STAR: Science & Technology of Archaeological Research, 2020
A series of pottery samples from the Iranian site Tol-e Kamin, ranging from pre-historical period... more A series of pottery samples from the Iranian site Tol-e Kamin, ranging from pre-historical period to the New Elamite, were analyzed in order to study the geochemical variability of the pottery assemblage. A total amount of 168 measurements were obtained using a portable XRF device and were statistically handled. The results could successfully distinguish the geochemical composition of potteries from the chalcolithic to the New Elamite periods in the Kur River Basin. A major shift in the use of different clay sources could be detected since the Proto Elamite period and afterward, in which the carbonated and marl content clays represented by Ca, Ba and Sr shifted to clay sources with a tendency to non-carbonate silty clay Al, Ti, and Fe from a different geological background. The results stress the importance of further provenance studies to address issues of trade and exchange possibilities in southwestern Iran.
The stone monuments of Pasargadae (c.550 to 330 BCE), Iran, represent a unique example of an adva... more The stone monuments of Pasargadae (c.550 to 330 BCE), Iran, represent a unique example of an advanced construction system that used stones as building materials. This study characterizes the mineralogical and chemical composition of these stones and determines their provenance. Five samples were obtained from buildings at Pasargadae and studied using optical microscopy (OM), X-ray powder diffraction (QXRD), inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF). Their chemical and mineralogical composition was determined using the Sr/Fe ratio and the amount Lu in order to investigate the provenance of the building materials. Seven additional samples were obtained from rock outcrops suspected of being the source of the rock and studied using the same techniques. A statistical principal component analysis (PCA) exhibited correlations between each data set. The data suggest that Abolverdi quarry west of Pasargadae served as the source for the light limestone used in the construction of the buildings, particularly the Tomb of Cyrus the Great. The Ahmad-Beigi and Sarpaniran outcrops to the northeast and southeast are suggested as the sources of the dark limestone. The Sr/Fe ratio and the amount of rare-earth elements distinguish the samples by means of different geneses.
journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, Feb 2018
Soha Chay Tepe is located on the right bank of the Sojasrud River and lies within the province of... more Soha Chay Tepe is located on the right bank of the Sojasrud River and lies within the province of Zanjan, in Western Iran. During excavation, one cultural period and two architectural phases have been distinguished, contemporary to the Middle Chalcolithic period (Dalma tradition). More complex activities in Chalcolithic period are well studied and accepted by researchers, however analyzing pottery according to stylistic attributes revealed more details about systematic pottery production of this period in the west of Iran. A total of 96 pottery samples was chemically analyzed with portable XRF device in order to detect clustering pattern. Results have revealed meaningful similarities concerning composition between the sampled groups in regards to their decoration style. It showed that the potters of Soha Chay Tepe might have made distinct operation decisions for their various pottery style productions. Portable XRF with relative internal calibration used in this study confirmed that it has high potential in compositional studies of ceramic regarding to more detailed questions.
Abstract
study of cultural and historical materials excavated from the archaeological excavation ... more Abstract study of cultural and historical materials excavated from the archaeological excavation is one of the most important goals of Archaeometry, in order to answer a lot of questions in archeology. In this regard, elemental analysis is important factors in the realization of this aim. Numerous analytical methods have been used for this purpose traditionally. Among them, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF) methods, inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy (ICP-MS) or neutron activation analysis (INAA) can be noted. In recent years, the use of portable X-ray fluorescence instrument is one of the ways that has been received a lot of attention and is expanding and improving continuously. The good accuracy, as well as fieldwork possibility of this non-destructive method, has led it to increasingly attains more popularity. In particular, this method has been used more and more in classification and provenance study of pottery and stone artifacts. Although very few institutions in Iran, including Tehran Art University, have access to this tool but due to the unique features of this device, it seems that its use will be expanded in next years. This paper attempts to give a general idea about this technique to the researchers and students and review its advantages, limitations, and application in cultural heritage purposes. There is almost no any other portable analytical tool, which becomes so familiar and user-friendly like portable XRF. As this technique is actually a surface analysis and penetration x-ray is limited to some millimeter, the target surface must be free of likely contaminations. However, it would help researchers in different fields studies like museum studies, Archaeometry, archaeology, geoarchaeology or conservation of artifact. In theory, all elements except H & He could be identified with this technique. However, identification of light elements with low atomic numbers is very hard. With using a new generation of silicon drift detectors, it is possible that elements from Mg (Z=12) to U (Z=92) be detected. Besides qualitative studies, this instrument has been used widely for quantitative analysis. Classification and provenance studies are the main application of this tool in archaeology. With appropriate calibration and statistical methods, reliable results would be acquired. Some examples of ancient potteries from Zanjan are given on this issue. Clustering test (CA) and principle component analysis (PCA) are the two most used statistical methods in the interpretation of quantitative results of XRF.
