Adopting the so-called long chronology of Martin's life (316/317-397), this paper examines th... more Adopting the so-called long chronology of Martin's life (316/317-397), this paper examines three episodes in the life and work of Martin of Tours. Depicting his youth in Sabaria, the first chapter describes the military setting of Martin's early life and the development of Christianity in Pannonia, and in Sabaria in particular, during the reign of Emperor Constantine. The second chapter discusses Martin's visit to Pannonia after his release from the army (357/358) and his clash with the Arians. This throws light on religious conflicts between Catholic Christians and the Arians although it is impossible to establish an authentic identification of these Arian adversaries. The image of Martin that is described in Sulpicius Severus's book Vita s. Martini is consistent with historical data and with facts cited by polemic literature of the second half of the 4 th century. The last chapter discusses the possible, yet unsubstantiated veneration of Martin in Pannonia in the 5 th and the 6 th centuries. Martin's status as a bishop with a holy reputation is associated primarily with the name and religious teachings of bishop Martin of Braga (Portugal), himself bom in Pannonia, who was a devout worshipper of Martin of Tours. The veneration of Martin spread in Pannonia after the Carolingians defeated Avars at the end of the 8 th century.
Abstract
Food Production and Consumption in the Province Venetia et Histria in the Ostrogothic Pe... more Abstract Food Production and Consumption in the Province Venetia et Histria in the Ostrogothic Period
Production of sufficient amounts of food represented for the Ostrogothic state, which did not include lands with considerable surpluses in agricultural production, one of the most challenging tasks. Difficulties in food supply were noticeable already during the Gothic migration from the eastern Balkans to Italy and manifested themselves later on in the provision of the army and provinces as poor harvests set in. Cassiodorus’ collection Variae highlights several such cases. In the years 510-511 the province Venetia et Histria supplied with surpluses of food other parts of Italy and the Gothic army in Gallia. In 523 the province was – concurrently with Liguria – put to a test when the allied Gepid army passed from Pannonia to Gallia. In the second year of the war against Byzantium (536), the question of nourishment was aggregated by military devastations but also by the atmospheric disturbance that nullified the harvest, causing severe famine in central and northern Italy. Chronologically last letters (537-538) provide insight into the circumstances of the then divided provinces of Histria and Venetia. Cassiodorus’ presentation is partial: the author’s praise of Istria was aimed at its inhabitants who were to come to terms with the increased burden of delivery of food; similarly, by praising their social order, discipline, modesty and diligence, he wanted to induce inhabitants of coastal Venetia to perform conscientiously the demanding transport of food from Istria to the capital.
Rajko Bratož: Literary Sources on Constantine's Contacts with Aquileia
Panegyric 7 (6) in honour... more Rajko Bratož: Literary Sources on Constantine's Contacts with Aquileia
Panegyric 7 (6) in honour of Maximianus and Constantine, which was presented in the summer of 307 upon Constantine’s assumption of the imperial title by Maximianus and his contemporaneous marriage to Maximianus’ daughter Fausta, depicts the first meeting of the young Constantine with the then 5-year-old Fausta (about 295) as it was portrayed by a painting at the imperial palace in Aquileia. On that occasion, he accepted a parade helmet from the princess as an “engagement present”. The purpose of the propaganda speech is to emphasize the political and familial relationship between the two emperors.
Panegyrics 12 (9) of 313 and 4 (10) of 321 (Nazarius) cover Aquileia’s conduct upon Constantine’s war in northern Italy in the summer of 312. Just like several other cities, Aquileia initially opted against Constantine, however, following his victories it offered to surrender and at the same time asked for mercy. Its conduct not only induced the emperor to grant a pardon to Aquileia but also to reward it.
Constantine’s contacts with Aquileia are also highlighted by the following: the synod of Arles in the summer of 314 that was called by the emperor and attended also by Bishop Theodore of Aquileia who presented himself in the minutes as a bishop from Dalmatia (!). This province was under the authority of Licinius, his ally who was soon to become his worst competitor. In the later years, Constantine visited Aquileia on several occasions during his journeys and issued some important laws there.
