Searching for Gold Resources and Networks in the Bronze Age of the Eastern Balkans, 2024
The main purpose of this article is to comment and study the Middle Bronze Age engraved bone obje... more The main purpose of this article is to comment and study the Middle Bronze Age engraved bone objects from the Shekerdzha mound, Kamen, Sliven District. These objects were recovered during the rescue excavations of the mound. They represent grave gifts. The finds most likely belong to artefacts such as sceptres and/or other regalia. This hypothesis was suggested in the first published paper about investigation of the mound.2 The objects at the Shekerdzha mound are presented as evidence showing the cultural contacts between distant areas like Anatolia and the Aegean with central Europe and the western Balkans during the Middle Bronze Age. These finds are so far unknown in the territory of Bulgaria, but are very well represented in Anatolia, southern Greece and central Europe (in the region of Hungary, parts of Romania, Slovenia and Slovakia). Consequently, the study is focused on the reasons for the presence of these finds in the eastern Balkans. An attempt has been made to explain the origin, routes of penetration and distribution and cultural determination and to refine the chronology of the artefacts.
This publication is focused on the study of a single, but very interesting object – a ceramic bow... more This publication is focused on the study of a single, but very interesting object – a ceramic bowl unearthed during the excavations at the “Thracian and Ancient City of Kabile” Archaeological Reserve. The characteristics of the vessel clearly distinguish it from the ceramic assemblage made by hand, and refer it to the time of the Hellenistic era of the 4th–3rdcenturies BC. The aim of the study is to clarify the chronology of the vessel, as well as to point out its parallels. The vessel presented in the study illustrates a detail of the interregional contacts between the Upper Thracе and Anatolia during the Early Bronze Age. In the last two decades, this tendency has been substantiated empirically through the recognition and inclusion in scientific circulation of imported objects or those that represent local imitations of objects of Anatolian and/or Aegean origin. Specifically for the Yambol/Kabile area, this is one of the few – and still isolated – artefacts with a marked Anatolian origin. It may fit in with observations of a two-way corridor transfer of objects, goods and populations (?) through some of the modern Aytos and Karnobat passes across the eastern divisions of the Balkan Mountains. Examples of this comprise both individual objects, and also burial structures situated along the presumed route connecting the territories located on both sides of the Balkan Mountains.
Early and Middle Bronze Age Zoomorphic Figurines and Depictions from the Present-Day Area of Bulgaria, 2023
This study focuses on the Early and Middle Bronze Age zoomorphic figurines, plastic representatio... more This study focuses on the Early and Middle Bronze Age zoomorphic figurines, plastic representations and depictions originating from the present-day area of Bulgaria. These very interesting artefacts belong to the group of so-called “small clay finds”. The figurines are 43 in total, and they were distributed across 11 settlements, primarily in the Upper Thrace Valley. The zoomorphic figurines and other representations were discovered in several different archaeological contexts: in dwellings, ditches and pits, as collective finds, at the base of hearths or ovens, etc. The present research summarises their distribution, the details of their archaeological contexts, their technological and typological features, their parallels, their relative and absolute chronology (when possible) and the interpretation of their meaning and usage.
Thread Dolls: Bone Heads Belonging to Islamic Rag Dolls in the Collection of the National Archaeological Institute with Museum at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences..., 2023
In the collections of the National Archaeological Institute with
Museum at the Bulgarian Academy ... more In the collections of the National Archaeological Institute with Museum at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences are stored four bone objects that are of an extraordinary and unconventional nature. They are anthropomorphic faces made of bone with an elongated irregular rectangular shape (in some places with rounded areas), pointed at one end. The aim of this publication is to present more information on the chronology, interpretation and cultural affiliation of these interesting artefacts. The artefacts were received by NAIM–BAS in the 1980s, with no information available on the circumstances of their acquisition and no receipt from the previous owner. There is no information whatsoever about their original archaeological environment, and whether or not they were acquired as a result of regular archaeological research, or whether they were the subject of unauthorised archaeological activity, such as the illegal trafficking of movable cultural property etc. Based on a brief overview, it can be said that the finds from NAIM–BAS can be attributed to the period of Islamic art generated during the Arab expansion in the lands of the Near East between the 7th–10th/12th centuries. Their interpretation as parts of several rag or dressed dolls is based on the definitions of similar finds from the territories of present-day Israel, Egypt and Palestine. This conclusion is based on the archaeological context in which these objects were found, as well as the hypotheses circulating in scholarly circles regarding their use and place in the daily life of people during this period. Taking into account the geographical area of their distribution, the archaeological context and the anthropomorphic specifics, it can be assumed that the finds from the NAIM–BAS collection are probably of similar origin, interpretation and chronology, although their natural area of manifestation is far removed from the borders of the Bulgarian lands and the European Southeast.
Предмет на изследване в настоящето съобщение е раннобронзов съд, от категорията на аскосите. Цел ... more Предмет на изследване в настоящето съобщение е раннобронзов съд, от категорията на аскосите. Цел на проучването е да се представят данни за неговия археологически контекст, характеристики, паралели, относителната хронология и обем. Въз основа на извършения анализ, може да се каже, че съдът от Горни Дъбник се датира в първата фаза на ранната бронзова епоха и вероятно се причислява към материалите, характерни за групата Орля–Садовец. Най-близките паралели на разглеждания предмет са аскоси от Браилица, Румъния и Атия, България, датирани в същата фаза на ранната бронзова епоха.
Filling the Gap. Cheekpieces from the Present-day Bulgarian Lands, 2023
Abstract
This publication is dedicated to artefacts known as cheekpieces, which
are rare finds i... more Abstract This publication is dedicated to artefacts known as cheekpieces, which are rare finds in the territory of present-day Bulgaria. The artefacts were uncovered at the Early Iron Age settlement near the village of Assenovets, at Tell Galabovo, and at the Late Bronze Age settlement near Belokopitovo. Based on parallels with similar artefacts discovered in the Carpathian-Danube region and central Europe, they have been defined as elements of horse harness. They are usually related to the domestication and riding of horses and the arrival of newcomers who were probably skilled in the making and use of chariots. This type of artefact is typical for the period after the early 2nd millennium BC, and its distribution covers a wide area including the territory between the Mediterranean and the Middle East, the Ural Mountains, the Carpathians, and also central and eastern Europe. The cheekpieces functioned as elements of the horse harness. They comprise a pair of vertical rods which were attached perpendicularly to the ‘bit’, or were integrated into ‘bit-less’ bridle forms; in either case, one fitted on each side of the horse’s head. The artefacts found at the three sites provoked interest because until now such objects have never been observed together, and so have never been analysed in detail in present-day Bulgaria. Keywords Cheekpieces, chariot, Bulgaria, Carpathian-Danube region, Bronze Age, Iron Ag
RESCuE ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXCAVATIONS OF SETTLEMENT REMAINS FROM THE EARLY CHALCOLITHIC, THE IRON AGE AND THE ROMAN PERIOD NEAR THE VILLAGE OF VODITSA, POPOVO MuNICIPALITY, TARGOVISHTE DISTRICT, 2021
The archaeological excavations are part of the investigation along “The extension of the gas tran... more The archaeological excavations are part of the investigation along “The extension of the gas transmission infrastructure of ‘Bulgartransgas’ EAD parallel to the north (highway) gas pipeline near the Bulgarian – Serbian border” and were carried out in June – August, 2020. The site was registered during field survey in the area in 2012. In 2020, preliminary investigations were carried out and revealed structures from the Early Iron Age. This fact required complete investigations of the site in Popastnik locality, 2.5 km north of the village of Voditsa, Popovo municipality. During the fieldwork, 47 archaeological structures were discovered sunken in the ancient terrain. They belong to four periods – Early Chalcolithic, first stage of the EIA, LIA and Roman period. Nine sunken features could be dated to the Early Chalcolithic. To the EIA belongs six pits. At the level of registration, they have a round plan with a diameter of 1.00 m, reaching 1.00 – 1.20 m from surface. Eleven archaeological structures date from the first half of the 4th c. BC: pits, semi-dugout features, linear sunken structures and an urn with cremated human bones. Five structures belong to the Roman period. They probably functioned as sunken parts of storage facilities. The structures could be interpreted as remains, related to a settlement in the micro-region during the various archaeological periods. An argument in favor of the settlement character of the site is its topographical position. The absence of heating installations and floor levels, the small amount of archaeological materials and finds support the hypothesis that during the registered periods the occupation of the settlements was short-lived.
