Abstract We all know physical activity is an important part of a healthy lifestyle, yet many peop... more Abstract We all know physical activity is an important part of a healthy lifestyle, yet many people still live sedentary lifestyles. It is, therefore, important to develop theoretically based interventions that may serve to increase physical activity and exercise. This narrative review focuses on the relationships among imagery, self-efficacy and exercise, and makes a case for future researchers to investigate the effectiveness of exercise imagery interventions. KEYWORDS: imagery, exercise, self-efficacy
Abstract Knowledge of imagery is a required competency for athletic trainers (ATs) but research h... more Abstract Knowledge of imagery is a required competency for athletic trainers (ATs) but research has yet to consider imagery use by ATs despite its relevant application for learning, planning, and controlling emotions in high stakes situations like rehabilitation, competency exams or novel injury situations. Aligned with the Applied Model of Mental Imagery, this study examined the cognitive and motivational functions of imagery used by 59 certified ATs and 34 AT students (N= 93, 19-48 years of age).
Abstract Over the years it has been proven that the use of imagery can be a highly effective perf... more Abstract Over the years it has been proven that the use of imagery can be a highly effective performance-enhancement technique in sport and that confidence is the most consistent psychological construct in distinguishing highly successful athletes from less successful ones. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between imagery use and confidence by high-and low-confident athletes. Recent research has suggested and shown that different athletes use the same image for different functions.
This book is described as a “go to” reference on efficacy research and a “must have” for scholar-... more This book is described as a “go to” reference on efficacy research and a “must have” for scholar-practitioners who are interested in “theoretically based and research-tested guidelines and recommendations for interventions”(p. vii). It is divided into three parts, the first of which covers the conceptual nature of self-efficacy and its measurement.
Abstract The revised Movement Imagery Questionnaire (MIQ-R: Hall & Martin, 1997) assesses visual ... more Abstract The revised Movement Imagery Questionnaire (MIQ-R: Hall & Martin, 1997) assesses visual and kinesthetic movement imagery abilities and has become a popular questionnaire in sport and exercise psychology research. The purpose of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of the MIQ-R including internal consistency, stability, factor structure, and gender invariance. There were 325 male (n= 136) and female (n= 189) athletes/dancers who participated in the study.
Abstract This study examined the relationship between coaching efficacy and imagery use. Eighty-n... more Abstract This study examined the relationship between coaching efficacy and imagery use. Eighty-nine coaches from the NCAA in the USA completed the Coaching Efficacy Scale and a modified version of the Sport Imagery Questionnaire. Results showed significant positive correlations among the coaching efficacy subscales and imagery functions. Regression analyses showed that the significant predictor for game strategy efficacy was CG imagery (imaging strategies).
Summary This study compared coaches' assessments of their own coaching efficacy with their athlet... more Summary This study compared coaches' assessments of their own coaching efficacy with their athletes' perceptions of the coaches' efficacy. Coaching efficacy was measured with the Coaching Efficacy Scale. Participants were 9 football coaches and 76 football players from the same team. Analysis indicated coaches were confident in their coaching abilities (range 6.5 to 9.0 on a 9-point scale). For 7 of the 9 coaches the coaches' ratings of themselves were higher than the athletes' ratings.
This paper describes selfand team confidence and presents theoretical support for the notion of t... more This paper describes selfand team confidence and presents theoretical support for the notion of team confidence. It also offers practical suggestions for building, maintaining, and regaining team confidence.
Context: Most patients on an index concentric isokinetic test of the shoulder internal and extern... more Context: Most patients on an index concentric isokinetic test of the shoulder internal and external rotators have significant torque-acceleration-energy (TAE) deficits. Objective: To assess the effectiveness of rehabilitation on muscle power in patients with shoulder dysfunctions. Design: Prospective, pretest–posttest. Setting: Physical therapy clinic. Participants: 67, mean age 28.7±12.89 years.
Sullivan & Feltz (2003) offered a preliminary multidimensional measure of communication in team s... more Sullivan & Feltz (2003) offered a preliminary multidimensional measure of communication in team sports, the Scale for Effective Communication in Team Sports (SECTS). The current research attempted to further the development and support for the psychometric properties and validity of the measure. In one study, 350 athletes completed an updated version of the SECTS. Confirmatory factor analyses showed good support for the 4-factor structure. Correlations to team cohesion offer construct validity for the scale.
This exploratory study investigated the content of the images athletes use to build, maintain, an... more This exploratory study investigated the content of the images athletes use to build, maintain, and regain their confidence. It also investigated their perceptions of the effectiveness of images for these confidence sub-functions. Participants were 142 college student athletes (60% female) from the central north area of the United States or Canada. Participants completed a modified version of the Sport Imagery Questionnaire (SIQ; Hall, Stevens, & Paivio, 2005).
Abstract This paper aims to help teachers and coaches understand the use of mental imagery with c... more Abstract This paper aims to help teachers and coaches understand the use of mental imagery with children. A brief overview of the nature of imagery is presented, followed by guidelines for teaching and developing imagery skills. Nine potential uses of mental imagery are discussed, viz. imagery for learning, performing, focusing, self-confidence, motivation, arousal, changing negatives to positives, relaxation, and healing.
The relationship that exists between a coach and an athlete has been extensively researched, and ... more The relationship that exists between a coach and an athlete has been extensively researched, and can be both extreme and powerful (panel). A coach has tremendous influence on the physical and psychological development of their athletes.