چکیده
سنت فرهنگی دالما مربوط به هزارۀ پنجم ق.م. در غرب ایران است. یکی از مهمترین ویژگیهای این سنت... more چکیده سنت فرهنگی دالما مربوط به هزارۀ پنجم ق.م. در غرب ایران است. یکی از مهمترین ویژگیهای این سنت پراکنش وسیع سفال- های آن است. در مراکز اصلی سنت فرهنگی دالما، بهخصوص حوضۀ جنوبی دریاچۀ ارومیه چهار گونۀ اصلی سفال دالما شناخته شده است. هرچه از مرکز اصلی دالما دورتر میشویم بهویژه در مناطقی که سنت دالمایی در تماس با سنتهای همزمان و همجوار خود قرارمیگیرد، بسترهای دالمایی گونههای متنوعتری از مواد فرهنگی را تجربه میکند. در برخی موارد سفالهای غیردالمایی در بستر کاملا دالمایی و گاهی سفالهای نوع دالمایی در بستر کاملاً غیردالمایی مشاهده میشود. در این مقاله، ابتدا سنتهای سفالی محوطۀ سها چای تپه زنجان بر اساس سبک ظاهری و تکنولوژیکی طبقهبندی شده و سپس هفده نمونه از گونههای متنوع با استفاده از روش تجزیۀ عنصری XRF مورد آزمایش قرار گرفته است. هدف از این نوشتار تعیین سبکهای سفالی اصلی و فرعی در بستری دالمایی در منطقهای دورتر از مرکز اصلی دالما در درۀ سجاسرود زنجان است. بر اساس نتایج بهدستآمده فرضیۀ مبتنی بر وجود سبکهای سفالی اصلی و فرعی ارزیابی و پیشنهاد میشود. واژههای کلیدی: دالما، سبک، سنت، بستر، سها چای تپه، XRF
The Sampling is the first important step in any scientifically oriented field studies in cultural... more The Sampling is the first important step in any scientifically oriented field studies in cultural heritage. The sampling is more accurate, the interpretations are closer to reality. because of the unstable characteristics of earthen masonry and also lack of guideline or standard, Sampling process is especially very challenging in earthen architectural sites. This poster presents sampling experience in World cultural heritage site Chagha Zanbil in Iran and mentions some practical points, which should be kept in mind during the sampling process. Comprehensive sampling in this site was carried out during the reclarification of the siteplan some years after first excavation. The samples are tacken from Mudbricks and mortars for physical, chemical and micromorphological studies.
Grey Ceramic culture in the second millennium B.C. have been the controversial issue in the Irani... more Grey Ceramic culture in the second millennium B.C. have been the controversial issue in the Iranian Archaeology. Since most of the grey ceramics have been discovered from the burials, it remained some questions regarding the socio-economic conditions of the individuals. Also the rarity of settlement contexts have added some ambiguities as well. For this, material culture and archaeometrical analysis on the grey ceramics might be helpful to clarify some aspects of socio-economic condition such as, ceramic production, standardization and production organization. This paper will attempt to argue about some aspects of ceramic production in Qeytariyeh cemetery at Tehran plain with metric and chemical analysis. Ceramic analysis demonstrated a number of attributes which are including uniformity of decoration and dimensions, homogeneity of ceramic shapes, the variety of resources and preparation processes. The result of the analysis inspired us to draw the ceramic production organization through the standardization indicators. Finally, it can be proposed the scale and intensity of ceramic production in Qetariyeh might be the household industry or workshop industry.