RESCuE ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXCAVATIONS OF AN EARLY IRON AGE SETTLEMENT AND ANTIQuE STRuCTuRES AT THE SITE POPASTNIk, NEAR THE VILLAGE OF VODITSA, POPOVO MuNICIPALITY, TARGOVISTE DISTRICT, 2021
The site is 2.7 km to the north of the center of the village of Voditsa, Popovo municipality, Tar... more The site is 2.7 km to the north of the center of the village of Voditsa, Popovo municipality, Targoviste district. It is situated in the middle part of the western slope of a hill at Popastnik locality. The remains of two semi-dugout dwellings, oval in shape (structures 1 and 3), and four pits (1 – 4) (figs. 2 – 5) were discovered during the excavations. The finds and the materials could be dated to the very beginning of the Early Iron Age, but an earlier date cannot be excluded. They find a close parallel with the cultures Coslogeni, phase Sihlianu (Harţiche 1972, 59 – 77; Láslo 1993, 67 – 84), and Обр. 4. Хоризонтален план и стратиграфски профил на яма 2 (поглед от изток) Fig. 4. Horizontal plan and stratigraphic cross-section of Pit 2 (view from the west) Обр. 5. Панорамен изглед към източната част на обекта в заключителния етап на проучванията (поглед от югозапад) Fig. 5. Panoramic view of the eastern part of the site in the final stage of the excavations (view from the southwest) Babadag I (Hänsel 1976, 120 – 134, 229 – 236; Morintz 1982, 60 – 67). In close proximity, two shallow dugouts (structures 2 and 5) from the Roman period were investigated.
Observations on the characteristics, chronology, and volume of the Early Bronze Age askoi from Yunatsite and Ognyanovo settlement mounds, district of Pazardzhik, 2022
The present research concerns 26 complete and restored askoi found during archaeological excavati... more The present research concerns 26 complete and restored askoi found during archaeological excavations at the settlement mounds near the modern villages of Yunatsite and Ognyanovo (Maltepe), district of Pazardzhik. The aim of this study is to present some new and additional data on the characteristics, stratigraphic positions and chronology of the vessels. The methodology used includes a detailed catalogue and comparison with the known Early Bronze Age finds from the Bulgarian lands and the neighbouring territories. Although the artifacts of this category of vessels from the mentioned sites have already been considered in the literature, their reassessment gives new data on their characteristics. This allows their comparison with similar vessels from neighbouring territories. An attempt has been made to create an internal typological scheme for the settlement mound of Yunatsite.
Observations on the Characteristics and Volumes of Askoi from Early Bronze Age Sites from the Region of Varna, 2020
The article is focused on the collection of vessels
belonging to the category of askoi in the Var... more The article is focused on the collection of vessels belonging to the category of askoi in the Varna Regional Museum of History’s depot. Most of the materials originate from settlements dating from the Early Bronze Age, explored near Ezerovo and Arsenala, Varna Region, while a small number are of unknown origin. The study presents 21 whole vessels and 6 fragments, of which 17 vessels and 6 fragments are from Ezerovo, 3 vessels are from Arsenala and 1 is unknown. The vessels (and fragments) are made by hand, all of which are thin-walled (0.00 – 0.50 cm) and belong to the group of fine ceramics. Askoi are gray to gray-black, beige or gray-beige. On the surface of all vessels there are spots of different colors – black, brown, gray and beige. For the time being, it is difficult to determine whether these stains are the result of the primary firing of the vessels or are the result of secondary combustion/heating. The outer surface of all vessels is smoothed to varying degrees. Characteristics of very well-smoothed surface have the marks of smoothing (made with a solid object) in the form of vertical and longitudinal lines along the longitudinal part of the vessel. The very well smoothed vessels were covered with an engobe in a color identical to the original underlying fabric. According to the data presented, the most common elements of the askoi category are circular or elliptical body shape (horizontal section); tapered mouth, and rounded mouth; conical neck, spherical body profile (vertical section) and flat base. All vessels have vertical handles that extend high above the mouth. At the upper part they are attached to the mouth edge, and at the lower part – to the section of the transition between the neck and the body. Diversity is observed in the crosssection of the handles (flat, circular, irregularly oval, elliptical, irregularly polygonal, flat-elliptical), with the predominance of those with flat, circular and irregular oval cross-sections. The askoi with decoration are few. Where it is present it may be embossed – ribs, edges located on the neck and body of the vessels, or represented by incisions surrounding the neck of the askoi. The data for the vessels examined can be divided into three groups: First group: 0.00 – 0.10 L (0.02 – 0.08 L – 4 examples); Second group: 0.50 – 1.50 L (0.43 – 1.27 L – 12 examples); Third group: 2.00 – 3.00 L (2.19 – 3.07 L – 4 examples). The vessels of the second group, which cover the range between 0.50 and 1.50 L, are the most numerous. Observations on the lack of correlation between volume and formal typological characteristics are confirmed in the other two groups. Chronologically the askoi from the Early Bronze Age settlements near Varna are dated between the 1st and the 2nd phase of the epoch. The askoi from the Varna Regional Museum of History are a representative sample of this category of vessels, with the Ezerovo specimens being the second largest collection, after that of Yunatsite tell, Pazardzhik Region. The examples presented illustrate the diversity of form in the vessels, observing some overlap in the modeling of the elements of a certain number of the presented samples. However, it is impossible to make a typological analysis and design of each of the types and variants of the materials in question. Similarities are observed in vessel volumes. This is probably a testament to the identical function they performed, regardless of their differences in typology. For now, unanswered questions remain regarding their brief chronological presence during the early phase of the epochs, their uneven distribution in the sites within present day Bulgarian lands, and also what influenced these trends.
The archaeological site has a total area of 20.7 ha. In 2019, the second stage of excavations too... more The archaeological site has a total area of 20.7 ha. In 2019, the second stage of excavations took place. The remaining area of 1.2 ha was investigated with trenches. The results from 2019 show that there was human presence in two chronological periods – EBA (structures Nos 10, 13, 14 and 15) and EIA (structures Nos 11, 12, 16 and 17). Archaeological structures cover an area of 4.5 ha. No topographical patterns were identified in the locations of the structures. In terms of stratigraphy, the archaeological materials, regardless of their date, occupy one cultural layer. It is between 0.20 m and 0.40 m thick and is located between the uppermost humus layer, whose thickness varies widely (from 0.10 m to 1.50 m), and the sterile soft bedrock. According to their functional specifics, the archaeological structures are two types – pits and light ground structures. They are widely spaced, with large gaps between them, often over 50 m. The absence of traces of more solid structures (with sufficient amount of wall or floor plasters) determined them as light structures made of perishable materials. In rare cases, they were slightly dug in the sterile level. The excavations did not reveal any intact ceramic vessels, but only pottery sherds. The structures that are scattered throughout the archaeological area suggest that the site was inhabited by a small group of people, episodically or seasonally.