Key words: Panegyrici Latini, Constantine’s and Fausta’s first meeting, surrender of Aquileia in 312, synod of Arles, Constantine’s legislation
Adopting the so-called long chronology of Martin's life (316/317-397), this paper examines th... more Adopting the so-called long chronology of Martin's life (316/317-397), this paper examines three episodes in the life and work of Martin of Tours. Depicting his youth in Sabaria, the first chapter describes the military setting of Martin's early life and the development of Christianity in Pannonia, and in Sabaria in particular, during the reign of Emperor Constantine. The second chapter discusses Martin's visit to Pannonia after his release from the army (357/358) and his clash with the Arians. This throws light on religious conflicts between Catholic Christians and the Arians although it is impossible to establish an authentic identification of these Arian adversaries. The image of Martin that is described in Sulpicius Severus's book Vita s. Martini is consistent with historical data and with facts cited by polemic literature of the second half of the 4 th century. The last chapter discusses the possible, yet unsubstantiated veneration of Martin in Pannonia in the 5 th and the 6 th centuries. Martin's status as a bishop with a holy reputation is associated primarily with the name and religious teachings of bishop Martin of Braga (Portugal), himself bom in Pannonia, who was a devout worshipper of Martin of Tours. The veneration of Martin spread in Pannonia after the Carolingians defeated Avars at the end of the 8 th century.
Abstract
Food Production and Consumption in the Province Venetia et Histria in the Ostrogothic Pe... more Abstract Food Production and Consumption in the Province Venetia et Histria in the Ostrogothic Period
Production of sufficient amounts of food represented for the Ostrogothic state, which did not include lands with considerable surpluses in agricultural production, one of the most challenging tasks. Difficulties in food supply were noticeable already during the Gothic migration from the eastern Balkans to Italy and manifested themselves later on in the provision of the army and provinces as poor harvests set in. Cassiodorus’ collection Variae highlights several such cases. In the years 510-511 the province Venetia et Histria supplied with surpluses of food other parts of Italy and the Gothic army in Gallia. In 523 the province was – concurrently with Liguria – put to a test when the allied Gepid army passed from Pannonia to Gallia. In the second year of the war against Byzantium (536), the question of nourishment was aggregated by military devastations but also by the atmospheric disturbance that nullified the harvest, causing severe famine in central and northern Italy. Chronologically last letters (537-538) provide insight into the circumstances of the then divided provinces of Histria and Venetia. Cassiodorus’ presentation is partial: the author’s praise of Istria was aimed at its inhabitants who were to come to terms with the increased burden of delivery of food; similarly, by praising their social order, discipline, modesty and diligence, he wanted to induce inhabitants of coastal Venetia to perform conscientiously the demanding transport of food from Istria to the capital.
Rajko Bratož: Literary Sources on Constantine's Contacts with Aquileia
Panegyric 7 (6) in honour... more Rajko Bratož: Literary Sources on Constantine's Contacts with Aquileia
Panegyric 7 (6) in honour of Maximianus and Constantine, which was presented in the summer of 307 upon Constantine’s assumption of the imperial title by Maximianus and his contemporaneous marriage to Maximianus’ daughter Fausta, depicts the first meeting of the young Constantine with the then 5-year-old Fausta (about 295) as it was portrayed by a painting at the imperial palace in Aquileia. On that occasion, he accepted a parade helmet from the princess as an “engagement present”. The purpose of the propaganda speech is to emphasize the political and familial relationship between the two emperors.
Panegyrics 12 (9) of 313 and 4 (10) of 321 (Nazarius) cover Aquileia’s conduct upon Constantine’s war in northern Italy in the summer of 312. Just like several other cities, Aquileia initially opted against Constantine, however, following his victories it offered to surrender and at the same time asked for mercy. Its conduct not only induced the emperor to grant a pardon to Aquileia but also to reward it.