Abstract Soha Chay Tepe is located on the right bank of the Sojasrud River and lies within the pr... more Abstract Soha Chay Tepe is located on the right bank of the Sojasrud River and lies within the province of Zanjan, in Western Iran. During excavation, one cultural period and two architectural phases have been distinguished, contemporary to the Middle Chalcolithic period (Dalma tradition). More complex activities in Chalcolithic period are well studied and accepted by researchers, however analyzing pottery according to stylistic attributes revealed more details about systematic pottery production of this period in the west of Iran. A total of 96 pottery samples was chemically analyzed with portable XRF device in order to detect clustering pattern. Results have revealed meaningful similarities concerning composition between the sampled groups in regards to their decoration style. It showed that the potters of Soha Chay Tepe might have made distinct operation decisions for their various pottery style productions. Portable XRF with relative internal calibration used in this study confirmed that it has high potential in compositional studies of ceramic regarding to more detailed questions.
The stone monuments of Pasargadae (c.550 to 330 BCE), Iran, represent a unique example of an adva... more The stone monuments of Pasargadae (c.550 to 330 BCE), Iran, represent a unique example of an advanced construction system that used stones as building materials. This study characterizes the mineralogical and chemical composition of these stones and determines their provenance. Five samples were obtained from buildings at Pasargadae and studied using optical microscopy (OM), X-ray powder diffraction (QXRD), inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF). Their chemical and mineralogical composition was determined using the Sr/Fe ratio and the amount Lu in order to investigate the provenance of the building materials. Seven additional samples were obtained from rock outcrops suspected of being the source of the rock and studied using the same techniques. A statistical principal component analysis (PCA) exhibited correlations between each data set. The data suggest that Abolverdi quarry west of Pasargadae served as the source for the light limestone used in the construction of the buildings, particularly the Tomb of Cyrus the Great. The Ahmad-Beigi and Sarpaniran outcrops to the northeast and southeast are suggested as the sources of the dark limestone. The Sr/Fe ratio and the amount of rare-earth elements distinguish the samples by means of different geneses.
This paper is tried to recycling debris in earthen sites with natural clay minerals. It also stud... more This paper is tried to recycling debris in earthen sites with natural clay minerals. It also studies the mechanical and physical properties of different portion of clay minerals in the earthen masonry. Two kind of soil as base of masonry has been selected. One of them is the soil of debris with non plasticity and no good features and the other is a suitable soil with adequate clay content which imported to the site from out. So various quantities of Kaolinite, Bentonite and sand added to the same amount of both kind of soils and different kind of Adobes prepared. After that, those are examined under compressive strength and moisture softening. According to the results, with increasing amount of Bentonite to the debris, cohesion and consequently compressive strength increased. This increase, for Kaolinite takes place in the smaller limit. In fact Kaolinite fills the pores but because it has no plasticity increasing in compressive strength is lesser than Bentonite. In the suitable soi...
Soha Chay Tepe is located on the right bank of the Sojasrud River and lies within the province of... more Soha Chay Tepe is located on the right bank of the Sojasrud River and lies within the province of Zanjan, in Western Iran. During excavation, one cultural period and two architectural phases have been distinguished, contemporary to the Middle Chalcolithic period (Dalma tradition). More complex activities in Chalcolithic period are well studied and accepted by researchers, however analyzing pottery according to stylistic attributes revealed more details about systematic pottery production of this period in the west of Iran. A total of 96 pottery samples was chemically analyzed with portable XRF device in order to detect clustering pattern. Results have revealed meaningful similarities concerning composition between the sampled groups in regards to their decoration style. It showed that the potters of Soha Chay Tepe might have made distinct operation decisions for their various pottery style productions. Portable XRF with relative internal calibration used in this study confirmed that...
ABSTRACT This paper is tried to recycling debris in earthen sites with natural clay minerals. It ... more ABSTRACT This paper is tried to recycling debris in earthen sites with natural clay minerals. It also studies the mechanical and physical properties of different portion of clay minerals in the earthen masonry. Two kind of soil as base of masonry has been selected. One of them is the soil of debris with non plasticity and no good features and the other is a suitable soil with adequate clay content which imported to the site from out. So various quantities of Kaolinite, Bentonite and sand added to the same amount of both kind of soils and different kind of Adobes prepared. After that, those are examined under compressive strength and moisture softening. According to the results, with increasing amount of Bentonite to the debris, cohesion and consequently compressive strength increased. This increase, for Kaolinite takes place in the smaller limit. In fact Kaolinite fills the pores but because it has no plasticity increasing in compressive strength is lesser than Bentonite. In the suitable soil, with increasing amount of Kaolinite compressive strength decreased. It backs to weakening of clay bond in soil. Moreover, Strength of moisture softening samples also examined and observed that samples which made with Bentonite are stronger than others and even after 240 minute remains intact. Finally concluded, with proper portion of clay minerals we can take back debris to the construction process in conservation projects and therefore save money and time.
