Grounds for theory: Primo Vascular System (PVS) is a new anatomical and primordial system with un... more Grounds for theory: Primo Vascular System (PVS) is a new anatomical and primordial system with unexpected morphological special features, body distribution and functional mechanisms which could be involved to the evolutionary processes. We can speculate and suppose that the DNA as a whole and the DNA granules in PVS's microcells in particular, carry not only genetic information but its structure is capable to store and transform the information obtained by environment physical fields. The physicists offer the possibility of converting the information to energy and present their findings as a spiral-staircase. As the bases of the DNA lie horizontally between two spiraling strands, the most important in biology molecule of DNA is a spiral model which is able to convert information into energy and vice versa, energy into information on spiral-staircase DNA structure. We suggest that PVS, as a primordial body system distributing through the entire organisms and is connection from surrounding energy fields and every cell of the body. PVS is capable to bring and store information transforming from environmental fields which permits dramatic and sudden " jump "-changing of the organism's DNA, cells and organisms as a whole. The sudden changing of organisms may explain why there are not enough proofs for intermediate forms between the species and evolution could be logical process due to external signals and influences. Possible effects of theory: Involving of PVS in the evolutionary process as connection between external energies (as electromagnetic field and even information field) with every small part of living organisms as their DNA molecules can explain why the evolution could be a logical process based on the influence of the different physical fields to every cell by transforming energy to information throughout DNA which permits complex " evolutionary jumping " of the organisms. It is possible vice versa process which is able to provoke changes based on influence of internal signals as products of metabolic processes, as well as bio-electrical, bio-luminous and acoustical signals. The acoustical signals could be products of the movement of the internal organs, the muscles, the tendons, the sphincters and valves, too. All internal physical fields bring information concerning indications about the level of the bioprocesses to the PVS web and the organisms react both to the external and internal normal and pathological changes. Conclusion: Our speculations lead to conclusion that PVS could be not only primordial anatomical system but PVS lay at the bottom of the evolution of the living organisms.
If we follow the anatomy manuals we can obtain the wrong picture that the brain has not draining ... more If we follow the anatomy manuals we can obtain the wrong picture that the brain has not draining system because of lack of lymphatic vessels. According to the common knowledge to date, the nervous system has only one circulatory system as blood circulatory system but without lymphatic circulatory system. Is that true or there are more circulatory systems in the brain and in the nervous system as a whole? The aim of this mini-review is to find out the answers of these questions in order to clarify the morphological and functional hallmarks of the brain’s circulatory systems and fluids.
The purpose of this review is to describe the methodology, instruments, and subject animals used ... more The purpose of this review is to describe the methodology, instruments, and subject animals used until now for studies of the meridian (Kyungrak) system and the primo vascular system (PVS). The PVS is observed as an anatomical system distributed in cavities, organs, and tissues throughout the body. We analyzed the most important points of the PVS based on the results obtained until the present. Our main effort has been directed to describing the main thesis relating to the morphological structures and their topography, the functional mechanisms of the PVS, and possible roles of the PVS in pathological processes. The substance of the PVS in all its aspects is as a system covering the whole body and regulating and coordinating the biological processes that are the basis for life. In conclusion, we suggest that the finding of the PVS represents the discovery of a new integrated morphological-functional system.
We used for the first time a vascular casting material to take advantage of a simple tracing proc... more We used for the first time a vascular casting material to take advantage of a simple tracing procedure and to isolate the peculiar features of acupuncture point injections. The polymer Mercox was injected into the skin of a dead mouse at acupuncture points along the bladder meridian lines. After a partial maceration of the whole body with a potassium-hydroperoxide solution, we anatomized it under a stereomicroscope to trace the injected Mercox. Many organs were checked to determine whether or not they contained some Mercox tracing. Connections between the injection sites along the acupuncture points were observed. Two to three layers of Mercox in a plate shape were found under the skin at the acupuncture points, and Mercox travelled throughout the adipose tissue, the fascia, and the parietal and visceral serous membranes inside the organ's parenchyma. The casting material Mercox used with a modified partial maceration procedure is a promising method for visualizing the routes of the meridian system and the primo vascular system. The routes for Mercox are different from those of the blood and lymphatic vessels.
