Peternakan

Setelah manusia mengarungi samudra dunia modern dengan segala kemudahan sebagai hasil perkembangan teknologi, manusia mulai menyadari bahwa segala sesuatu yang tidak seimbang, tidak fitrah atau tidak alami dapat membawa akibat kurang baik bagi kesehatannya. Perubahan pola makan manusia modern ternyata mengakibatkan berbagai penyakit yang dahulunya kurang dominan sebagai penyebab kematian, sekarang menduduki peringkat atas. Semakin hari semakin banyak manusia yang terkena kanker, stroke, penyakit penyempitan pembuluh darah, penyakit jantung, kencing manis, dan berbagai penyakit degeneratif lainnya, sebagai akibat salah makan atau makan yang berlebihan.

Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengevaluasi pengaruh pembatasan pakan di awal pertumbuhan terhadap performa ayam broiler jantan. Pada umur 5 hari, 280 ekor broiler jantan dibagi ke dalam 7 kelompok dimana untuk setiap kelompok perlakuan berisi 40 ekor broiler jantan. Satu kelompok broiler diberi pakan bebas (kontrol) dan 6 kelompok perlakuan lainnya diberi pakan 75% ad libitum selama 5, 10 dan 15 hari, atau 50% ad libitum selama 5, 10 atau 15 hari. Setelah periode pembatasan pakan berakhir broiler  diberi pakan ad libitum sampai umur 56 hari. Pada umur 42 dan 49 hari, broiler yang dibatasi pakannya mempunyai berat badan yang sangat nyata lebih rendah pada broiler yang diberi pakan 50% selama 10 atau 15 hari jika dibandingkan dengan kontrol. Pada umur 56 hari, semua broiler yang dibatasi pakannya mempunyai berat badan yang sebanding dengan kontrol. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pembatasan pakan berpengaruh tidak nyata (P>0,05) terhadap berat lemak abdominal pada umur 27 dan 56 hari. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pembatasan pakan cenderung menurunkan konsumsi pakan dari umur 5-27 hari, tetapi cenderung meningkatkan konsumsi pakan dari umur 28-56 hari. Pembatasan pakan cenderung menurunkan konversi pakan pada umur 56 hari. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa pembatasan pakan di awal pertumbuhan menunjukkan compensatory growth dengan efiensi pakan yang lebih baik tanpa menurunkan deposisi lemak abdomen.

Kata kunci: pembatasan pakan, compensatory growth, lemak abdomen, broiler jantan.

Berikut ini materi dialog di BTV (Bengkulu TV) yang sutingnya telah dilaksanakan pada tanggal 13 Agustus 2009.
A. Komposisi Kimia Daun Katuk
A.1. Komposisi gizi
Dalam 100 g daun katuk mengandung energi 59 kkal, protein 4,8-6,4 g, lemak 1 g, karbohidrat 9,9-11 g, serat 1,5 g, abu 1,7 g, kalsium 204 mg, fosfor 83 mg, besi 2,7-3,5 mg. Vitamin A (SI) 10.370, vitamin C 164-239 mg, vitamin B1 0,1 mg, vitamin B6 0,1 mg, vitamin D 3.111 µg, karotin 10.020 mcg dan air 81 g. Daun katuk merupakan sayuran yang paling kaya akan klorofil (zat hijau daun).