Constantine’s contacts with Aquileia are also highlighted by the following: the synod of Arles in the summer of 314 that was called by the emperor and attended also by Bishop Theodore of Aquileia who presented himself in the minutes as a bishop from Dalmatia (!). This province was under the authority of Licinius, his ally who was soon to become his worst competitor. In the later years, Constantine visited Aquileia on several occasions during his journeys and issued some important laws there.
Key words: Panegyrici Latini, Constantine’s and Fausta’s first meeting, surrender of Aquileia in 312, synod of Arles, Constantine’s legislation
Beat Näf, Städte und ihre Märtyrer. Der Kult der Thebäischen Legion.
Paradosis 51. Beiträge zur ... more Beat Näf, Städte und ihre Märtyrer. Der Kult der Thebäischen Legion. Paradosis 51. Beiträge zur Geschichte der altchristlichen Literatur und Theologie, Academic Press Fribourg 2011.
Martinov spopad z arijansko duhovščino je Sulpicij pravilno postavil v čas, ko je bilo arijanstvo... more Martinov spopad z arijansko duhovščino je Sulpicij pravilno postavil v čas, ko je bilo arijanstvo »po vsem svetu«, še zlasti pa v Iliriku, zelo vplivno. Okvirna oznaka razmer je v celoti ustrezna: to je doba druge in tretje sirmijske sinode (357), obenem čas, ko se je Konstancij II. zaradi vojne s Sarmati dalj časa (od jeseni 357 do pomladi 359) zadrževal v Sirmiju. Vpliv arijanskih škofov iz Ilirika na cesarja je bil v tem času najbolj izrazit. Sulpicijevo poročilo, da se je Martin z arijanskimi nasprotniki spopadel skorajda sam (paene solus), dopušča možnost, da je imel na svoji strani nekaj zaveznikov. Martinov neustrašni nastop proti premočnim nasprotnikom sta poznejša pesniška biografa stopnjevala v podobo junaškega boja, Venancij Fortunat mu je dal celo poteze mučeniškega agona. Besednemu dvoboju v ostri obliki (acerrime) je sledil fizični obračun, ki naj bi bil najprej mučen in dolgotrajen (multa supplicia), nato pa boleč in sramotilen (javno šibanje in izgon iz mesta). Ker se fizično nasilje v času verskih spopadov večkrat omenja, Sulpicijeva pripoved kljub verjetnemu pretiravanju v bistvu ustreza resnici. (Rajko Bratož, Spremna študija)
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Papers by Rajko Bratož
Food Production and Consumption in the Province Venetia et Histria in the Ostrogothic Period
Production of sufficient amounts of food represented for the Ostrogothic state, which did not include lands with considerable surpluses in agricultural production, one of the most challenging tasks. Difficulties in food supply were noticeable already during the Gothic migration from the eastern Balkans to Italy and manifested themselves later on in the provision of the army and provinces as poor harvests set in. Cassiodorus’ collection Variae highlights several such cases. In the years 510-511 the province Venetia et Histria supplied with surpluses of food other parts of Italy and the Gothic army in Gallia. In 523 the province was – concurrently with Liguria – put to a test when the allied Gepid army passed from Pannonia to Gallia. In the second year of the war against Byzantium (536), the question of nourishment was aggregated by military devastations but also by the atmospheric disturbance that nullified the harvest, causing severe famine in central and northern Italy. Chronologically last letters (537-538) provide insight into the circumstances of the then divided provinces of Histria and Venetia. Cassiodorus’ presentation is partial: the author’s praise of Istria was aimed at its inhabitants who were to come to terms with the increased burden of delivery of food; similarly, by praising their social order, discipline, modesty and diligence, he wanted to induce inhabitants of coastal Venetia to perform conscientiously the demanding transport of food from Istria to the capital.
Key words: Theoderic, Cassiodorus, nourishment, trade, transport, famine, wars, natural disasters.
Panegyric 7 (6) in honour of Maximianus and Constantine, which was presented in the summer of 307 upon Constantine’s assumption of the imperial title by Maximianus and his contemporaneous marriage to Maximianus’ daughter Fausta, depicts the first meeting of the young Constantine with the then 5-year-old Fausta (about 295) as it was portrayed by a painting at the imperial palace in Aquileia. On that occasion, he accepted a parade helmet from the princess as an “engagement present”. The purpose of the propaganda speech is to emphasize the political and familial relationship between the two emperors.