STAR: Science & Technology of Archaeological Research, 2020
A series of pottery samples from the Iranian site Tol-e Kamin, ranging from pre-historical period... more A series of pottery samples from the Iranian site Tol-e Kamin, ranging from pre-historical period to the New Elamite, were analyzed in order to study the geochemical variability of the pottery assemblage. A total amount of 168 measurements were obtained using a portable XRF device and were statistically handled. The results could successfully distinguish the geochemical composition of potteries from the chalcolithic to the New Elamite periods in the Kur River Basin. A major shift in the use of different clay sources could be detected since the Proto Elamite period and afterward, in which the carbonated and marl content clays represented by Ca, Ba and Sr shifted to clay sources with a tendency to non-carbonate silty clay Al, Ti, and Fe from a different geological background. The results stress the importance of further provenance studies to address issues of trade and exchange possibilities in southwestern Iran.
The stone monuments of Pasargadae (c.550 to 330 BCE), Iran, represent a unique example of an adva... more The stone monuments of Pasargadae (c.550 to 330 BCE), Iran, represent a unique example of an advanced construction system that used stones as building materials. This study characterizes the mineralogical and chemical composition of these stones and determines their provenance. Five samples were obtained from buildings at Pasargadae and studied using optical microscopy (OM), X-ray powder diffraction (QXRD), inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF). Their chemical and mineralogical composition was determined using the Sr/Fe ratio and the amount Lu in order to investigate the provenance of the building materials. Seven additional samples were obtained from rock outcrops suspected of being the source of the rock and studied using the same techniques. A statistical principal component analysis (PCA) exhibited correlations between each data set. The data suggest that Abolverdi quarry west of Pasargadae served as the source for the light limestone used in the construction of the buildings, particularly the Tomb of Cyrus the Great. The Ahmad-Beigi and Sarpaniran outcrops to the northeast and southeast are suggested as the sources of the dark limestone. The Sr/Fe ratio and the amount of rare-earth elements distinguish the samples by means of different geneses.
journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, Feb 2018
Soha Chay Tepe is located on the right bank of the Sojasrud River and lies within the province of... more Soha Chay Tepe is located on the right bank of the Sojasrud River and lies within the province of Zanjan, in Western Iran. During excavation, one cultural period and two architectural phases have been distinguished, contemporary to the Middle Chalcolithic period (Dalma tradition). More complex activities in Chalcolithic period are well studied and accepted by researchers, however analyzing pottery according to stylistic attributes revealed more details about systematic pottery production of this period in the west of Iran. A total of 96 pottery samples was chemically analyzed with portable XRF device in order to detect clustering pattern. Results have revealed meaningful similarities concerning composition between the sampled groups in regards to their decoration style. It showed that the potters of Soha Chay Tepe might have made distinct operation decisions for their various pottery style productions. Portable XRF with relative internal calibration used in this study confirmed that it has high potential in compositional studies of ceramic regarding to more detailed questions.
Abstract
study of cultural and historical materials excavated from the archaeological excavation ... more Abstract study of cultural and historical materials excavated from the archaeological excavation is one of the most important goals of Archaeometry, in order to answer a lot of questions in archeology. In this regard, elemental analysis is important factors in the realization of this aim. Numerous analytical methods have been used for this purpose traditionally. Among them, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF) methods, inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy (ICP-MS) or neutron activation analysis (INAA) can be noted. In recent years, the use of portable X-ray fluorescence instrument is one of the ways that has been received a lot of attention and is expanding and improving continuously. The good accuracy, as well as fieldwork possibility of this non-destructive method, has led it to increasingly attains more popularity. In particular, this method has been used more and more in classification and provenance study of pottery and stone artifacts. Although very few institutions in Iran, including Tehran Art University, have access to this tool but due to the unique features of this device, it seems that its use will be expanded in next years. This paper attempts to give a general idea about this technique to the researchers and students and review its advantages, limitations, and application in cultural heritage purposes. There is almost no any other portable analytical tool, which becomes so familiar and user-friendly like portable XRF. As this technique is actually a surface analysis and penetration x-ray is limited to some millimeter, the target surface must be free of likely contaminations. However, it would help researchers in different fields studies like museum studies, Archaeometry, archaeology, geoarchaeology or conservation of artifact. In theory, all elements except H & He could be identified with this technique. However, identification of light elements with low atomic numbers is very hard. With using a new generation of silicon drift detectors, it is possible that elements from Mg (Z=12) to U (Z=92) be detected. Besides qualitative studies, this instrument has been used widely for quantitative analysis. Classification and provenance studies are the main application of this tool in archaeology. With appropriate calibration and statistical methods, reliable results would be acquired. Some examples of ancient potteries from Zanjan are given on this issue. Clustering test (CA) and principle component analysis (PCA) are the two most used statistical methods in the interpretation of quantitative results of XRF.