Abstract An experiment was conducted to study the effect of feed-restriciton refeeding
program on growth characteristics, hepatic lipogenic enzymes activities, lipid composition in liver
and serum, abdominal fat weight and body composition in female broilers. One-hundred and
eighty female broiler chicks were divided into 4 groups at 5 days of age. One group was fed ad
libitum and other 3 groups were fed 50% ad libitum for 5, 10 and 15 days. Thereafter, all groups
were fed ad libitum until the end of experimental period (56 days of age). At 56 days of age,
although body weights of broiler chicks fed 50% ad libitum for 10 and 15 days were significantly
lower than those of ad libitum chicks, they exhibited better feed conversion ratios. Abdominal
fat weight of restrict-refed chicks tended to be increased at 27 days of age, and was decreased at
56 days of age. The activity of hepatic acetyl-CoA carboxylase was significantly depressed
during feed restriction, increased markedly upon 2 days after feed restriction (for chicks fed 50%
ad libitum for 10 or 15 days) and at 27 days of age, then decreased at 56 days of age. Fatty acid
synthetase activity of chicks fed 50% ad libitum for 15 days was decreased at end of feed
restriction, increased upon 2 days after feed restriction and then decreased at either 27 or 56 days
of age. At 27 days of age, liver triglyceride was increased in chicks fed 50% ad libitum for 5 day
and serum triglyceride was increased in chicks fed 50% ad libitum for 5 or 15 days. At 56 days of
age, liver triglyceride was decreased in chicks fed 50% ad libitum for 10 or 15 days and serum
triglyceride was decreased in restrict-refed chicks. Serum total cholesterol was decreased at
either 27 or 56 days of age in restrict-refed chicks. Chicks fed 50% ad libitum for 15 days
increased body protein content at either 27 or 56 days of age. The present study showed that
feed-restriction refeeding program in female broiler chicks improved feed conversion ratio,
decreased abdominal fat, hepatic lipogenesis, total cholesterol concentration in serum. However,
this program did not decrease body fat, and it impaired mineralization as indicated by lower body
ash when chicks were fed 50% ad libitum for 10 or 15 days. It appears that feed-restriction
refeeding program did not improve growth and body composition of female broiler chicken.
Anim. Sci. Technol. (Jpn.) 66 (1):27-35, 1995

This study investigated the advantages of feeding the fermented product from Bacillus subtilis on improving feed
efficiency and reducing fat accumulation and ammonia production in broiler chicks. Eighty, seven-day old female broilers were
divided into four groups with five pens of four chicks each. One group was fed the diet without supplementation of fermented
product from Bacillus subtilis and other three groups were fed the diet with 0.5, 1.0 or 2.0% for 21 days from 7 to 28 day of age. It
was assumed that fermented product from Bacillus subtilis would improve growth characteristics with lower fat accumulation and
ammonia production. Body weight gain, abdominal fat weight and liver weight were not significantly affected, whereas feed intake
and feed efficiency was significantly improved in chicks fed fermented product from Bacillus subtilis as compared with the control
(P<0.05). In comparison with the control, activities of hepatic acetyl-CoA carboxylase and fatty acid synthetase, and contents of
triglyceride and cholesterol in the liver and carcass were significantly decreased in treatment groups (P<0.05). Ammonia production
was reduced by feeding this feed additive, but not N-total, N-urate and N-ammonia contents of excreta, pH and N-ammonia content
of caecum. In conclusion, feeding fermented product from Bacillus subtilis at 1.0% gave better feed efficiency with lower carcass
and hepatic lipid accumulation and ammonia production.

A study was conducted to determine the effects of Sauropus androgynus leaf extract on growth, carcass quality and the
number of fecal microorganisms in broiler chickens. Forty-eight male Arbor Acres broiler chickens (21-d-old) obtained from a
commercial hatchery were used in the present study. Experiment consisted of four treatment groups with four pen replicates of
three broilers allotted randomly to each dietary treatment from day 21-42 old. One group was the control with no additional
Sauropus androgynus leaf extract (SAE) (P0), and other three groups were given drinking water supplemented with 1.5 g (PI),
3.0 g (P2) or 4.5 g SAE/l water (P3). The diet used was a commercial mix (Crude protein: 19% and Metabolizable Energy 3200
kcal/kg). Feed intake significantly reduced in P2 or P3 as compared with the control (P<0.05). A decrease in feed conversion
ratio was observed in treatment groups as compared with Po (P<0.05). Abdominal fat, neck fat and liver fat content were
significantly reduced by SAE (P<0.05), while carcass fat content was not significantly different. Number of fecal Escherichia
coli in P1 or P3 (P<0,01) and fecal Streptococcus sp and Salmonella sp. were significantly (P<0,01) reduced by SAE
supplementation as compared with the control, while fecal Bacillus subtilis in P2 and Lactobacillus sp. in P1 (P<0,01) were
significantly higher as compared with other groups. SAE (P2 or P3) also significantly improved meat taste, shank color but
lowered meat color (P<0.05) as compared with the control group. It was found that the number of fecal Streptococcus sp was
suitable to predict abdominal fat. In conclusion, the inclusion of SAE at 4.5 g/l drinking water resulted in the best performance
and carcass quality.