As the peripheral part of the primo vascular system (PVS) is difficult to visualize, we used a va... more As the peripheral part of the primo vascular system (PVS) is difficult to visualize, we used a vascular casting material Mercox injected directly into the skin to take advantage of a simple procedure to visualize PVS structures as primo vessels (PVs) and primo nodes (PNs) in the skin. Two colors of the polymer Mercox were injected into mouse skin. After a partial maceration of the whole body with potassium hydroperoxide solution, we anatomized it under a stereomicroscope to trace the Mercox that had been injected into the PVS. Injection of Mercox directly into the skin allowed the PVs and the PNs to be visualized. This approach can fill the PVS when the material is ejected out of the PVs or PNs. The shapes, sizes, and topographic positions of the nodes and the vessels are the hallmarks used to identify the PVS in skin when Mercox is used as a tracer. The direct injection of the casting material Mercox into skin, with modified partial maceration procedures, is a promising method for visualizing the PVs and the PNs in the peripheral part of the PVS in skin. The polymer Mercox can penetrate through the primo pores of the primo vascular wall and fill the PVs and the PNs. The data prove that PVs and PNs exist on the hypodermal layer of the skin.
The aim of the present study was to investigate and compare CT and MRI imaging anatomy of the rab... more The aim of the present study was to investigate and compare CT and MRI imaging anatomy of the rabbit liver. As anatomical bone landmark, we used Th8. Ten sexually mature; healthy clinically rabbits have been studied. Computed tomographic (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies were performed in compliance with the standard imaging anatomical protocol when study the rabbit liver. The studied animals were positioned in dorsoventral (abdominal) recumbency. When the aim is to find topographic localization of the liver (its lines, lobes, edges and position relative to adjacent organs), transversal helical CT anatomical study of the cranial abdominal region, at the level of Th8 is a high informative method.The anatomical data for the rabbit liver, obtained by MRI, give real and precision information for its lobes, topography of the big vessels, interlobar visualization of the gall bladder, gall bladder’s parts, beginning of the cystic duct and topography of the investigated orga...
ABSTRACT DIMITROV, R., D. VLADOVA, K. STAMATOVA, D. KOSTOV and M. STEFANOV, 2012. Anatomical com ... more ABSTRACT DIMITROV, R., D. VLADOVA, K. STAMATOVA, D. KOSTOV and M. STEFANOV, 2012. Anatomical com puted tomographic study o f the heart and some mediastinal vessels o f the rabbit (Orycfo/agMS Z?M/g../. ^ g r f c . 18: 784-788 The aim o f the study is to utilize the com puted tom ography the anatom ical study o f the rabbit heart and some o f its m ediastinal vessels. We investigated seven sexually mature, healthy male w hite N ew Zealand rabbits, aged 12 months. The anim ats w ere anesthetized. The bodies o f the thoracic vertebrae were used as bone m arkers when perform ing the imaging. A t the level o f the third and fourth thoracic segm ent were found only vascular structures. At the fifth thoracic vertebrae a partial heart silhouette w as observed, and the com plete one -at the seventh. A t the third, fourth and ñ ñ h thoracic vertebrae an image o f the ascending aorta w as found, at the third and fourth one -aortic arch, at the ñ ñ h segm ent -the beginning o f the descending aorta. The results confirm the thesis, that the rabbit is a suitable biological model for m orphological and functional studies o f the heart. .