COMMENTS ON THE INTERPRETATION OF THE SOCALLED SUPPORTS FOR PHIALAE FROM THE TOWN OF BREZOVO, PLOVDIV REGION, 2020
This report discusses and analyses two ceramic objects defined as supports for a pair of phialae ... more This report discusses and analyses two ceramic objects defined as supports for a pair of phialae discovered together with other artefacts in a tumulus located in Radnev geran area near the town of Brezovo, Plovdiv district. The presence of objects similar to the supports, dated at the Middle Ages, provide grounds for a debate on their interpretation and chronology. The supports are stored at NAIM – BAS, recorded in the inventory books under a common number – No. 1714. They are triangular in shape and the end parts of each of the shoulders are rectangular/rectangular- oval in shape and with a trapezoid cross-section. Their thickness is 1.1 cm and 0.9 cm, respectively. On one side, the surface is flat and their even part is carelessly smoothed with visible oblique/diagonal linear traces. On the other side, pyramidal low feet are modeled at the ends of the stilts. On the tips of one of the objects, there are visible traces of fired glaze, while on the other, in individual places, there are traces of present-day chipping – also at the tips of the feet. On the inner surface of the shoulders, there are noticeable shallow grooves and edges which stop before the zone of the feet and show that they were moulded. Objects from the Middle Ages are similar to the supports under review. In literature these objects are known as „ /“ (tripod supports/stools), „ /“ (tripods), “tripod-stilts”/“props” or “earthenware supports”. They are characteristic of the lands of continental Greece where they first appeared, and the territories of the Balkan Peninsula and Transcaucasia. These finds are widespread in Bulgarian lands. There are well-known examples from Vidin, Melnik, Veliko Tarnovo, Shumen fortress, Cherven, Veliki Preslav, Varna, Sultantsi, Markovcha, Sozopol, and Nesebar. The presented data about the stilts from Brezovo and their Medieval analogues from the present-day lands on the Balkan Peninsula, Asia Minor and Transcaucasia, as well as the presence of glaze on the surface of the legs of one of the tripods allow their more certain dating at the beginning of the 13th c. at the earliest.
Годишник, том 10, на Регионален исторически музей – Пазарджик
Ceramic objects with a vertical body with one or two “rainbow” curved side parts, often defined i... more Ceramic objects with a vertical body with one or two “rainbow” curved side parts, often defined in the literature, such as ceramic models of anchors or hooks, are distributed in five sites on the territory of the Upper Thracian Plain – Yunacite, Dabene, Ezero, Hausa, Michalic. The main questions that related to hooks and anchors are the origin and the ways of distribution of these objects; defining their chronology and, above all, their correct interpretation.
The article is focused on some rare artifacts which were detected at settlement mounds near Yunat... more The article is focused on some rare artifacts which were detected at settlement mounds near Yunatsite and Razkopanitsa. They are extraordinary for Upper Thrace’s lands during the Early Bronze age. That raises the questions about their function and interpretation. The find from Yunatsite is found at VIII building phase. Its dimensions are: length – 6,7 cm; width – 4,7 cm; maximal thickness – 2 cm (minimal – 0,9 cm); diameters of the perforations – 0,7 cm, 0,6 cm, 0,6 cm. Its shape is rectangular with oval-triangle cross-section. Similar finds were detected in Anatolia and Greece. The most closed parallels originated from Markiani-Lerna, Yesiltepe, the gave Zas-Naxos (which finds were stamped of Mycenaean seals) and Festos-Crete. All finds are interpreted as weaving implements (according to P. Militello – weaving tablets). Later led us to suggest likewise interpretation for the Bulgarian’s finds.
The site lies at 2.3 km to the south of the town of Breznik, along the southern foothills of St. ... more The site lies at 2.3 km to the south of the town of Breznik, along the southern foothills of St. Nikola and Bardoto hills. Within its limits are included arable fields, pastures and two small dry streams. The stratigraphic data obtained from 94 test trenches showed three layers – 1. Topsoil – 0.00 – 0.40/0.45 m; 2. Cultural layer – 0.40/0.45 – 0.80/0.90 m; 3. Sterile soil, consisting of mergels and basalt rocks. The cultural layer was not attested within the entire perimeter of the site. During the excavation campaign in 2018 were registered nine features – seven from the Early Bronze Age and two from the Early Iron Age. Those of the earlier period present five shallow dug-outs – pits, and two can be interpreted as sheds. The features from the Early Iron Age are two pits, one of which is deeper. Its bottom was reached at a level of 1.60 m below the ground surface. A shallow stream in the eastern part of the site forms the boundary on either side of which archaeological materials from two periods were registered. To the east dominant are the remains from the Early Iron Age, and to the west – those from the Early Bronze Age.
Searching for Gold Resources and Networks in the Bronze Age of the Eastern Balkans, 2024
The main purpose of this article is to comment and study the Middle Bronze Age engraved bone obje... more The main purpose of this article is to comment and study the Middle Bronze Age engraved bone objects from the Shekerdzha mound, Kamen, Sliven District. These objects were recovered during the rescue excavations of the mound. They represent grave gifts. The finds most likely belong to artefacts such as sceptres and/or other regalia. This hypothesis was suggested in the first published paper about investigation of the mound.2 The objects at the Shekerdzha mound are presented as evidence showing the cultural contacts between distant areas like Anatolia and the Aegean with central Europe and the western Balkans during the Middle Bronze Age. These finds are so far unknown in the territory of Bulgaria, but are very well represented in Anatolia, southern Greece and central Europe (in the region of Hungary, parts of Romania, Slovenia and Slovakia). Consequently, the study is focused on the reasons for the presence of these finds in the eastern Balkans. An attempt has been made to explain the origin, routes of penetration and distribution and cultural determination and to refine the chronology of the artefacts.
This publication is focused on the study of a single, but very interesting object – a ceramic bow... more This publication is focused on the study of a single, but very interesting object – a ceramic bowl unearthed during the excavations at the “Thracian and Ancient City of Kabile” Archaeological Reserve. The characteristics of the vessel clearly distinguish it from the ceramic assemblage made by hand, and refer it to the time of the Hellenistic era of the 4th–3rdcenturies BC. The aim of the study is to clarify the chronology of the vessel, as well as to point out its parallels. The vessel presented in the study illustrates a detail of the interregional contacts between the Upper Thracе and Anatolia during the Early Bronze Age. In the last two decades, this tendency has been substantiated empirically through the recognition and inclusion in scientific circulation of imported objects or those that represent local imitations of objects of Anatolian and/or Aegean origin. Specifically for the Yambol/Kabile area, this is one of the few – and still isolated – artefacts with a marked Anatolian origin. It may fit in with observations of a two-way corridor transfer of objects, goods and populations (?) through some of the modern Aytos and Karnobat passes across the eastern divisions of the Balkan Mountains. Examples of this comprise both individual objects, and also burial structures situated along the presumed route connecting the territories located on both sides of the Balkan Mountains.
Early and Middle Bronze Age Zoomorphic Figurines and Depictions from the Present-Day Area of Bulgaria, 2023
This study focuses on the Early and Middle Bronze Age zoomorphic figurines, plastic representatio... more This study focuses on the Early and Middle Bronze Age zoomorphic figurines, plastic representations and depictions originating from the present-day area of Bulgaria. These very interesting artefacts belong to the group of so-called “small clay finds”. The figurines are 43 in total, and they were distributed across 11 settlements, primarily in the Upper Thrace Valley. The zoomorphic figurines and other representations were discovered in several different archaeological contexts: in dwellings, ditches and pits, as collective finds, at the base of hearths or ovens, etc. The present research summarises their distribution, the details of their archaeological contexts, their technological and typological features, their parallels, their relative and absolute chronology (when possible) and the interpretation of their meaning and usage.
