In urban areas, tunneling works inevitably interfere with the adjacent buildings. In the prelimin... more In urban areas, tunneling works inevitably interfere with the adjacent buildings. In the preliminary design stage, designers usually do not inspect buildings adjacent to the construction sites, because these activities are often too expensive. This paper presents the STATUS app, an Android application for mobile data collection. It was developed and tested by Geofunction Srls before the beginning of the tunneling works for the railway doubling in Cefalù (Italy). The system assists technicians during visual inspections and records the pre-existing architectural and/or structural damages in buildings adjacent to construction sites in real time. The output of the data collection is an official report printed and countersigned in situ by the technicians and the owners of the inspected property. The application was used for 1189 inspections inside 96 buildings. The aim of the paper is to show the benefits achieved through the use of STATUS app. It is also useful for several purposes: ext...
Abstract Transports can be considered as the main contributors of climate change and cities’ tota... more Abstract Transports can be considered as the main contributors of climate change and cities’ total energy consumption. In order to reduce transport energy, which is mainly influenced by urban form and available systems, three strategies can be adopted: a land use distribution lowering the need of motorized mobility; adoption of measures fostering low impact transport modes; promotion of energy efficient vehicle fleets. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the suitability of accessibility measures as a planning tool to evaluate the effectiveness of integrated transport and land use policies adopted to reduce the transport energy dependence of an urban area.
Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 2016
ABSTRACT Overview Transport is one of the main contributors of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (ar... more ABSTRACT Overview Transport is one of the main contributors of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (around a quarter of the total in Europe) and, therefore, of climate change (CC). To reduce the consequences of CC, it is possible to act by adapting our cities to its effects or by mitigating its causes. Not always adaptation strategies are suitable to mitigation and viceversa. The key is to find actions that can help to reduce the GHG emissions and to increase the resilience of our cities, i.e. a way to act locally and think globally. To this respect, a successful way to adapt and mitigate is to promote the systematic use of green walking paths. On the one hand the role of green spaces to increase the adaptive capacity of our urban areas to the global warming is widely recognized; on the other hand the analysis of the factors which affect pedestrian behaviour is a relevant issue to mitigate the impact of climate change, through sustainable mobility. The aim of this work is to develop a tool that can help the planning and designing of green walking networks. To reach this goal, it is useful to understand to which extent green spaces, vegetation and trees affect walking attitude under different climate and weather conditions. An integrated approach is used, thus combining transport and land-use planning concepts with notions of outdoor thermal comfort and network accessibility. Methods The methodology proposed is based on the analysis of walking networks through a revised Multiple Centrality Assessment (Porta et al., 2008). The concepts of node accessibility, equivalent walking distance (Wibowo and Olszewski, 2005) and thermal comfort are integrated using a general cost function of links and weighted nodes. It was applied to test the walking network inside the Campus of the University of Catania (Italy), which includes different functions and where pedestrian paths are poorly experienced by people. This is mainly due to the fact that they are mixed with car routes and they do not adequately protect from high temperatures and wind. The promotion of pedestrian mobility and, in general, of the sustainable mobility of the Campus users is one of the main aim of the University Mobility Management office (MOMACT). Results The results of the case study are in terms of coloured maps, local centrality indexes referred to the activities and global indexes referred to the network as a whole. They mostly show the influence of climate, i.e. high temperatures and wind-chill, together with geometric features, such as slopes, and the paving surface, on the cost function, thus reflecting the walking attitude. Different scenarios were analyzed and, in particular, greening the paths and opening internal corridors to connect the activities seem to benefit the walking network, increasing the global efficiency. Conclusions The methodology proposed can be used as a tool to analyse the impact of weather conditions and the influence of vegetation on pedestrian mobility, thus helping the design of both green spaces and walking networks, with the overall aim to improve the climate change adaptation and mitigation in urban areas. References Porta S., Crucitti P. and Latora V. (2008). Multiple Centrality Assessment in Parma – A network analysis of paths and open spaces. Urban Design International 13, 41-50. doi:10.1057/udi.2008.1 Wibowo S. S. and Olszewski P. (2005). Modeling Walking Accessibility to Public Transport Terminals: Case Study of Singapore Mass Rapid Transit. Journal of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies, Vol. 6, pp. 147-156
Schools are among the most significant traffic generators in urban areas. Recent statistics show ... more Schools are among the most significant traffic generators in urban areas. Recent statistics show that at least 60% of parents take their children to school by car, although up to 90% of children would like to go to school on foot or by bicycle. Parents feel the need to personally take their children to school in a ‘safe’ way, ignoring the fact that the increase in the number of cars leads to a further lowering of safety, which forces other parents to use cars as well. Thus, there are more cars than children in Europe.It is now widely recognized that it is desirable to install a series of traffic calming devices aimed discouraging the vehicular crossing of residential streets and encouraging motorists to behave in an safe way that is compatible with non-motorized mobility. However, the scientific literature lacks methods for the numeric assessment of the effects produced by the installation of these devices.The objective of this work is to develop a pedestrian safety indicator for ev...