چکیده
سنت فرهنگی دالما مربوط به هزارۀ پنجم ق.م. در غرب ایران است. یکی از مهمترین ویژگیهای این سنت... more چکیده سنت فرهنگی دالما مربوط به هزارۀ پنجم ق.م. در غرب ایران است. یکی از مهمترین ویژگیهای این سنت پراکنش وسیع سفال- های آن است. در مراکز اصلی سنت فرهنگی دالما، بهخصوص حوضۀ جنوبی دریاچۀ ارومیه چهار گونۀ اصلی سفال دالما شناخته شده است. هرچه از مرکز اصلی دالما دورتر میشویم بهویژه در مناطقی که سنت دالمایی در تماس با سنتهای همزمان و همجوار خود قرارمیگیرد، بسترهای دالمایی گونههای متنوعتری از مواد فرهنگی را تجربه میکند. در برخی موارد سفالهای غیردالمایی در بستر کاملا دالمایی و گاهی سفالهای نوع دالمایی در بستر کاملاً غیردالمایی مشاهده میشود. در این مقاله، ابتدا سنتهای سفالی محوطۀ سها چای تپه زنجان بر اساس سبک ظاهری و تکنولوژیکی طبقهبندی شده و سپس هفده نمونه از گونههای متنوع با استفاده از روش تجزیۀ عنصری XRF مورد آزمایش قرار گرفته است. هدف از این نوشتار تعیین سبکهای سفالی اصلی و فرعی در بستری دالمایی در منطقهای دورتر از مرکز اصلی دالما در درۀ سجاسرود زنجان است. بر اساس نتایج بهدستآمده فرضیۀ مبتنی بر وجود سبکهای سفالی اصلی و فرعی ارزیابی و پیشنهاد میشود. واژههای کلیدی: دالما، سبک، سنت، بستر، سها چای تپه، XRF
The Sampling is the first important step in any scientifically oriented field studies in cultural... more The Sampling is the first important step in any scientifically oriented field studies in cultural heritage. The sampling is more accurate, the interpretations are closer to reality. because of the unstable characteristics of earthen masonry and also lack of guideline or standard, Sampling process is especially very challenging in earthen architectural sites. This poster presents sampling experience in World cultural heritage site Chagha Zanbil in Iran and mentions some practical points, which should be kept in mind during the sampling process. Comprehensive sampling in this site was carried out during the reclarification of the siteplan some years after first excavation. The samples are tacken from Mudbricks and mortars for physical, chemical and micromorphological studies.
Grey Ceramic culture in the second millennium B.C. have been the controversial issue in the Irani... more Grey Ceramic culture in the second millennium B.C. have been the controversial issue in the Iranian Archaeology. Since most of the grey ceramics have been discovered from the burials, it remained some questions regarding the socio-economic conditions of the individuals. Also the rarity of settlement contexts have added some ambiguities as well. For this, material culture and archaeometrical analysis on the grey ceramics might be helpful to clarify some aspects of socio-economic condition such as, ceramic production, standardization and production organization. This paper will attempt to argue about some aspects of ceramic production in Qeytariyeh cemetery at Tehran plain with metric and chemical analysis. Ceramic analysis demonstrated a number of attributes which are including uniformity of decoration and dimensions, homogeneity of ceramic shapes, the variety of resources and preparation processes. The result of the analysis inspired us to draw the ceramic production organization through the standardization indicators. Finally, it can be proposed the scale and intensity of ceramic production in Qetariyeh might be the household industry or workshop industry.