he present study was conducted to evaluate effect of age on hepatic lipogenic enzyme activities and lipid fraction in broiler chicks. Eighty broiler chicks were distributed into one group. Broilers were fed commercial diet and provided drinking water ad libitum. At 5, 10, 12, 15, 17,20,22,25,27, and 56 days of age (27, 42, and 56 days of age for serum and carcass collection), 5 chicks were selected based on weights and killed. Experimental results show that the older chicks would have lower specific activity of hepatic acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) and fatty acid synthetase (F AS) activities (P<0,01). Age influenced hepatic triglyceride (P<0.05), serum cholesterol ester and free cholesterol (P<O.OI). The older chicks had higher serum phospholipid
and triglyceride (P<0.01). The older chicks had higher carcass fat and abdominal fat (P<0,01), and lower carcass moisture (P<0.05). In conclusion, the older chicks had lower specific activities of hepatic ACC and FAS (lipogenic enzymes) with higher lipid accumulation.

The present study was conducted to evaluate effect of Sauropus  anrogynus extract (SAE) on egg production and lipid
metabolism in layer chickens. Forty-eight layers aged 42 weeks (strain RIR) were distributed to 6 treatment groups as follows. One group was fed diet without SAE as the control (Po), and other five groups were fed diet plus hot water-extracted SAE at level of 9 g/kg diet (W9), diet plus elhanol extracted SAE at level of 0,9 g/kg diet (E0.9), diet plus ethanol extracted SAE at level of I .8 g/kg (E1.8), diet plus methanol extracted SAE at level of 0.9 g/kg (M0.9), and diet plus methanol extracted SAE at level of 1.8 g/kg (M1.8). lt was shown that SAE inclusion significantly increased egg production (p<0.05). Methanol-extracted SAE groups had lower egg production than ethanol-extracled SAE group (p<0.05).  SAE supplemented groups had better feed convertion efficiency than the unsupplemented group
(p<0.05). It was shown that ethanol extracted SAE resulted in the lowest feed conversion efficiency among the SAE supplemented  groups (p<0.05). SAE supplementation significantly reduced abdominal fat, gizzard surrounded fat, liver fat (p<0.05), serum triglyceride, total cholesterol, VLDL+LDL-c (P<0.01), atherogenic index (p<0.05), egg cholesterol and triglyceride (p<0.05), but it had no effect on mesenteric fat, sartorial fat and fatty liver score. In conclusion SAE supplementation could increase egg production but
reduced egg cholesterol. (Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci., 2005. Vol 18, No. 3 : 364-369)

The present study was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of Sauropus androgynus leaves extract (SALE) plus turmeric powder (TP) on carcass quality and blood profile in broilers fed low protein diets. Sixty broilers aged 14 days were divided to 5 treatment groups as follows: 1) Broilers fed 19% protein diet without SALE plus TP as control (P0); 2) Broilers fed 17% protein diet supplemented to 4.5 g SALE/kg diet plus 0.5% TP (P1); 3) Broilers fed 17% protein diet supplemented to 4.5 g
SALE/kg diet plus 1% TP (P2); 4) Broilers fed 15% protein diet supplemented to 4.5 g SALE/kg diet plus 0.5% TP (P3) and; 5) Broilers fed 15% protein diet supplemented to 4.5 g SALE/kg diet plus 1% TP (P4). Supplementation of SALE plus TP significantly affected body weight gain, feed intake, protein intake, thigh meat haemorrhage and fat deposition (P<0.05). No significantly different was observed on carcass odor, shank color, breast meat haemorrhage, leg and breast weight, meat cholesterol, fatty liver score and tocixity (P>0.05). In conclusion supplementation of SALE plus TP had no beneficial effect on reducing fat deposition in broilers fed low protein diets, but it reduced blood uric acid but increased blood glucose concentration.