Panegyrics 12 (9) of 313 and 4 (10) of 321 (Nazarius) cover Aquileia’s conduct upon Constantine’s war in northern Italy in the summer of 312. Just like several other cities, Aquileia initially opted against Constantine, however, following his victories it offered to surrender and at the same time asked for mercy. Its conduct not only induced the emperor to grant a pardon to Aquileia but also to reward it.
Constantine’s contacts with Aquileia are also highlighted by the following: the synod of Arles in the summer of 314 that was called by the emperor and attended also by Bishop Theodore of Aquileia who presented himself in the minutes as a bishop from Dalmatia (!). This province was under the authority of Licinius, his ally who was soon to become his worst competitor. In the later years, Constantine visited Aquileia on several occasions during his journeys and issued some important laws there.
Key words: Panegyrici Latini, Constantine’s and Fausta’s first meeting, surrender of Aquileia in 312, synod of Arles, Constantine’s legislation
Food Production and Consumption in the Province Venetia et Histria in the Ostrogothic Period
Production of sufficient amounts of food represented for the Ostrogothic state, which did not include lands with considerable surpluses in agricultural production, one of the most challenging tasks. Difficulties in food supply were noticeable already during the Gothic migration from the eastern Balkans to Italy and manifested themselves later on in the provision of the army and provinces as poor harvests set in. Cassiodorus’ collection Variae highlights several such cases. In the years 510-511 the province Venetia et Histria supplied with surpluses of food other parts of Italy and the Gothic army in Gallia. In 523 the province was – concurrently with Liguria – put to a test when the allied Gepid army passed from Pannonia to Gallia. In the second year of the war against Byzantium (536), the question of nourishment was aggregated by military devastations but also by the atmospheric disturbance that nullified the harvest, causing severe famine in central and northern Italy. Chronologically last letters (537-538) provide insight into the circumstances of the then divided provinces of Histria and Venetia. Cassiodorus’ presentation is partial: the author’s praise of Istria was aimed at its inhabitants who were to come to terms with the increased burden of delivery of food; similarly, by praising their social order, discipline, modesty and diligence, he wanted to induce inhabitants of coastal Venetia to perform conscientiously the demanding transport of food from Istria to the capital.
Key words: Theoderic, Cassiodorus, nourishment, trade, transport, famine, wars, natural disasters.
Panegyric 7 (6) in honour of Maximianus and Constantine, which was presented in the summer of 307 upon Constantine’s assumption of the imperial title by Maximianus and his contemporaneous marriage to Maximianus’ daughter Fausta, depicts the first meeting of the young Constantine with the then 5-year-old Fausta (about 295) as it was portrayed by a painting at the imperial palace in Aquileia. On that occasion, he accepted a parade helmet from the princess as an “engagement present”. The purpose of the propaganda speech is to emphasize the political and familial relationship between the two emperors.
Panegyrics 12 (9) of 313 and 4 (10) of 321 (Nazarius) cover Aquileia’s conduct upon Constantine’s war in northern Italy in the summer of 312. Just like several other cities, Aquileia initially opted against Constantine, however, following his victories it offered to surrender and at the same time asked for mercy. Its conduct not only induced the emperor to grant a pardon to Aquileia but also to reward it.
Constantine’s contacts with Aquileia are also highlighted by the following: the synod of Arles in the summer of 314 that was called by the emperor and attended also by Bishop Theodore of Aquileia who presented himself in the minutes as a bishop from Dalmatia (!). This province was under the authority of Licinius, his ally who was soon to become his worst competitor. In the later years, Constantine visited Aquileia on several occasions during his journeys and issued some important laws there.
Key words: Panegyrici Latini, Constantine’s and Fausta’s first meeting, surrender of Aquileia in 312, synod of Arles, Constantine’s legislation
Paradosis 51. Beiträge zur Geschichte der altchristlichen Literatur und Theologie, Academic Press Fribourg 2011.