PURPOSE: Researching of the rabbit heart by two-dimensional transthoracal ultrasonography in orde... more PURPOSE: Researching of the rabbit heart by two-dimensional transthoracal ultrasonography in order to data about the heart imaging anatomy and diagnostics of this animal be given. OBJECTS: Eight sexually mature, healthy New Zealand rabbits, aged 12 months with body weight from 2.8 kg to 3.2 kg were investigated. METHODS: The animals were anesthetized and positioned in laying lateral left and right position. The trasducer was put in the places for imaging of standard planes from the heart image. RESULTS: At the imaging of the heart in right parasternal plane on its longitudinal axis, the ascending aorta was visualized as a hyperechoic finding, surrounded by the close heart structures. The image from the left parasternal plane on the longitudinal axis of the heart showed the both left heart cavities. The parasternal plane on the short axis of the heart was a transversal image, and the valvular apparatus was visualized. CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrated that the two-dimensional tra...
DIMITROV, R., D. VLADOVA, K. STAMATOVA, D. KOSTOV and M. STEFANOV, 2012. Anatomical com puted t... more DIMITROV, R., D. VLADOVA, K. STAMATOVA, D. KOSTOV and M. STEFANOV, 2012. Anatomical com puted tomographic study o f the heart and some mediastinal vessels o f the rabbit (Orycfo/agMS Z?M/g../. ^ g r f c . 18: 784-788 The aim o f the study is to utilize the com puted tom ography the anatom ical study o f the rabbit heart and some o f its m ediastinal vessels. We investigated seven sexually mature, healthy male w hite N ew Zealand rabbits, aged 12 months. The anim ats w ere anesthetized. The bodies o f the thoracic vertebrae were used as bone m arkers when perform ing the imaging. A t the level o f the third and fourth thoracic segm ent were found only vascular structures. At the fifth thoracic vertebrae a partial heart silhouette w as observed, and the com plete one -at the seventh. A t the third, fourth and ñ ñ h thoracic vertebrae an image o f the ascending aorta w as found, at the third and fourth one -aortic arch, at the ñ ñ h segm ent -the beginning o f the descending aorta. T...
Prevailing computed tomography (CT) data on the dog over those on the cat and the differences bet... more Prevailing computed tomography (CT) data on the dog over those on the cat and the differences between their mediastinal anatomy necessitate the specification of the CT images in the cat. For this purpose 14 mature clinically healthy domestic cats were studied using contrast computed tomography. Tomographic slices were made transversally across second (Th2) and third (Th3) thoracic vertebrae. The study
The combined toxic effect of ochratoxin A (OTA) and penicillic acid (PA) on the body mass, the we... more The combined toxic effect of ochratoxin A (OTA) and penicillic acid (PA) on the body mass, the weight and pathomorphology of some internal organs was studied in 85 broiler chickens fed a mouldy diet containing 130, 300 or 800 ppb OTA and 1000-2000 ppb PA. The main pathomorphological changes were cloudy swelling and granular degeneration in the epithelium and mononuclear cell proliferation and activation of capillary endothelium in the kidney and liver; degenerative changes and depletion of lymphoid cells in lymphoid organs (bursa of Fabricius, thymus and spleen) were also seen. Protective effects of 5% total water extract of artichoke and a new natural phytosubstance Rosallsat against these pathomorphological changes were observed. A significant decrease in body mass and relative weight of lymphoid organs was found after 6 weeks of exposure and a greater decrease after 10 weeks of exposure to OTA and PA, and a protective effect of artichoke extract and a slight effect of Rosallsat against that decrease was observed. A significant increase in relative weight of liver and kidneys was also observed as well as a protective effect of artichoke extract against that increase. The quantity of OTA and the percentage of positive samples were significantly lower in tissues of chickens treated with artichoke extract or Rosallsat in addition to OTA than in those treated with only OTA.