Thread Dolls: Bone Heads Belonging to Islamic Rag Dolls in the Collection of the National Archaeological Institute with Museum at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences..., 2023
In the collections of the National Archaeological Institute with
Museum at the Bulgarian Academy ... more In the collections of the National Archaeological Institute with Museum at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences are stored four bone objects that are of an extraordinary and unconventional nature. They are anthropomorphic faces made of bone with an elongated irregular rectangular shape (in some places with rounded areas), pointed at one end. The aim of this publication is to present more information on the chronology, interpretation and cultural affiliation of these interesting artefacts. The artefacts were received by NAIM–BAS in the 1980s, with no information available on the circumstances of their acquisition and no receipt from the previous owner. There is no information whatsoever about their original archaeological environment, and whether or not they were acquired as a result of regular archaeological research, or whether they were the subject of unauthorised archaeological activity, such as the illegal trafficking of movable cultural property etc. Based on a brief overview, it can be said that the finds from NAIM–BAS can be attributed to the period of Islamic art generated during the Arab expansion in the lands of the Near East between the 7th–10th/12th centuries. Their interpretation as parts of several rag or dressed dolls is based on the definitions of similar finds from the territories of present-day Israel, Egypt and Palestine. This conclusion is based on the archaeological context in which these objects were found, as well as the hypotheses circulating in scholarly circles regarding their use and place in the daily life of people during this period. Taking into account the geographical area of their distribution, the archaeological context and the anthropomorphic specifics, it can be assumed that the finds from the NAIM–BAS collection are probably of similar origin, interpretation and chronology, although their natural area of manifestation is far removed from the borders of the Bulgarian lands and the European Southeast.
Предмет на изследване в настоящето съобщение е раннобронзов съд, от категорията на аскосите. Цел ... more Предмет на изследване в настоящето съобщение е раннобронзов съд, от категорията на аскосите. Цел на проучването е да се представят данни за неговия археологически контекст, характеристики, паралели, относителната хронология и обем. Въз основа на извършения анализ, може да се каже, че съдът от Горни Дъбник се датира в първата фаза на ранната бронзова епоха и вероятно се причислява към материалите, характерни за групата Орля–Садовец. Най-близките паралели на разглеждания предмет са аскоси от Браилица, Румъния и Атия, България, датирани в същата фаза на ранната бронзова епоха.
Filling the Gap. Cheekpieces from the Present-day Bulgarian Lands, 2023
Abstract
This publication is dedicated to artefacts known as cheekpieces, which
are rare finds i... more Abstract This publication is dedicated to artefacts known as cheekpieces, which are rare finds in the territory of present-day Bulgaria. The artefacts were uncovered at the Early Iron Age settlement near the village of Assenovets, at Tell Galabovo, and at the Late Bronze Age settlement near Belokopitovo. Based on parallels with similar artefacts discovered in the Carpathian-Danube region and central Europe, they have been defined as elements of horse harness. They are usually related to the domestication and riding of horses and the arrival of newcomers who were probably skilled in the making and use of chariots. This type of artefact is typical for the period after the early 2nd millennium BC, and its distribution covers a wide area including the territory between the Mediterranean and the Middle East, the Ural Mountains, the Carpathians, and also central and eastern Europe. The cheekpieces functioned as elements of the horse harness. They comprise a pair of vertical rods which were attached perpendicularly to the ‘bit’, or were integrated into ‘bit-less’ bridle forms; in either case, one fitted on each side of the horse’s head. The artefacts found at the three sites provoked interest because until now such objects have never been observed together, and so have never been analysed in detail in present-day Bulgaria. Keywords Cheekpieces, chariot, Bulgaria, Carpathian-Danube region, Bronze Age, Iron Ag
RESCuE ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXCAVATIONS OF SETTLEMENT REMAINS FROM THE EARLY CHALCOLITHIC, THE IRON AGE AND THE ROMAN PERIOD NEAR THE VILLAGE OF VODITSA, POPOVO MuNICIPALITY, TARGOVISHTE DISTRICT, 2021
The archaeological excavations are part of the investigation along “The extension of the gas tran... more The archaeological excavations are part of the investigation along “The extension of the gas transmission infrastructure of ‘Bulgartransgas’ EAD parallel to the north (highway) gas pipeline near the Bulgarian – Serbian border” and were carried out in June – August, 2020. The site was registered during field survey in the area in 2012. In 2020, preliminary investigations were carried out and revealed structures from the Early Iron Age. This fact required complete investigations of the site in Popastnik locality, 2.5 km north of the village of Voditsa, Popovo municipality. During the fieldwork, 47 archaeological structures were discovered sunken in the ancient terrain. They belong to four periods – Early Chalcolithic, first stage of the EIA, LIA and Roman period. Nine sunken features could be dated to the Early Chalcolithic. To the EIA belongs six pits. At the level of registration, they have a round plan with a diameter of 1.00 m, reaching 1.00 – 1.20 m from surface. Eleven archaeological structures date from the first half of the 4th c. BC: pits, semi-dugout features, linear sunken structures and an urn with cremated human bones. Five structures belong to the Roman period. They probably functioned as sunken parts of storage facilities. The structures could be interpreted as remains, related to a settlement in the micro-region during the various archaeological periods. An argument in favor of the settlement character of the site is its topographical position. The absence of heating installations and floor levels, the small amount of archaeological materials and finds support the hypothesis that during the registered periods the occupation of the settlements was short-lived.
RESCuE ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXCAVATIONS OF AN EARLY IRON AGE SETTLEMENT AND ANTIQuE STRuCTuRES AT THE SITE POPASTNIk, NEAR THE VILLAGE OF VODITSA, POPOVO MuNICIPALITY, TARGOVISTE DISTRICT, 2021
The site is 2.7 km to the north of the center of the village of Voditsa, Popovo municipality, Tar... more The site is 2.7 km to the north of the center of the village of Voditsa, Popovo municipality, Targoviste district. It is situated in the middle part of the western slope of a hill at Popastnik locality. The remains of two semi-dugout dwellings, oval in shape (structures 1 and 3), and four pits (1 – 4) (figs. 2 – 5) were discovered during the excavations. The finds and the materials could be dated to the very beginning of the Early Iron Age, but an earlier date cannot be excluded. They find a close parallel with the cultures Coslogeni, phase Sihlianu (Harţiche 1972, 59 – 77; Láslo 1993, 67 – 84), and Обр. 4. Хоризонтален план и стратиграфски профил на яма 2 (поглед от изток) Fig. 4. Horizontal plan and stratigraphic cross-section of Pit 2 (view from the west) Обр. 5. Панорамен изглед към източната част на обекта в заключителния етап на проучванията (поглед от югозапад) Fig. 5. Panoramic view of the eastern part of the site in the final stage of the excavations (view from the southwest) Babadag I (Hänsel 1976, 120 – 134, 229 – 236; Morintz 1982, 60 – 67). In close proximity, two shallow dugouts (structures 2 and 5) from the Roman period were investigated.
Observations on the characteristics, chronology, and volume of the Early Bronze Age askoi from Yunatsite and Ognyanovo settlement mounds, district of Pazardzhik, 2022
The present research concerns 26 complete and restored askoi found during archaeological excavati... more The present research concerns 26 complete and restored askoi found during archaeological excavations at the settlement mounds near the modern villages of Yunatsite and Ognyanovo (Maltepe), district of Pazardzhik. The aim of this study is to present some new and additional data on the characteristics, stratigraphic positions and chronology of the vessels. The methodology used includes a detailed catalogue and comparison with the known Early Bronze Age finds from the Bulgarian lands and the neighbouring territories. Although the artifacts of this category of vessels from the mentioned sites have already been considered in the literature, their reassessment gives new data on their characteristics. This allows their comparison with similar vessels from neighbouring territories. An attempt has been made to create an internal typological scheme for the settlement mound of Yunatsite.