Abstract Soha Chay Tepe is located on the right bank of the Sojasrud River and lies within the pr... more Abstract Soha Chay Tepe is located on the right bank of the Sojasrud River and lies within the province of Zanjan, in Western Iran. During excavation, one cultural period and two architectural phases have been distinguished, contemporary to the Middle Chalcolithic period (Dalma tradition). More complex activities in Chalcolithic period are well studied and accepted by researchers, however analyzing pottery according to stylistic attributes revealed more details about systematic pottery production of this period in the west of Iran. A total of 96 pottery samples was chemically analyzed with portable XRF device in order to detect clustering pattern. Results have revealed meaningful similarities concerning composition between the sampled groups in regards to their decoration style. It showed that the potters of Soha Chay Tepe might have made distinct operation decisions for their various pottery style productions. Portable XRF with relative internal calibration used in this study confirmed that it has high potential in compositional studies of ceramic regarding to more detailed questions.
The stone monuments of Pasargadae (c.550 to 330 BCE), Iran, represent a unique example of an adva... more The stone monuments of Pasargadae (c.550 to 330 BCE), Iran, represent a unique example of an advanced construction system that used stones as building materials. This study characterizes the mineralogical and chemical composition of these stones and determines their provenance. Five samples were obtained from buildings at Pasargadae and studied using optical microscopy (OM), X-ray powder diffraction (QXRD), inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF). Their chemical and mineralogical composition was determined using the Sr/Fe ratio and the amount Lu in order to investigate the provenance of the building materials. Seven additional samples were obtained from rock outcrops suspected of being the source of the rock and studied using the same techniques. A statistical principal component analysis (PCA) exhibited correlations between each data set. The data suggest that Abolverdi quarry west of Pasargadae served as the source for the light limestone used in the construction of the buildings, particularly the Tomb of Cyrus the Great. The Ahmad-Beigi and Sarpaniran outcrops to the northeast and southeast are suggested as the sources of the dark limestone. The Sr/Fe ratio and the amount of rare-earth elements distinguish the samples by means of different geneses.
This paper is tried to recycling debris in earthen sites with natural clay minerals. It also stud... more This paper is tried to recycling debris in earthen sites with natural clay minerals. It also studies the mechanical and physical properties of different portion of clay minerals in the earthen masonry. Two kind of soil as base of masonry has been selected. One of them is the soil of debris with non plasticity and no good features and the other is a suitable soil with adequate clay content which imported to the site from out. So various quantities of Kaolinite, Bentonite and sand added to the same amount of both kind of soils and different kind of Adobes prepared. After that, those are examined under compressive strength and moisture softening. According to the results, with increasing amount of Bentonite to the debris, cohesion and consequently compressive strength increased. This increase, for Kaolinite takes place in the smaller limit. In fact Kaolinite fills the pores but because it has no plasticity increasing in compressive strength is lesser than Bentonite. In the suitable soi...
Soha Chay Tepe is located on the right bank of the Sojasrud River and lies within the province of... more Soha Chay Tepe is located on the right bank of the Sojasrud River and lies within the province of Zanjan, in Western Iran. During excavation, one cultural period and two architectural phases have been distinguished, contemporary to the Middle Chalcolithic period (Dalma tradition). More complex activities in Chalcolithic period are well studied and accepted by researchers, however analyzing pottery according to stylistic attributes revealed more details about systematic pottery production of this period in the west of Iran. A total of 96 pottery samples was chemically analyzed with portable XRF device in order to detect clustering pattern. Results have revealed meaningful similarities concerning composition between the sampled groups in regards to their decoration style. It showed that the potters of Soha Chay Tepe might have made distinct operation decisions for their various pottery style productions. Portable XRF with relative internal calibration used in this study confirmed that...
ABSTRACT This paper is tried to recycling debris in earthen sites with natural clay minerals. It ... more ABSTRACT This paper is tried to recycling debris in earthen sites with natural clay minerals. It also studies the mechanical and physical properties of different portion of clay minerals in the earthen masonry. Two kind of soil as base of masonry has been selected. One of them is the soil of debris with non plasticity and no good features and the other is a suitable soil with adequate clay content which imported to the site from out. So various quantities of Kaolinite, Bentonite and sand added to the same amount of both kind of soils and different kind of Adobes prepared. After that, those are examined under compressive strength and moisture softening. According to the results, with increasing amount of Bentonite to the debris, cohesion and consequently compressive strength increased. This increase, for Kaolinite takes place in the smaller limit. In fact Kaolinite fills the pores but because it has no plasticity increasing in compressive strength is lesser than Bentonite. In the suitable soil, with increasing amount of Kaolinite compressive strength decreased. It backs to weakening of clay bond in soil. Moreover, Strength of moisture softening samples also examined and observed that samples which made with Bentonite are stronger than others and even after 240 minute remains intact. Finally concluded, with proper portion of clay minerals we can take back debris to the construction process in conservation projects and therefore save money and time.