SUMMARY Material from the heart ventricles of 6 sexually mature domestic cats was used in the pre... more SUMMARY Material from the heart ventricles of 6 sexually mature domestic cats was used in the present study. The material was processed by conventional histological and histochemical methods. Histological preparations were formalin- paraffin histoslices stained with haematoxylin (according Erlich) - eosin. Paraffin slices from material fixed in Carnua'a solution were stained with Maurice alcian blue, followed by a PAS reaction for viewing free and conjugated polysaccharides. Differentiation of glycosaminoglycans was done by histochemical tests using alcian blue at pH 1.0 and pH 2.5. The light microscopic study of the heart ventricle walls in the cat showed structural identity compared with that of other mammalian species. Histochemical reactions established that the heart ventricle myocardium contains both free polysaccharides (glycogen) and glucosaminoglycans of the non- sulphate type.
ABSTRACT The study was carried out with the purpose to demonstrate the anatomo-topographic featur... more ABSTRACT The study was carried out with the purpose to demonstrate the anatomo-topographic features of rabbit vesicular glands by computed axial tomography imaging (CT). Eight sexually matured, clinically healthy male white New Zealand rabbits, 12 months of age and weighing 2.8-3.2 kg were used. CT scans of the pelvis were performed in the transverse planes from the seventh Lumbar (L7) vertebra to the first Sacral vertebra (SI), with a section thickness of 2 mm. The cranial border of the vesicular glands was visualized in the transverse plane between L7 and SI while the caudal part of the glands was observed in scans of the pelvic inlet in the transverse plane through the caudal part of SI. In the transverse scans of the pelvic inlet halfway SI, the vesicular glands appeared as transversely ovoid, homogeneous and relatively hypodense structures as compared to the adjacent soft tissues. The glandular areas were relatively hypodense compared to the urethral and rectal walls. The density of the rabbit vesicular glands was that of the soft tissues, ranging from 31±0.33 HU in precontrast imaging and 78±0.33 HU in postcontrast imaging.
Grounds for theory: Primo Vascular System (PVS) is a new anatomical and primordial system with un... more Grounds for theory: Primo Vascular System (PVS) is a new anatomical and primordial system with unexpected morphological special features, body distribution and functional mechanisms which could be involved to the evolutionary processes. We can speculate and suppose that the DNA as a whole and the DNA granules in PVS's microcells in particular, carry not only genetic information but its structure is capable to store and transform the information obtained by environment physical fields. The physicists offer the possibility of converting the information to energy and present their findings as a spiral-staircase. As the bases of the DNA lie horizontally between two spiraling strands, the most important in biology molecule of DNA is a spiral model which is able to convert information into energy and vice versa, energy into information on spiral-staircase DNA structure. We suggest that PVS, as a primordial body system distributing through the entire organisms and is connection from surrounding energy fields and every cell of the body. PVS is capable to bring and store information transforming from environmental fields which permits dramatic and sudden " jump "-changing of the organism's DNA, cells and organisms as a whole. The sudden changing of organisms may explain why there are not enough proofs for intermediate forms between the species and evolution could be logical process due to external signals and influences. Possible effects of theory: Involving of PVS in the evolutionary process as connection between external energies (as electromagnetic field and even information field) with every small part of living organisms as their DNA molecules can explain why the evolution could be a logical process based on the influence of the different physical fields to every cell by transforming energy to information throughout DNA which permits complex " evolutionary jumping " of the organisms. It is possible vice versa process which is able to provoke changes based on influence of internal signals as products of metabolic processes, as well as bio-electrical, bio-luminous and acoustical signals. The acoustical signals could be products of the movement of the internal organs, the muscles, the tendons, the sphincters and valves, too. All internal physical fields bring information concerning indications about the level of the bioprocesses to the PVS web and the organisms react both to the external and internal normal and pathological changes. Conclusion: Our speculations lead to conclusion that PVS could be not only primordial anatomical system but PVS lay at the bottom of the evolution of the living organisms.
If we follow the anatomy manuals we can obtain the wrong picture that the brain has not draining ... more If we follow the anatomy manuals we can obtain the wrong picture that the brain has not draining system because of lack of lymphatic vessels. According to the common knowledge to date, the nervous system has only one circulatory system as blood circulatory system but without lymphatic circulatory system. Is that true or there are more circulatory systems in the brain and in the nervous system as a whole? The aim of this mini-review is to find out the answers of these questions in order to clarify the morphological and functional hallmarks of the brain’s circulatory systems and fluids.