Observations on the Characteristics and Volumes of Askoi from Early Bronze Age Sites from the Region of Varna, 2020
The article is focused on the collection of vessels
belonging to the category of askoi in the Var... more The article is focused on the collection of vessels belonging to the category of askoi in the Varna Regional Museum of History’s depot. Most of the materials originate from settlements dating from the Early Bronze Age, explored near Ezerovo and Arsenala, Varna Region, while a small number are of unknown origin. The study presents 21 whole vessels and 6 fragments, of which 17 vessels and 6 fragments are from Ezerovo, 3 vessels are from Arsenala and 1 is unknown. The vessels (and fragments) are made by hand, all of which are thin-walled (0.00 – 0.50 cm) and belong to the group of fine ceramics. Askoi are gray to gray-black, beige or gray-beige. On the surface of all vessels there are spots of different colors – black, brown, gray and beige. For the time being, it is difficult to determine whether these stains are the result of the primary firing of the vessels or are the result of secondary combustion/heating. The outer surface of all vessels is smoothed to varying degrees. Characteristics of very well-smoothed surface have the marks of smoothing (made with a solid object) in the form of vertical and longitudinal lines along the longitudinal part of the vessel. The very well smoothed vessels were covered with an engobe in a color identical to the original underlying fabric. According to the data presented, the most common elements of the askoi category are circular or elliptical body shape (horizontal section); tapered mouth, and rounded mouth; conical neck, spherical body profile (vertical section) and flat base. All vessels have vertical handles that extend high above the mouth. At the upper part they are attached to the mouth edge, and at the lower part – to the section of the transition between the neck and the body. Diversity is observed in the crosssection of the handles (flat, circular, irregularly oval, elliptical, irregularly polygonal, flat-elliptical), with the predominance of those with flat, circular and irregular oval cross-sections. The askoi with decoration are few. Where it is present it may be embossed – ribs, edges located on the neck and body of the vessels, or represented by incisions surrounding the neck of the askoi. The data for the vessels examined can be divided into three groups: First group: 0.00 – 0.10 L (0.02 – 0.08 L – 4 examples); Second group: 0.50 – 1.50 L (0.43 – 1.27 L – 12 examples); Third group: 2.00 – 3.00 L (2.19 – 3.07 L – 4 examples). The vessels of the second group, which cover the range between 0.50 and 1.50 L, are the most numerous. Observations on the lack of correlation between volume and formal typological characteristics are confirmed in the other two groups. Chronologically the askoi from the Early Bronze Age settlements near Varna are dated between the 1st and the 2nd phase of the epoch. The askoi from the Varna Regional Museum of History are a representative sample of this category of vessels, with the Ezerovo specimens being the second largest collection, after that of Yunatsite tell, Pazardzhik Region. The examples presented illustrate the diversity of form in the vessels, observing some overlap in the modeling of the elements of a certain number of the presented samples. However, it is impossible to make a typological analysis and design of each of the types and variants of the materials in question. Similarities are observed in vessel volumes. This is probably a testament to the identical function they performed, regardless of their differences in typology. For now, unanswered questions remain regarding their brief chronological presence during the early phase of the epochs, their uneven distribution in the sites within present day Bulgarian lands, and also what influenced these trends.
The archaeological site has a total area of 20.7 ha. In 2019, the second stage of excavations too... more The archaeological site has a total area of 20.7 ha. In 2019, the second stage of excavations took place. The remaining area of 1.2 ha was investigated with trenches. The results from 2019 show that there was human presence in two chronological periods – EBA (structures Nos 10, 13, 14 and 15) and EIA (structures Nos 11, 12, 16 and 17). Archaeological structures cover an area of 4.5 ha. No topographical patterns were identified in the locations of the structures. In terms of stratigraphy, the archaeological materials, regardless of their date, occupy one cultural layer. It is between 0.20 m and 0.40 m thick and is located between the uppermost humus layer, whose thickness varies widely (from 0.10 m to 1.50 m), and the sterile soft bedrock. According to their functional specifics, the archaeological structures are two types – pits and light ground structures. They are widely spaced, with large gaps between them, often over 50 m. The absence of traces of more solid structures (with sufficient amount of wall or floor plasters) determined them as light structures made of perishable materials. In rare cases, they were slightly dug in the sterile level. The excavations did not reveal any intact ceramic vessels, but only pottery sherds. The structures that are scattered throughout the archaeological area suggest that the site was inhabited by a small group of people, episodically or seasonally.
COMMENTS ON THE INTERPRETATION OF THE SOCALLED SUPPORTS FOR PHIALAE FROM THE TOWN OF BREZOVO, PLOVDIV REGION, 2020
This report discusses and analyses two ceramic objects defined as supports for a pair of phialae ... more This report discusses and analyses two ceramic objects defined as supports for a pair of phialae discovered together with other artefacts in a tumulus located in Radnev geran area near the town of Brezovo, Plovdiv district. The presence of objects similar to the supports, dated at the Middle Ages, provide grounds for a debate on their interpretation and chronology. The supports are stored at NAIM – BAS, recorded in the inventory books under a common number – No. 1714. They are triangular in shape and the end parts of each of the shoulders are rectangular/rectangular- oval in shape and with a trapezoid cross-section. Their thickness is 1.1 cm and 0.9 cm, respectively. On one side, the surface is flat and their even part is carelessly smoothed with visible oblique/diagonal linear traces. On the other side, pyramidal low feet are modeled at the ends of the stilts. On the tips of one of the objects, there are visible traces of fired glaze, while on the other, in individual places, there are traces of present-day chipping – also at the tips of the feet. On the inner surface of the shoulders, there are noticeable shallow grooves and edges which stop before the zone of the feet and show that they were moulded. Objects from the Middle Ages are similar to the supports under review. In literature these objects are known as „ /“ (tripod supports/stools), „ /“ (tripods), “tripod-stilts”/“props” or “earthenware supports”. They are characteristic of the lands of continental Greece where they first appeared, and the territories of the Balkan Peninsula and Transcaucasia. These finds are widespread in Bulgarian lands. There are well-known examples from Vidin, Melnik, Veliko Tarnovo, Shumen fortress, Cherven, Veliki Preslav, Varna, Sultantsi, Markovcha, Sozopol, and Nesebar. The presented data about the stilts from Brezovo and their Medieval analogues from the present-day lands on the Balkan Peninsula, Asia Minor and Transcaucasia, as well as the presence of glaze on the surface of the legs of one of the tripods allow their more certain dating at the beginning of the 13th c. at the earliest.
Годишник, том 10, на Регионален исторически музей – Пазарджик
Ceramic objects with a vertical body with one or two “rainbow” curved side parts, often defined i... more Ceramic objects with a vertical body with one or two “rainbow” curved side parts, often defined in the literature, such as ceramic models of anchors or hooks, are distributed in five sites on the territory of the Upper Thracian Plain – Yunacite, Dabene, Ezero, Hausa, Michalic. The main questions that related to hooks and anchors are the origin and the ways of distribution of these objects; defining their chronology and, above all, their correct interpretation.
The article is focused on some rare artifacts which were detected at settlement mounds near Yunat... more The article is focused on some rare artifacts which were detected at settlement mounds near Yunatsite and Razkopanitsa. They are extraordinary for Upper Thrace’s lands during the Early Bronze age. That raises the questions about their function and interpretation. The find from Yunatsite is found at VIII building phase. Its dimensions are: length – 6,7 cm; width – 4,7 cm; maximal thickness – 2 cm (minimal – 0,9 cm); diameters of the perforations – 0,7 cm, 0,6 cm, 0,6 cm. Its shape is rectangular with oval-triangle cross-section. Similar finds were detected in Anatolia and Greece. The most closed parallels originated from Markiani-Lerna, Yesiltepe, the gave Zas-Naxos (which finds were stamped of Mycenaean seals) and Festos-Crete. All finds are interpreted as weaving implements (according to P. Militello – weaving tablets). Later led us to suggest likewise interpretation for the Bulgarian’s finds.