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study of cultural and historical materials excavated from the archaeological excavation is one of the most important goals of Archaeometry, in order to answer a lot of questions in archeology. In this
regard, elemental analysis is important factors in the realization of this aim. Numerous analytical methods have been used for this purpose traditionally. Among them, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF) methods, inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy (ICP-MS) or neutron activation analysis (INAA) can be noted. In recent years, the use of portable X-ray fluorescence instrument is one of the ways that has been received a lot of attention and is expanding and improving continuously. The good accuracy, as well as fieldwork possibility of this non-destructive method, has led it to increasingly attains more popularity. In particular, this method has been used more and more in classification and provenance study of pottery and stone artifacts. Although very few institutions in Iran, including Tehran Art University, have access to this tool but due to the unique features of this device, it seems
that its use will be expanded in next years. This paper attempts to give a general idea about this technique to the researchers and students and review its advantages, limitations, and application in cultural heritage purposes. There is almost no any other portable analytical tool, which becomes so familiar and user-friendly like portable XRF. As this technique is actually a surface analysis and penetration x-ray is limited to some millimeter, the target surface must be free of likely contaminations. However, it would help researchers in different fields studies like museum studies, Archaeometry, archaeology, geoarchaeology or conservation of artifact. In theory, all elements except
H & He could be identified with this technique. However, identification of light elements with low atomic numbers is very hard. With using a new generation of silicon drift detectors, it is possible that elements from Mg (Z=12) to U (Z=92) be detected. Besides qualitative studies, this instrument has been used widely for quantitative analysis. Classification and provenance studies are the main application of this tool in archaeology. With appropriate calibration and statistical methods, reliable
results would be acquired. Some examples of ancient potteries from Zanjan are given on this issue. Clustering test (CA) and principle component analysis (PCA) are the two most used statistical
methods in the interpretation of quantitative results of XRF.
سنت فرهنگی دالما مربوط به هزارۀ پنجم ق.م. در غرب ایران است. یکی از مهمترین ویژگیهای این سنت پراکنش وسیع سفال-
های آن است. در مراکز اصلی سنت فرهنگی دالما، بهخصوص حوضۀ جنوبی دریاچۀ ارومیه چهار گونۀ اصلی سفال دالما شناخته
شده است. هرچه از مرکز اصلی دالما دورتر میشویم بهویژه در مناطقی که سنت دالمایی در تماس با سنتهای همزمان و همجوار
خود قرارمیگیرد، بسترهای دالمایی گونههای متنوعتری از مواد فرهنگی را تجربه میکند. در برخی موارد سفالهای غیردالمایی
در بستر کاملا دالمایی و گاهی سفالهای نوع دالمایی در بستر کاملاً غیردالمایی مشاهده میشود. در این مقاله، ابتدا سنتهای
سفالی محوطۀ سها چای تپه زنجان بر اساس سبک ظاهری و تکنولوژیکی طبقهبندی شده و سپس هفده نمونه از گونههای متنوع
با استفاده از روش تجزیۀ عنصری XRF مورد آزمایش قرار گرفته است. هدف از این نوشتار تعیین سبکهای سفالی اصلی و فرعی
در بستری دالمایی در منطقهای دورتر از مرکز اصلی دالما در درۀ سجاسرود زنجان است. بر اساس نتایج بهدستآمده فرضیۀ
مبتنی بر وجود سبکهای سفالی اصلی و فرعی ارزیابی و پیشنهاد میشود.