The purpose of this review is to describe the methodology, instruments, and subject animals used ... more The purpose of this review is to describe the methodology, instruments, and subject animals used until now for studies of the meridian (Kyungrak) system and the primo vascular system (PVS). The PVS is observed as an anatomical system distributed in cavities, organs, and tissues throughout the body. We analyzed the most important points of the PVS based on the results obtained until the present. Our main effort has been directed to describing the main thesis relating to the morphological structures and their topography, the functional mechanisms of the PVS, and possible roles of the PVS in pathological processes. The substance of the PVS in all its aspects is as a system covering the whole body and regulating and coordinating the biological processes that are the basis for life. In conclusion, we suggest that the finding of the PVS represents the discovery of a new integrated morphological-functional system.
We used for the first time a vascular casting material to take advantage of a simple tracing proc... more We used for the first time a vascular casting material to take advantage of a simple tracing procedure and to isolate the peculiar features of acupuncture point injections. The polymer Mercox was injected into the skin of a dead mouse at acupuncture points along the bladder meridian lines. After a partial maceration of the whole body with a potassium-hydroperoxide solution, we anatomized it under a stereomicroscope to trace the injected Mercox. Many organs were checked to determine whether or not they contained some Mercox tracing. Connections between the injection sites along the acupuncture points were observed. Two to three layers of Mercox in a plate shape were found under the skin at the acupuncture points, and Mercox travelled throughout the adipose tissue, the fascia, and the parietal and visceral serous membranes inside the organ's parenchyma. The casting material Mercox used with a modified partial maceration procedure is a promising method for visualizing the routes of the meridian system and the primo vascular system. The routes for Mercox are different from those of the blood and lymphatic vessels.
As the peripheral part of the primo vascular system (PVS) is difficult to visualize, we used a va... more As the peripheral part of the primo vascular system (PVS) is difficult to visualize, we used a vascular casting material Mercox injected directly into the skin to take advantage of a simple procedure to visualize PVS structures as primo vessels (PVs) and primo nodes (PNs) in the skin. Two colors of the polymer Mercox were injected into mouse skin. After a partial maceration of the whole body with potassium hydroperoxide solution, we anatomized it under a stereomicroscope to trace the Mercox that had been injected into the PVS. Injection of Mercox directly into the skin allowed the PVs and the PNs to be visualized. This approach can fill the PVS when the material is ejected out of the PVs or PNs. The shapes, sizes, and topographic positions of the nodes and the vessels are the hallmarks used to identify the PVS in skin when Mercox is used as a tracer. The direct injection of the casting material Mercox into skin, with modified partial maceration procedures, is a promising method for visualizing the PVs and the PNs in the peripheral part of the PVS in skin. The polymer Mercox can penetrate through the primo pores of the primo vascular wall and fill the PVs and the PNs. The data prove that PVs and PNs exist on the hypodermal layer of the skin.
The aim of the present study was to investigate and compare CT and MRI imaging anatomy of the rab... more The aim of the present study was to investigate and compare CT and MRI imaging anatomy of the rabbit liver. As anatomical bone landmark, we used Th8. Ten sexually mature; healthy clinically rabbits have been studied. Computed tomographic (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies were performed in compliance with the standard imaging anatomical protocol when study the rabbit liver. The studied animals were positioned in dorsoventral (abdominal) recumbency. When the aim is to find topographic localization of the liver (its lines, lobes, edges and position relative to adjacent organs), transversal helical CT anatomical study of the cranial abdominal region, at the level of Th8 is a high informative method.The anatomical data for the rabbit liver, obtained by MRI, give real and precision information for its lobes, topography of the big vessels, interlobar visualization of the gall bladder, gall bladder’s parts, beginning of the cystic duct and topography of the investigated orga...