The site lies at 2.3 km to the south of the town of Breznik, along the southern foothills of St. ... more The site lies at 2.3 km to the south of the town of Breznik, along the southern foothills of St. Nikola and Bardoto hills. Within its limits are included arable fields, pastures and two small dry streams. The stratigraphic data obtained from 94 test trenches showed three layers – 1. Topsoil – 0.00 – 0.40/0.45 m; 2. Cultural layer – 0.40/0.45 – 0.80/0.90 m; 3. Sterile soil, consisting of mergels and basalt rocks. The cultural layer was not attested within the entire perimeter of the site. During the excavation campaign in 2018 were registered nine features – seven from the Early Bronze Age and two from the Early Iron Age. Those of the earlier period present five shallow dug-outs – pits, and two can be interpreted as sheds. The features from the Early Iron Age are two pits, one of which is deeper. Its bottom was reached at a level of 1.60 m below the ground surface. A shallow stream in the eastern part of the site forms the boundary on either side of which archaeological materials from two periods were registered. To the east dominant are the remains from the Early Iron Age, and to the west – those from the Early Bronze Age.
Ornate Flat Earthen Baking Dish with the Inscription “1866” from the Region of Velikan Village, Dimitrovgrad Province, 2017
The article is focused on a very interesting pottery vessel called “podnitsa“ (flat earthen bakin... more The article is focused on a very interesting pottery vessel called “podnitsa“ (flat earthen baking dish). On its surface it is written the year of its producing, 1866. The aim of the research is to publish the artefact, to study the rare rite connected to it, to describe the date and its deposition in the pit. The presence of an ornate pot, called podnitsa, marked with a specific year, as well as of other similar dishes without decoration bears record of a preserved old tradition of fertility and harvesting or of reminiscence of one practiced by a limited group of people (several families or a family) which is not a subject of mass tendency. This would probably mean that the personal life cycle of the people who created the podnitsa is deeply marked by sensitive events culminating perhaps on May 1, 1866, on the day of the Jeremiah holiday. The material projection of these processes is a ceramic vessel whose features characterize it as the only one studied so far. This artefact as well as the large set of findings during the archaeological excavations at the site in the region of the village of Velikan add a yet-unknown nuance to the ritual of the Jeremiah feast.
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the Shekerdzha mound, Kamen, Sliven District. These objects were recovered during the rescue excavations of the
mound. They represent grave gifts. The finds most likely belong to artefacts such as sceptres and/or other regalia. This
hypothesis was suggested in the first published paper about investigation of the mound.2
The objects at the Shekerdzha
mound are presented as evidence showing the cultural contacts between distant areas like Anatolia and the Aegean with
central Europe and the western Balkans during the Middle Bronze Age. These finds are so far unknown in the territory
of Bulgaria, but are very well represented in Anatolia, southern Greece and central Europe (in the region of Hungary,
parts of Romania, Slovenia and Slovakia). Consequently, the study is focused on the reasons for the presence of these
finds in the eastern Balkans. An attempt has been made to explain the origin, routes of penetration and distribution and
cultural determination and to refine the chronology of the artefacts.
The vessel presented in the study illustrates a detail of the interregional contacts between the Upper Thracе and Anatolia during the Early Bronze Age. In the last two decades, this tendency has been substantiated empirically through the recognition and inclusion in scientific circulation of imported objects or those that represent local imitations of objects of Anatolian and/or Aegean origin. Specifically for the Yambol/Kabile area, this is one of the few – and still isolated – artefacts with a marked Anatolian origin. It may fit in with observations of a two-way corridor transfer of objects, goods and populations (?) through some of the modern Aytos and Karnobat passes across the eastern divisions of the Balkan Mountains. Examples of this comprise both individual objects, and also burial structures situated along the presumed route connecting the territories located on both sides of the Balkan Mountains.
Museum at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences are stored four bone objects that are of an extraordinary and unconventional nature. They are anthropomorphic faces made of bone with an elongated irregular rectangular shape (in some places with rounded areas), pointed at one end. The aim of this publication is to present more information on the chronology, interpretation and cultural affiliation of these interesting artefacts. The artefacts were received by NAIM–BAS in the 1980s, with no information available on the circumstances of their acquisition and
no receipt from the previous owner. There is no information whatsoever about their original archaeological environment, and whether or not they were acquired as a result of regular archaeological research, or whether they were the subject of unauthorised archaeological activity, such as the illegal trafficking of movable cultural property etc. Based on a brief overview, it can be said that the finds from NAIM–BAS can be attributed to the period of Islamic art generated during the Arab expansion in the lands of the Near East between the 7th–10th/12th centuries. Their interpretation as parts of several rag or dressed dolls is based on the definitions of similar finds from the territories of present-day Israel, Egypt and Palestine. This conclusion is based on the archaeological context in which these objects were found, as well as the hypotheses circulating in scholarly circles regarding their use and place in the daily life of people during this period. Taking into account the geographical area of their distribution, the archaeological context and the anthropomorphic specifics, it can be assumed that the finds from the NAIM–BAS collection are probably of similar origin, interpretation and chronology, although their natural area of manifestation is far removed from the borders of the Bulgarian lands and the European Southeast.
This publication is dedicated to artefacts known as cheekpieces, which
are rare finds in the territory of present-day Bulgaria. The artefacts
were uncovered at the Early Iron Age settlement near the village of
Assenovets, at Tell Galabovo, and at the Late Bronze Age settlement
near Belokopitovo. Based on parallels with similar artefacts discovered in the Carpathian-Danube region and central Europe, they have
been defined as elements of horse harness. They are usually related to
the domestication and riding of horses and the arrival of newcomers
who were probably skilled in the making and use of chariots. This
type of artefact is typical for the period after the early 2nd millennium BC, and its distribution covers a wide area including the territory
between the Mediterranean and the Middle East, the Ural Mountains,
the Carpathians, and also central and eastern Europe. The cheekpieces functioned as elements of the horse harness. They comprise
a pair of vertical rods which were attached perpendicularly to the
‘bit’, or were integrated into ‘bit-less’ bridle forms; in either case, one
fitted on each side of the horse’s head. The artefacts found at the three
sites provoked interest because until now such objects have never
been observed together, and so have never been analysed in detail in
present-day Bulgaria.
Keywords
Cheekpieces, chariot, Bulgaria, Carpathian-Danube region, Bronze
Age, Iron Ag
belonging to the category of askoi in the Varna Regional Museum of
History’s depot. Most of the materials originate from settlements dating
from the Early Bronze Age, explored near Ezerovo and Arsenala,
Varna Region, while a small number are of unknown origin.
The study presents 21 whole vessels and 6 fragments, of which
17 vessels and 6 fragments are from Ezerovo, 3 vessels are from
Arsenala and 1 is unknown. The vessels (and fragments) are
made by hand, all of which are thin-walled (0.00 – 0.50 cm) and
belong to the group of fine ceramics. Askoi are gray to gray-black,
beige or gray-beige. On the surface of all vessels there are spots
of different colors – black, brown, gray and beige. For the time
being, it is difficult to determine whether these stains are the result
of the primary firing of the vessels or are the result of secondary
combustion/heating. The outer surface of all vessels is smoothed to varying degrees. Characteristics of very well-smoothed surface
have the marks of smoothing (made with a solid object) in the form
of vertical and longitudinal lines along the longitudinal part of the
vessel. The very well smoothed vessels were covered with an engobe
in a color identical to the original underlying fabric. According to
the data presented, the most common elements of the askoi category
are circular or elliptical body shape (horizontal section); tapered
mouth, and rounded mouth; conical neck, spherical body profile
(vertical section) and flat base. All vessels have vertical handles that
extend high above the mouth. At the upper part they are attached to
the mouth edge, and at the lower part – to the section of the transition
between the neck and the body. Diversity is observed in the crosssection
of the handles (flat, circular, irregularly oval, elliptical,
irregularly polygonal, flat-elliptical), with the predominance of those
with flat, circular and irregular oval cross-sections. The askoi with
decoration are few. Where it is present it may be embossed – ribs,
edges located on the neck and body of the vessels, or represented by
incisions surrounding the neck of the askoi.
