the undigested starch was not fermented in the
hindgut of the chick. α-Amylase supplementation reduced
relative pancreas weight (P ≤ 0.001) but did not
affect the weight of the remaining organs. Age consistently
reduced intestinal viscosity and relative weights
of all the organs (P ≤ 0.001). The data indicated that α-
amylase supplementation of a corn-soybean meal diet
improved digestibility of nutrients and performance of
broilers.
(Key words: amylase, corn, digestibility, digestive organ size, broiler)
harina y los macro-nutrientes fueron analizados (materia seca-MS, proteína bruta-PB, Extracto Etéreo-EE, Ceniza total-CT y Energía bruta-EB) en triplicado de acuerdo a la AOAC (2011). El contenido de aminoácidos se determinó por HPLC. Asimismo, se estudió la densidad de las MPO tanto en la presentación de
grano como en harina, así como el efecto de la extrusión sobre la densidad. Los datos fueron analizados utilizando el programa SAS (2002). Los macronutrientes en estudio presentaron diferencias significativas entre las diferentes materias primas (P<0.001). La harina de sacha inchi tuvo el valor más alto en MS
(92.7%) y la quinua el más bajo (89.1%). Mientras que el mayor contenido de PB estuvo en la harina de pota (65.8%) y el menor en el trigo grano (9.1%). En las MPO estudiadas, destaca su contenido de PB el sacha inchi (51.1%), la nuez (44.2%) y el lupino (33.3%), muy por debajo se encuentran la kiwicha (14.0%), la cañihua (12.0%) y la quinua (10.0%). Respecto al EE el lupino presento el mayor contenido (17.9%), mientras que la quinua (5.4%), la cañihua (4.6%) y la kiwicha (5.9%) presentaron valores inferiores. El contenido de CT fue mayor en la harina
de pota (11.0%) y nuez (10.3%) y fue menor en el trigo (1.8%), la kiwicha (3.4%) y la quinua (3.4%). El valor de EB de las materias primas estuvo correlacionado con el EE. El lupino presento el mayor valor de EB (5008 kcal/kg). Por su parte, la quinua (4064 kcal/kg), la cañihua (4172 kcal/kg) y la kiwicha (4193 kcal/kg)
presentaron valores inferiores, propios de estos granos. El lupino, la nuez y el sacha inchi presentaron altos niveles de aminoácidos esenciales, pero fueron inferiores a los de la harina de pota. La densidad de las MPO en grano fue
diferente (P<0.001), siendo mayor para los granos de kiwicha comparado a la quinua y cañihua. En general, se observó una reducción de la densidad en los granos andinos con la molienda hasta harina. Mientras que el proceso de
extrusión incremento la densidad de la harina de quinua (530.8 vs 762.0g/L; P< 0.001, respectivamente) y de la harina de lupino (632.2 vs 694.9 g/L; P< 0.001, respectivamente). En conclusión, las materias primas orgánicas se presentan como una gran alternativa para la formulación de raciones para truchas en
reemplazo de materias primas convencionales, debido a su valor nutritivo y a las particularidades físicas que presentan.
Palabras clave: alimentos orgánicos, nutrientes, extrusión, densidad, truchas.
con la experiencia que sus problemas gastrointestinales podían aliviarse con el consumo de arcillas. En el altiplano peruano - boliviano existen varios yacimientos de arcillas comestibles. Los principales están ubicados en Ácora, Asillo, Azángaro y
Tiquillaca en Perú, Achocalla, Mocomoco y Oruro en Bolivia. Estas arcillas están compuestas principalmente por minerales como la montmorillonita, caolinita, illita y cuarzo. Con la purificación de estas arcillas se eliminan impurezas y partículas
no deseables, mejorando sus propiedades de atrapar sustancias tóxicas polares presentes en algunos alimentos, estabilizan la acidez gástrica y protegen la mucosa gastrointestinal en animales. En la actualidad estas arcillas son consumidas por los pobladores rurales con frecuencia al finalizar la etapa de cosecha de papas. Mientras que las
principales arcillas naturales se comercializan en los yacimientos, en las ferias sabatinas o dominicales y en los mercados informales de algunas ciudades. Con estos antecedentes el gobierno español a través de la Universidad
Politécnica de Madrid (Dr. GG. Mateos), la Universidad Nacional del Altiplano (Dr. MJ. Araníbar), y la Universidad Mayor de San Andrés (Dr. F. Mamani) conjuntamente con un grupo de investigadores Harnold Portocarrero, Julio Arizabal, Carlos Jara, Wilfredo Oblitas, Karol Araníbar y Halley Rodríguez, desarrollaron el Py “Montchack® incrementa el
empleo rural en el altiplano peruano - boliviano”.
El proyecto considero la ubicación de los yacimientos, cuidados durante la extracción, purificación de las arcillas, preparación comercial, pruebas biológicas y mecanismos de comercialización.