واژههای کلیدی: دالما، سبک، سنت، بستر، سها چای تپه، XRF
standardization and production organization. This paper will attempt to argue about some aspects of ceramic production in Qeytariyeh cemetery at Tehran plain with metric and chemical analysis. Ceramic analysis demonstrated a number of attributes which are
including uniformity of decoration and dimensions, homogeneity of ceramic shapes, the variety of resources and preparation processes. The result of the analysis inspired us to draw the ceramic production organization through the standardization indicators. Finally, it can be proposed the scale and intensity of ceramic production in Qetariyeh
might be the household industry or workshop industry.
study of cultural and historical materials excavated from the archaeological excavation is one of the most important goals of Archaeometry, in order to answer a lot of questions in archeology. In this
regard, elemental analysis is important factors in the realization of this aim. Numerous analytical methods have been used for this purpose traditionally. Among them, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF) methods, inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy (ICP-MS) or neutron activation analysis (INAA) can be noted. In recent years, the use of portable X-ray fluorescence instrument is one of the ways that has been received a lot of attention and is expanding and improving continuously. The good accuracy, as well as fieldwork possibility of this non-destructive method, has led it to increasingly attains more popularity. In particular, this method has been used more and more in classification and provenance study of pottery and stone artifacts. Although very few institutions in Iran, including Tehran Art University, have access to this tool but due to the unique features of this device, it seems
that its use will be expanded in next years. This paper attempts to give a general idea about this technique to the researchers and students and review its advantages, limitations, and application in cultural heritage purposes. There is almost no any other portable analytical tool, which becomes so familiar and user-friendly like portable XRF. As this technique is actually a surface analysis and penetration x-ray is limited to some millimeter, the target surface must be free of likely contaminations. However, it would help researchers in different fields studies like museum studies, Archaeometry, archaeology, geoarchaeology or conservation of artifact. In theory, all elements except
H & He could be identified with this technique. However, identification of light elements with low atomic numbers is very hard. With using a new generation of silicon drift detectors, it is possible that elements from Mg (Z=12) to U (Z=92) be detected. Besides qualitative studies, this instrument has been used widely for quantitative analysis. Classification and provenance studies are the main application of this tool in archaeology. With appropriate calibration and statistical methods, reliable
results would be acquired. Some examples of ancient potteries from Zanjan are given on this issue. Clustering test (CA) and principle component analysis (PCA) are the two most used statistical
methods in the interpretation of quantitative results of XRF.
سنت فرهنگی دالما مربوط به هزارۀ پنجم ق.م. در غرب ایران است. یکی از مهمترین ویژگیهای این سنت پراکنش وسیع سفال-
های آن است. در مراکز اصلی سنت فرهنگی دالما، بهخصوص حوضۀ جنوبی دریاچۀ ارومیه چهار گونۀ اصلی سفال دالما شناخته
شده است. هرچه از مرکز اصلی دالما دورتر میشویم بهویژه در مناطقی که سنت دالمایی در تماس با سنتهای همزمان و همجوار
خود قرارمیگیرد، بسترهای دالمایی گونههای متنوعتری از مواد فرهنگی را تجربه میکند. در برخی موارد سفالهای غیردالمایی
در بستر کاملا دالمایی و گاهی سفالهای نوع دالمایی در بستر کاملاً غیردالمایی مشاهده میشود. در این مقاله، ابتدا سنتهای
سفالی محوطۀ سها چای تپه زنجان بر اساس سبک ظاهری و تکنولوژیکی طبقهبندی شده و سپس هفده نمونه از گونههای متنوع
با استفاده از روش تجزیۀ عنصری XRF مورد آزمایش قرار گرفته است. هدف از این نوشتار تعیین سبکهای سفالی اصلی و فرعی
در بستری دالمایی در منطقهای دورتر از مرکز اصلی دالما در درۀ سجاسرود زنجان است. بر اساس نتایج بهدستآمده فرضیۀ
مبتنی بر وجود سبکهای سفالی اصلی و فرعی ارزیابی و پیشنهاد میشود.
واژههای کلیدی: دالما، سبک، سنت، بستر، سها چای تپه، XRF
standardization and production organization. This paper will attempt to argue about some aspects of ceramic production in Qeytariyeh cemetery at Tehran plain with metric and chemical analysis. Ceramic analysis demonstrated a number of attributes which are
including uniformity of decoration and dimensions, homogeneity of ceramic shapes, the variety of resources and preparation processes. The result of the analysis inspired us to draw the ceramic production organization through the standardization indicators. Finally, it can be proposed the scale and intensity of ceramic production in Qetariyeh
might be the household industry or workshop industry.