ABSTRACT DIMITROV, R., D. VLADOVA, K. STAMATOVA, D. KOSTOV and M. STEFANOV, 2012. Anatomical com ... more ABSTRACT DIMITROV, R., D. VLADOVA, K. STAMATOVA, D. KOSTOV and M. STEFANOV, 2012. Anatomical com puted tomographic study o f the heart and some mediastinal vessels o f the rabbit (Orycfo/agMS Z?M/g../. ^ g r f c . 18: 784-788 The aim o f the study is to utilize the com puted tom ography the anatom ical study o f the rabbit heart and some o f its m ediastinal vessels. We investigated seven sexually mature, healthy male w hite N ew Zealand rabbits, aged 12 months. The anim ats w ere anesthetized. The bodies o f the thoracic vertebrae were used as bone m arkers when perform ing the imaging. A t the level o f the third and fourth thoracic segm ent were found only vascular structures. At the fifth thoracic vertebrae a partial heart silhouette w as observed, and the com plete one -at the seventh. A t the third, fourth and ñ ñ h thoracic vertebrae an image o f the ascending aorta w as found, at the third and fourth one -aortic arch, at the ñ ñ h segm ent -the beginning o f the descending aorta. The results confirm the thesis, that the rabbit is a suitable biological model for m orphological and functional studies o f the heart. .
PURPOSE: Researching of the rabbit heart by two-dimensional transthoracal ultrasonography in orde... more PURPOSE: Researching of the rabbit heart by two-dimensional transthoracal ultrasonography in order to data about the heart imaging anatomy and diagnostics of this animal be given. OBJECTS: Eight sexually mature, healthy New Zealand rabbits, aged 12 months with body weight from 2.8 kg to 3.2 kg were investigated. METHODS: The animals were anesthetized and positioned in laying lateral left and right position. The trasducer was put in the places for imaging of standard planes from the heart image. RESULTS: At the imaging of the heart in right parasternal plane on its longitudinal axis, the ascending aorta was visualized as a hyperechoic finding, surrounded by the close heart structures. The image from the left parasternal plane on the longitudinal axis of the heart showed the both left heart cavities. The parasternal plane on the short axis of the heart was a transversal image, and the valvular apparatus was visualized. CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrated that the two-dimensional tra...
DIMITROV, R., D. VLADOVA, K. STAMATOVA, D. KOSTOV and M. STEFANOV, 2012. Anatomical com puted t... more DIMITROV, R., D. VLADOVA, K. STAMATOVA, D. KOSTOV and M. STEFANOV, 2012. Anatomical com puted tomographic study o f the heart and some mediastinal vessels o f the rabbit (Orycfo/agMS Z?M/g../. ^ g r f c . 18: 784-788 The aim o f the study is to utilize the com puted tom ography the anatom ical study o f the rabbit heart and some o f its m ediastinal vessels. We investigated seven sexually mature, healthy male w hite N ew Zealand rabbits, aged 12 months. The anim ats w ere anesthetized. The bodies o f the thoracic vertebrae were used as bone m arkers when perform ing the imaging. A t the level o f the third and fourth thoracic segm ent were found only vascular structures. At the fifth thoracic vertebrae a partial heart silhouette w as observed, and the com plete one -at the seventh. A t the third, fourth and ñ ñ h thoracic vertebrae an image o f the ascending aorta w as found, at the third and fourth one -aortic arch, at the ñ ñ h segm ent -the beginning o f the descending aorta. T...