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of early feed restriction on growth, feed oonversion ratio (FCR) and mortality in unsexed broiler chickens. In Experiment 1, 350 one-day-old broiler chickens were divided into 7 groups. Each
treatment group was represented by five replicates of ten broilers each. One group was fed ad libitum as the control group and the other six groups were fed 25% ad libitum (25% multiplied by amount of feed intake of ad libitum chickens at the previous day) for 4 or 6 days, 50% ad libitum for 4 or 6 days, and 75% ad libitum for 4 ot 6 days. In experiment 2, 500 broiler chickenswrere divided into l0 groups. Each treatment group was represented by five replicates of ten broilers each. One group was fed ad libitum as the control group. Three ages of feed restriction initial timing (2, 4 or 6 days of age) and three types of feed restriction (physical restriction, meal feeding and diet dilution) were used (3x3) in both experiments. They were feed-restricted for 6 days. Results showed that restricted broilers exhibited compensatory growth in both experiments except for diet dilution groups, ln both experiments FCR of restricted broiler was higher, whereas feed intake of them was lower during restriction period. FCR of restricted broilers was lower upon refeeding. Mortality was inconsistently affected by early feed restriction. Leg abnormality was lower in restricted broilers in both experiments. Level of feed restriction significantly influenced body weight, FCR and feed intake of restricted broilers (p<0.05), but duration of feed restriction had
no effect. Type of restiction significantly affected body weight, feed intake and FCR (p<0.05). It appeared that to achieve the best result  (complete compensatory growth and best FCR), broilers should be restricted at 25% ad libitum for 6 days (Experiment 1). Meal feeding started at 2 days of age would show the best performance (Experiment 2).

The effect of an early skip-a-day feeding program on performance and body composition of broiler chicks fed high-protein realimentation diets was studied. One-day-old female broiler chicks were withheld from feed for 2 d (0 to 2 d of age), and at 7 d of age three pens of 15 chicks each were
randomly assigned to one of five treatments. One treatment (as the control) involved ad libitum access to feed, and other four treatments were subjected to a skip-a-day regimen from 7 to 13 d of age. From 14 to 20 d of age, chicks of the five treatment groups were fed diets containing 21, 21, 25, 30, or 35% protein. Thereafter, chicks were fed a commercial finisher mash diet (18% CP and 3,160 kcal/kg ME) until 56 d of age. Restricted chicks exhibited compensatory growth during the refeeding period, but the 35% CP realimentation diet impaired this phenomenon as indicated by lower recovery index. Chicks of the skip-a-day program, regardless of dietary protein level, had less abdominal fat, as compared with chicks that ate ad libitum. In comparison with the control, less body fat and ash and greater protein contents were observed in chicks fed the
35% CP realimentation diet. Greater or less liver triglyceride content was observed in chicks fed 21% CP, or the 30 and 35% CP realimentation diet, respectively, whereas, less carcass triglyceride content was found in chicks fed 21 or 35% CP realimentation diet, as compared with the control group. In
conclusion, data of current study show that female broilers subjected to skip-a day feeding from 7 to 13 d of age fully recovered in body weight at 56 d, irrespective of dietary protein fed during the first 7 d after skip-a-day feeding. Skip-a-day feeding also resulted in reduced 56-d abdominal fat, irrespective of dietary protein fed from 14 to 20 d. Treatment effects on lipid components of livers and carcass varied, especially with respect to dietary protein concentration
fed during early realimentation.

Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengevaluasi pengaruh tipe kandang dan pembatasan pakan terhadap performans dan
penimbunan lemak pada ayam pedaging unsexed. Ayam pedaging strain Arbor Acres CP 707 sebanyak 400 ekor didistribusikan ke dalam delapan kelompok perlakuan. Setiap kelompok mempunyai 5 ulangan dengan 10 ekor untuk setiap ulangan. Rancangan yang digunakan adalah Rancangan Acak Lengkap faktorial (2 x 4) dengan faktor 1 adalah tipe kandang (cage vs litter) dan faktor 2 adalah level pembatasan (ad lib., 75% ad lib., 50% ad lib. dan 25% ad lib.). Air diberikan ad lib. Ayam pedaging dibatasi pakannya dari umur 7 sampai dengan 13 hari, dan setelah itu diberi pakan ad lib. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ayam pedaging unsexed yang dipelihara di litter mempunyai bobot hidup yang lebih tinggi (P<0,05), lemak abdomen yang rendah dan kadar trigliserida dalam serum yang lebih tinggi pada umur 42 hari (P<0,05), dan pada umur 56 hari, mereka mempunyai kadar lemak dalam hati yang rendah serta persentase karkas yang lebih tinggi (P<0,05). Pembatasan pakan di awal pertumbuhan menurunkan bobot hidup pada umur 42 hari kecuali pada ayam pedaging yang diberi pakan 75% ad lib. Pada umur 56 hari, ayam pedaging yang dibatasi pakannya mempunyai bobot hidup yang sama dengan kelompok kontrol. Pada umur yang sama, ayam pedaging yang diberi pakan 25% ad lib. mempunyai konversi ransum, lemak abdomen dan kadar trigliserida dalam serum yang lebih rendah (P<0,05). Dapat disimpulkan bahwa, ayam pedaging unsexed yang diberi pakan sebanyak 25% ad lib.
menunjukkan pertumbuhan kompensasi dengan konversi ransum yang lebih baik dan rendah penimbunan lemaknya. Ayam pedaging yang dipelihara dalam litter mempunyai bobot hidup yang lebih berat dan lebih rendah penimbunan lemaknya.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi pengaruh cara pemberian ekstrak daun katuk (EDK) terhadap penampilan dan
kualitas karkas pada ayam pedaging. Enam puluh ekor ayam pedaging jantan umur 20 hari didistribusikan ke dalam lima
kelompok perlakuan sebagai berikut: P0 = Ransum basal plus 0 g EDK; P1 = Ransum basal plus 18 g EDK/kg ransum; P2 =
Ransum basal plus 9 g EDK/l air minum; P3 = Ransum basal plus 9 g EDK/kg ransum plus 4,5 g EDK/l air minum; P4 = Ransum basal plus 4,5 g EDK/kg ransum plus 2,25 g EDK/l air minum. Masing-masing perlakuan terdiri dari 4 ulangan yang berisi 3 ekor ayam pedaging. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pertambahan berat badan pada P1 dan P4 secara nyata lebih tinggi (P<0,05) daripada P0 dan P2. Konversi ransum pada P1 dan P4 secara nyata lebih baik daripada P0 dan P2 (P<0,05). Konsumsi ransum, konsumsi air, berat jantung, hati dan rempela tidak berbeda nyata (P>0,05), tetapi berat usus halus berbeda nyata (P<0,05). Lemak abdomen pada P4 lebih rendah dari pada P0, P1 dan P2 (P<0,05). Warna karkas pada P4 secara sangat nyata lebih tinggi daripada P0, P1, P2 dan P3 (P<0,01). Pemberian EDK tidak berpengaruh secara nyata terhadap bau dan rasa (P>0,05). P4 secara nyata mempunyai warna daging yang lebih merah daripada P0, P1, dan P2 (P<0,05). Pemberian EDK tidak berpengaruh secara nyata terhadap nisbah daging-tulang, berat karkas dan cooking loss (P>0,05). Dapat disimpulkan bahwa untuk meningkatkan penampilan dan kualitas karkas, maka ayam pedaging dapat diberi EDK melalui kombinasi cara pemberian (lewat air minum dan ransum) pada level 4,5 g/kg ransum plus 2,25 g/l air minum.