The data for the vessels examined can be divided into three groups:
First group: 0.00 – 0.10 L (0.02 – 0.08 L – 4 examples); Second group:
0.50 – 1.50 L (0.43 – 1.27 L – 12 examples); Third group: 2.00 – 3.00 L
(2.19 – 3.07 L – 4 examples). The vessels of the second group, which
cover the range between 0.50 and 1.50 L, are the most numerous.
Observations on the lack of correlation between volume and formal
typological characteristics are confirmed in the other two groups.
Chronologically the askoi from the Early Bronze Age settlements
near Varna are dated between the 1st and the 2nd phase of the epoch.
The askoi from the Varna Regional Museum of History are a
representative sample of this category of vessels, with the Ezerovo
specimens being the second largest collection, after that of Yunatsite
tell, Pazardzhik Region. The examples presented illustrate the diversity
of form in the vessels, observing some overlap in the modeling of the
elements of a certain number of the presented samples. However,
it is impossible to make a typological analysis and design of each
of the types and variants of the materials in question. Similarities
are observed in vessel volumes. This is probably a testament to the
identical function they performed, regardless of their differences in typology. For now, unanswered questions remain regarding their
brief chronological presence during the early phase of the epochs,
their uneven distribution in the sites within present day Bulgarian
lands, and also what influenced these trends.
remaining area of 1.2 ha was investigated with trenches. The results from 2019 show that there was human presence
in two chronological periods – EBA (structures Nos 10, 13, 14 and 15) and EIA (structures Nos 11, 12, 16 and 17).
Archaeological structures cover an area of 4.5 ha. No topographical patterns were identified in the locations of the
structures. In terms of stratigraphy, the archaeological materials, regardless of their date, occupy one cultural layer. It is
between 0.20 m and 0.40 m thick and is located between the uppermost humus layer, whose thickness varies widely (from
0.10 m to 1.50 m), and the sterile soft bedrock. According to their functional specifics, the archaeological structures
are two types – pits and light ground structures. They are widely spaced, with large gaps between them, often over 50
m. The absence of traces of more solid structures (with sufficient amount of wall or floor plasters) determined them as
light structures made of perishable materials. In rare cases, they were slightly dug in the sterile level. The excavations
did not reveal any intact ceramic vessels, but only pottery sherds. The structures that are scattered throughout the
archaeological area suggest that the site was inhabited by a small group of people, episodically or seasonally.
together with other artefacts in a tumulus located in Radnev geran area near the town of Brezovo,
Plovdiv district. The presence of objects similar to the supports, dated at the Middle Ages, provide grounds
for a debate on their interpretation and chronology.
The supports are stored at NAIM – BAS, recorded in the inventory books under a common number
– No. 1714. They are triangular in shape and the end parts of each of the shoulders are rectangular/rectangular-
oval in shape and with a trapezoid cross-section. Their thickness is 1.1 cm and 0.9 cm, respectively.
On one side, the surface is flat and their even part is carelessly smoothed with visible oblique/diagonal linear
traces. On the other side, pyramidal low feet are modeled at the ends of the stilts. On the tips of one of
the objects, there are visible traces of fired glaze, while on the other, in individual places, there are traces of
present-day chipping – also at the tips of the feet. On the inner surface of the shoulders, there are noticeable
shallow grooves and edges which stop before the zone of the feet and show that they were moulded.
Objects from the Middle Ages are similar to the supports under review. In literature these objects are
known as „ /“ (tripod supports/stools), „
/“ (tripods),
“tripod-stilts”/“props” or “earthenware supports”. They are characteristic of the lands of continental Greece
where they first appeared, and the territories of the Balkan Peninsula and Transcaucasia. These finds are
widespread in Bulgarian lands. There are well-known examples from Vidin, Melnik, Veliko Tarnovo, Shumen
fortress, Cherven, Veliki Preslav, Varna, Sultantsi, Markovcha, Sozopol, and Nesebar.
The presented data about the stilts from Brezovo and their Medieval analogues from the present-day
lands on the Balkan Peninsula, Asia Minor and Transcaucasia, as well as the presence of glaze on the surface
of the legs of one of the tripods allow their more certain dating at the beginning of the 13th c. at the earliest.
Similar finds were detected in Anatolia and Greece. The most closed parallels originated from Markiani-Lerna, Yesiltepe, the gave Zas-Naxos (which finds were stamped of Mycenaean seals) and Festos-Crete. All finds are interpreted as weaving implements (according to P. Militello – weaving tablets). Later led us to suggest likewise interpretation for the Bulgarian’s finds.
the Shekerdzha mound, Kamen, Sliven District. These objects were recovered during the rescue excavations of the
mound. They represent grave gifts. The finds most likely belong to artefacts such as sceptres and/or other regalia. This
hypothesis was suggested in the first published paper about investigation of the mound.2
The objects at the Shekerdzha
mound are presented as evidence showing the cultural contacts between distant areas like Anatolia and the Aegean with
central Europe and the western Balkans during the Middle Bronze Age. These finds are so far unknown in the territory
of Bulgaria, but are very well represented in Anatolia, southern Greece and central Europe (in the region of Hungary,
parts of Romania, Slovenia and Slovakia). Consequently, the study is focused on the reasons for the presence of these
finds in the eastern Balkans. An attempt has been made to explain the origin, routes of penetration and distribution and
cultural determination and to refine the chronology of the artefacts.
The vessel presented in the study illustrates a detail of the interregional contacts between the Upper Thracе and Anatolia during the Early Bronze Age. In the last two decades, this tendency has been substantiated empirically through the recognition and inclusion in scientific circulation of imported objects or those that represent local imitations of objects of Anatolian and/or Aegean origin. Specifically for the Yambol/Kabile area, this is one of the few – and still isolated – artefacts with a marked Anatolian origin. It may fit in with observations of a two-way corridor transfer of objects, goods and populations (?) through some of the modern Aytos and Karnobat passes across the eastern divisions of the Balkan Mountains. Examples of this comprise both individual objects, and also burial structures situated along the presumed route connecting the territories located on both sides of the Balkan Mountains.
Museum at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences are stored four bone objects that are of an extraordinary and unconventional nature. They are anthropomorphic faces made of bone with an elongated irregular rectangular shape (in some places with rounded areas), pointed at one end. The aim of this publication is to present more information on the chronology, interpretation and cultural affiliation of these interesting artefacts. The artefacts were received by NAIM–BAS in the 1980s, with no information available on the circumstances of their acquisition and
no receipt from the previous owner. There is no information whatsoever about their original archaeological environment, and whether or not they were acquired as a result of regular archaeological research, or whether they were the subject of unauthorised archaeological activity, such as the illegal trafficking of movable cultural property etc. Based on a brief overview, it can be said that the finds from NAIM–BAS can be attributed to the period of Islamic art generated during the Arab expansion in the lands of the Near East between the 7th–10th/12th centuries. Their interpretation as parts of several rag or dressed dolls is based on the definitions of similar finds from the territories of present-day Israel, Egypt and Palestine. This conclusion is based on the archaeological context in which these objects were found, as well as the hypotheses circulating in scholarly circles regarding their use and place in the daily life of people during this period. Taking into account the geographical area of their distribution, the archaeological context and the anthropomorphic specifics, it can be assumed that the finds from the NAIM–BAS collection are probably of similar origin, interpretation and chronology, although their natural area of manifestation is far removed from the borders of the Bulgarian lands and the European Southeast.