Prevailing computed tomography (CT) data on the dog over those on the cat and the differences bet... more Prevailing computed tomography (CT) data on the dog over those on the cat and the differences between their mediastinal anatomy necessitate the specification of the CT images in the cat. For this purpose 14 mature clinically healthy domestic cats were studied using contrast computed tomography. Tomographic slices were made transversally across second (Th2) and third (Th3) thoracic vertebrae. The study
The combined toxic effect of ochratoxin A (OTA) and penicillic acid (PA) on the body mass, the we... more The combined toxic effect of ochratoxin A (OTA) and penicillic acid (PA) on the body mass, the weight and pathomorphology of some internal organs was studied in 85 broiler chickens fed a mouldy diet containing 130, 300 or 800 ppb OTA and 1000-2000 ppb PA. The main pathomorphological changes were cloudy swelling and granular degeneration in the epithelium and mononuclear cell proliferation and activation of capillary endothelium in the kidney and liver; degenerative changes and depletion of lymphoid cells in lymphoid organs (bursa of Fabricius, thymus and spleen) were also seen. Protective effects of 5% total water extract of artichoke and a new natural phytosubstance Rosallsat against these pathomorphological changes were observed. A significant decrease in body mass and relative weight of lymphoid organs was found after 6 weeks of exposure and a greater decrease after 10 weeks of exposure to OTA and PA, and a protective effect of artichoke extract and a slight effect of Rosallsat against that decrease was observed. A significant increase in relative weight of liver and kidneys was also observed as well as a protective effect of artichoke extract against that increase. The quantity of OTA and the percentage of positive samples were significantly lower in tissues of chickens treated with artichoke extract or Rosallsat in addition to OTA than in those treated with only OTA.
SUMMARY Material from the heart ventricles of 6 sexually mature domestic cats was used in the pre... more SUMMARY Material from the heart ventricles of 6 sexually mature domestic cats was used in the present study. The material was processed by conventional histological and histochemical methods. Histological preparations were formalin- paraffin histoslices stained with haematoxylin (according Erlich) - eosin. Paraffin slices from material fixed in Carnua'a solution were stained with Maurice alcian blue, followed by a PAS reaction for viewing free and conjugated polysaccharides. Differentiation of glycosaminoglycans was done by histochemical tests using alcian blue at pH 1.0 and pH 2.5. The light microscopic study of the heart ventricle walls in the cat showed structural identity compared with that of other mammalian species. Histochemical reactions established that the heart ventricle myocardium contains both free polysaccharides (glycogen) and glucosaminoglycans of the non- sulphate type.
ABSTRACT The study was carried out with the purpose to demonstrate the anatomo-topographic featur... more ABSTRACT The study was carried out with the purpose to demonstrate the anatomo-topographic features of rabbit vesicular glands by computed axial tomography imaging (CT). Eight sexually matured, clinically healthy male white New Zealand rabbits, 12 months of age and weighing 2.8-3.2 kg were used. CT scans of the pelvis were performed in the transverse planes from the seventh Lumbar (L7) vertebra to the first Sacral vertebra (SI), with a section thickness of 2 mm. The cranial border of the vesicular glands was visualized in the transverse plane between L7 and SI while the caudal part of the glands was observed in scans of the pelvic inlet in the transverse plane through the caudal part of SI. In the transverse scans of the pelvic inlet halfway SI, the vesicular glands appeared as transversely ovoid, homogeneous and relatively hypodense structures as compared to the adjacent soft tissues. The glandular areas were relatively hypodense compared to the urethral and rectal walls. The density of the rabbit vesicular glands was that of the soft tissues, ranging from 31±0.33 HU in precontrast imaging and 78±0.33 HU in postcontrast imaging.
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of lymphatic vessels. According to the common knowledge to date, the nervous system has only one circulatory system as blood
circulatory system but without lymphatic circulatory system. Is that true or there are more circulatory systems in the brain and in
the nervous system as a whole?
The aim of this mini-review is to find out the answers of these questions in order to clarify the morphological and functional
hallmarks of the brain’s circulatory systems and fluids.
of lymphatic vessels. According to the common knowledge to date, the nervous system has only one circulatory system as blood
circulatory system but without lymphatic circulatory system. Is that true or there are more circulatory systems in the brain and in
the nervous system as a whole?
The aim of this mini-review is to find out the answers of these questions in order to clarify the morphological and functional
hallmarks of the brain’s circulatory systems and fluids.