Abstract We all know physical activity is an important part of a healthy lifestyle, yet many peop... more Abstract We all know physical activity is an important part of a healthy lifestyle, yet many people still live sedentary lifestyles. It is, therefore, important to develop theoretically based interventions that may serve to increase physical activity and exercise. This narrative review focuses on the relationships among imagery, self-efficacy and exercise, and makes a case for future researchers to investigate the effectiveness of exercise imagery interventions. KEYWORDS: imagery, exercise, self-efficacy
Abstract Knowledge of imagery is a required competency for athletic trainers (ATs) but research h... more Abstract Knowledge of imagery is a required competency for athletic trainers (ATs) but research has yet to consider imagery use by ATs despite its relevant application for learning, planning, and controlling emotions in high stakes situations like rehabilitation, competency exams or novel injury situations. Aligned with the Applied Model of Mental Imagery, this study examined the cognitive and motivational functions of imagery used by 59 certified ATs and 34 AT students (N= 93, 19-48 years of age).
Abstract Over the years it has been proven that the use of imagery can be a highly effective perf... more Abstract Over the years it has been proven that the use of imagery can be a highly effective performance-enhancement technique in sport and that confidence is the most consistent psychological construct in distinguishing highly successful athletes from less successful ones. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between imagery use and confidence by high-and low-confident athletes. Recent research has suggested and shown that different athletes use the same image for different functions.
This book is described as a “go to” reference on efficacy research and a “must have” for scholar-... more This book is described as a “go to” reference on efficacy research and a “must have” for scholar-practitioners who are interested in “theoretically based and research-tested guidelines and recommendations for interventions”(p. vii). It is divided into three parts, the first of which covers the conceptual nature of self-efficacy and its measurement.
Abstract The revised Movement Imagery Questionnaire (MIQ-R: Hall & Martin, 1997) assesses visual ... more Abstract The revised Movement Imagery Questionnaire (MIQ-R: Hall & Martin, 1997) assesses visual and kinesthetic movement imagery abilities and has become a popular questionnaire in sport and exercise psychology research. The purpose of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of the MIQ-R including internal consistency, stability, factor structure, and gender invariance. There were 325 male (n= 136) and female (n= 189) athletes/dancers who participated in the study.
Abstract This study examined the relationship between coaching efficacy and imagery use. Eighty-n... more Abstract This study examined the relationship between coaching efficacy and imagery use. Eighty-nine coaches from the NCAA in the USA completed the Coaching Efficacy Scale and a modified version of the Sport Imagery Questionnaire. Results showed significant positive correlations among the coaching efficacy subscales and imagery functions. Regression analyses showed that the significant predictor for game strategy efficacy was CG imagery (imaging strategies).
Summary This study compared coaches' assessments of their own coaching efficacy with their athlet... more Summary This study compared coaches' assessments of their own coaching efficacy with their athletes' perceptions of the coaches' efficacy. Coaching efficacy was measured with the Coaching Efficacy Scale. Participants were 9 football coaches and 76 football players from the same team. Analysis indicated coaches were confident in their coaching abilities (range 6.5 to 9.0 on a 9-point scale). For 7 of the 9 coaches the coaches' ratings of themselves were higher than the athletes' ratings.
This paper describes selfand team confidence and presents theoretical support for the notion of t... more This paper describes selfand team confidence and presents theoretical support for the notion of team confidence. It also offers practical suggestions for building, maintaining, and regaining team confidence.
Context: Most patients on an index concentric isokinetic test of the shoulder internal and extern... more Context: Most patients on an index concentric isokinetic test of the shoulder internal and external rotators have significant torque-acceleration-energy (TAE) deficits. Objective: To assess the effectiveness of rehabilitation on muscle power in patients with shoulder dysfunctions. Design: Prospective, pretest–posttest. Setting: Physical therapy clinic. Participants: 67, mean age 28.7±12.89 years.
Sullivan & Feltz (2003) offered a preliminary multidimensional measure of communication in team s... more Sullivan & Feltz (2003) offered a preliminary multidimensional measure of communication in team sports, the Scale for Effective Communication in Team Sports (SECTS). The current research attempted to further the development and support for the psychometric properties and validity of the measure. In one study, 350 athletes completed an updated version of the SECTS. Confirmatory factor analyses showed good support for the 4-factor structure. Correlations to team cohesion offer construct validity for the scale.
This exploratory study investigated the content of the images athletes use to build, maintain, an... more This exploratory study investigated the content of the images athletes use to build, maintain, and regain their confidence. It also investigated their perceptions of the effectiveness of images for these confidence sub-functions. Participants were 142 college student athletes (60% female) from the central north area of the United States or Canada. Participants completed a modified version of the Sport Imagery Questionnaire (SIQ; Hall, Stevens, & Paivio, 2005).
Abstract This paper aims to help teachers and coaches understand the use of mental imagery with c... more Abstract This paper aims to help teachers and coaches understand the use of mental imagery with children. A brief overview of the nature of imagery is presented, followed by guidelines for teaching and developing imagery skills. Nine potential uses of mental imagery are discussed, viz. imagery for learning, performing, focusing, self-confidence, motivation, arousal, changing negatives to positives, relaxation, and healing.
The relationship that exists between a coach and an athlete has been extensively researched, and ... more The relationship that exists between a coach and an athlete has been extensively researched, and can be both extreme and powerful (panel). A coach has tremendous influence on the physical and psychological development of their athletes.
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Papers by Sandra Short