This publication is dedicated to artefacts known as cheekpieces, which
are rare finds in the territory of present-day Bulgaria. The artefacts
were uncovered at the Early Iron Age settlement near the village of
Assenovets, at Tell Galabovo, and at the Late Bronze Age settlement
near Belokopitovo. Based on parallels with similar artefacts discovered in the Carpathian-Danube region and central Europe, they have
been defined as elements of horse harness. They are usually related to
the domestication and riding of horses and the arrival of newcomers
who were probably skilled in the making and use of chariots. This
type of artefact is typical for the period after the early 2nd millennium BC, and its distribution covers a wide area including the territory
between the Mediterranean and the Middle East, the Ural Mountains,
the Carpathians, and also central and eastern Europe. The cheekpieces functioned as elements of the horse harness. They comprise
a pair of vertical rods which were attached perpendicularly to the
‘bit’, or were integrated into ‘bit-less’ bridle forms; in either case, one
fitted on each side of the horse’s head. The artefacts found at the three
sites provoked interest because until now such objects have never
been observed together, and so have never been analysed in detail in
present-day Bulgaria.
Keywords
Cheekpieces, chariot, Bulgaria, Carpathian-Danube region, Bronze
Age, Iron Ag
belonging to the category of askoi in the Varna Regional Museum of
History’s depot. Most of the materials originate from settlements dating
from the Early Bronze Age, explored near Ezerovo and Arsenala,
Varna Region, while a small number are of unknown origin.
The study presents 21 whole vessels and 6 fragments, of which
17 vessels and 6 fragments are from Ezerovo, 3 vessels are from
Arsenala and 1 is unknown. The vessels (and fragments) are
made by hand, all of which are thin-walled (0.00 – 0.50 cm) and
belong to the group of fine ceramics. Askoi are gray to gray-black,
beige or gray-beige. On the surface of all vessels there are spots
of different colors – black, brown, gray and beige. For the time
being, it is difficult to determine whether these stains are the result
of the primary firing of the vessels or are the result of secondary
combustion/heating. The outer surface of all vessels is smoothed to varying degrees. Characteristics of very well-smoothed surface
have the marks of smoothing (made with a solid object) in the form
of vertical and longitudinal lines along the longitudinal part of the
vessel. The very well smoothed vessels were covered with an engobe
in a color identical to the original underlying fabric. According to
the data presented, the most common elements of the askoi category
are circular or elliptical body shape (horizontal section); tapered
mouth, and rounded mouth; conical neck, spherical body profile
(vertical section) and flat base. All vessels have vertical handles that
extend high above the mouth. At the upper part they are attached to
the mouth edge, and at the lower part – to the section of the transition
between the neck and the body. Diversity is observed in the crosssection
of the handles (flat, circular, irregularly oval, elliptical,
irregularly polygonal, flat-elliptical), with the predominance of those
with flat, circular and irregular oval cross-sections. The askoi with
decoration are few. Where it is present it may be embossed – ribs,
edges located on the neck and body of the vessels, or represented by
incisions surrounding the neck of the askoi.
The data for the vessels examined can be divided into three groups:
First group: 0.00 – 0.10 L (0.02 – 0.08 L – 4 examples); Second group:
0.50 – 1.50 L (0.43 – 1.27 L – 12 examples); Third group: 2.00 – 3.00 L
(2.19 – 3.07 L – 4 examples). The vessels of the second group, which
cover the range between 0.50 and 1.50 L, are the most numerous.
Observations on the lack of correlation between volume and formal
typological characteristics are confirmed in the other two groups.
Chronologically the askoi from the Early Bronze Age settlements
near Varna are dated between the 1st and the 2nd phase of the epoch.
The askoi from the Varna Regional Museum of History are a
representative sample of this category of vessels, with the Ezerovo
specimens being the second largest collection, after that of Yunatsite
tell, Pazardzhik Region. The examples presented illustrate the diversity
of form in the vessels, observing some overlap in the modeling of the
elements of a certain number of the presented samples. However,
it is impossible to make a typological analysis and design of each
of the types and variants of the materials in question. Similarities
are observed in vessel volumes. This is probably a testament to the
identical function they performed, regardless of their differences in typology. For now, unanswered questions remain regarding their
brief chronological presence during the early phase of the epochs,
their uneven distribution in the sites within present day Bulgarian
lands, and also what influenced these trends.
remaining area of 1.2 ha was investigated with trenches. The results from 2019 show that there was human presence
in two chronological periods – EBA (structures Nos 10, 13, 14 and 15) and EIA (structures Nos 11, 12, 16 and 17).
Archaeological structures cover an area of 4.5 ha. No topographical patterns were identified in the locations of the
structures. In terms of stratigraphy, the archaeological materials, regardless of their date, occupy one cultural layer. It is
between 0.20 m and 0.40 m thick and is located between the uppermost humus layer, whose thickness varies widely (from
0.10 m to 1.50 m), and the sterile soft bedrock. According to their functional specifics, the archaeological structures
are two types – pits and light ground structures. They are widely spaced, with large gaps between them, often over 50
m. The absence of traces of more solid structures (with sufficient amount of wall or floor plasters) determined them as
light structures made of perishable materials. In rare cases, they were slightly dug in the sterile level. The excavations
did not reveal any intact ceramic vessels, but only pottery sherds. The structures that are scattered throughout the
archaeological area suggest that the site was inhabited by a small group of people, episodically or seasonally.
together with other artefacts in a tumulus located in Radnev geran area near the town of Brezovo,
Plovdiv district. The presence of objects similar to the supports, dated at the Middle Ages, provide grounds
for a debate on their interpretation and chronology.
The supports are stored at NAIM – BAS, recorded in the inventory books under a common number
– No. 1714. They are triangular in shape and the end parts of each of the shoulders are rectangular/rectangular-
oval in shape and with a trapezoid cross-section. Their thickness is 1.1 cm and 0.9 cm, respectively.
On one side, the surface is flat and their even part is carelessly smoothed with visible oblique/diagonal linear
traces. On the other side, pyramidal low feet are modeled at the ends of the stilts. On the tips of one of
the objects, there are visible traces of fired glaze, while on the other, in individual places, there are traces of
present-day chipping – also at the tips of the feet. On the inner surface of the shoulders, there are noticeable
shallow grooves and edges which stop before the zone of the feet and show that they were moulded.
Objects from the Middle Ages are similar to the supports under review. In literature these objects are
known as „ /“ (tripod supports/stools), „
/“ (tripods),
“tripod-stilts”/“props” or “earthenware supports”. They are characteristic of the lands of continental Greece
where they first appeared, and the territories of the Balkan Peninsula and Transcaucasia. These finds are
widespread in Bulgarian lands. There are well-known examples from Vidin, Melnik, Veliko Tarnovo, Shumen
fortress, Cherven, Veliki Preslav, Varna, Sultantsi, Markovcha, Sozopol, and Nesebar.
The presented data about the stilts from Brezovo and their Medieval analogues from the present-day
lands on the Balkan Peninsula, Asia Minor and Transcaucasia, as well as the presence of glaze on the surface
of the legs of one of the tripods allow their more certain dating at the beginning of the 13th c. at the earliest.
Similar finds were detected in Anatolia and Greece. The most closed parallels originated from Markiani-Lerna, Yesiltepe, the gave Zas-Naxos (which finds were stamped of Mycenaean seals) and Festos-Crete. All finds are interpreted as weaving implements (according to P. Militello – weaving tablets). Later led us to suggest likewise interpretation for the Bulgarian’s finds.
decoration bears record of a preserved old tradition of fertility and harvesting or of reminiscence of one practiced by a limited group of people (several families or a family) which is not a subject of mass tendency. This would probably mean that the personal life cycle of the people who created the podnitsa is deeply marked by sensitive events culminating perhaps on May 1, 1866, on the day of the Jeremiah holiday. The material projection of these processes is a ceramic vessel whose features characterize it as the only one studied so far. This artefact as well as the large set of findings during the archaeological excavations at the site in the region of the village of Velikan add a yet-unknown nuance to the ritual of the Jeremiah feast.