A consolidated approach for pursuing sustainable urban mobility consists of reducing transport en... more A consolidated approach for pursuing sustainable urban mobility consists of reducing transport energy through three key strategies: a land use distribution lowering the need and length of motorized mobility; adoption of measures favouring low impact transport modes; incentives for energy efficient vehicles’ fleets. A simple land use and transport model is presented in this paper to calculate a commuting transport energy indicator able to address the delivery of sustainable urban and transport plans. The model is based on a mathematical description of the transport system and a transport mode choice model following ideal simple rules based on the distance from home to workplace and on zonal transit network accessibility. For each transport mode energy consumption, capacity and load factor are considered. Assignment of flows between home and work zones is formulated as a standard transportation problem to minimize the required transport energy. The model is applied to the urban area o...
The island of Ortigia is a small extremity of the urban fabric of the city of Siracusa, located i... more The island of Ortigia is a small extremity of the urban fabric of the city of Siracusa, located in the eastern part of Sicily. The island forms part of the historic city center and is characterized by its own particular urban configuration, representing a kind of “suburban historic center.” Apart from being the site of some central business district activities, it is particularly attractive to tourists for which reason it would be desirable to eliminate traffic from the island, as far as possible. An almost total closure to traffic was hypothesized and applied and a ...
There are many high-speed rail projects in Europe at different stages of development. They are su... more There are many high-speed rail projects in Europe at different stages of development. They are supported on environmental grounds and as a means of reducing congestion on other modes, including aviation. High-speed rail, however requires major investment costs, takes a long time to come online, and involves considerable financial risks. A potential alternative that overcomes some of these problems makes use of rotorcrafts. This paper assesses the potentiality of civil rotorcrafts as part of the air transport system. Discrete mode choice ...
Abstract: The volume of air traffic worldwide is still in constant growth despite unfair events t... more Abstract: The volume of air traffic worldwide is still in constant growth despite unfair events that sometimes occur. The demand for regional air transport is also increasing, thanks in part to the use of new vehicles purposely designed for short range flights which make this means of transport more attractive than in the past. This paper studies the possibility of using aircraft capable of vertical and short takeoff and landing (V/STOL), in particular the tiltrotor, in the regional air transport market and the impact on airport capacity that the use of this craft ...
Abstract: The volume of air traffic worldwide is still in constant growth despite unfair events t... more Abstract: The volume of air traffic worldwide is still in constant growth despite unfair events that sometimes occur. The demand for regional air transport is also increasing, thanks in part to the use of new vehicles purposely designed for short range flights which make this means of transport more attractive than in the past. This paper studies the possibility of using aircraft capable of vertical and short takeoff and landing (V/STOL), in particular the tiltrotor, in the regional air transport market and the impact on airport capacity that the use of this craft ...
International Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering, 2012
Schools are among the most significant traffic generators in urban areas. Recent statistics show ... more Schools are among the most significant traffic generators in urban areas. Recent statistics show that at least 60% of parents take their children to school by car, although up to 90% of children would like to go to school on foot or by bicycle. Parents feel the need to personally take their children to school in a ‘safe’ way, ignoring the fact that the increase in the number of cars leads to a further lowering of safety, which forces other parents to use cars as well. Thus, there are more cars than children in Europe.It is now widely recognized that it is desirable to install a series of traffic calming devices aimed discouraging the vehicular crossing of residential streets and encouraging motorists to behave in an safe way that is compatible with non-motorized mobility. However, the scientific literature lacks methods for the numeric assessment of the effects produced by the installation of these devices.The objective of this work is to develop a pedestrian safety indicator for evaluating the effectiveness of traffic calming measures. The indicator is calculated using a mathematical model to estimate the probability of conflict between a vehicle and a pedestrian crossing the road. This indicator is considered a measure of the pedestrian safety of the road.The values of the model variables are assessed by a micro simulation model of vehicle/pedestrian interactions in both the absence and presence of several traffic calming measures, to provide a quantitative assessment of the effectiveness of the speed control device.
A consolidated approach for pursuing sustainable urban mobility consists of reducing transport en... more A consolidated approach for pursuing sustainable urban mobility consists of reducing transport energy through three key strategies: a land use distribution lowering the need and length of motorized mobility; adoption of measures favouring low impact transport modes; incentives for energy efficient vehicles’ fleets. A simple land use and transport model is presented in this paper to calculate a commuting transport energy indicator able to address the delivery of sustainable urban and transport plans. The model is based on a mathematical description of the transport system and a transport mode choice model following ideal simple rules based on the distance from home to workplace and on zonal transit network accessibility. For each transport mode energy consumption, capacity and load factor are considered. Assignment of flows between home and work zones is formulated as a standard transportation problem to minimize the required transport energy. The model is applied to the urban area of Catania, a medium-sized town in Italy, for three scenarios: 1) improving walking/cycling facilities and accessibility to the existing transit network; 2) adding four BRT lines and one metro line to the transit network; 3) relocating a fraction of residents around the stations of the metro line. These scenarios reflect some of the main measures of the urban mobility and land use plans which are currently under discussion. For each scenario we compute the “Transport Energy Dependence” indicator, the travelled distance and modal share for each transport mode at the urban and traffic zone scales. First results show the methodology is suitable to different aims: to evaluate the potential impact of changes in land use, transport and vehicle technologies policies in terms of transport energy consumption; to define a minimum transport energy as a reference value to be compared with the actual consumed transport energy; to define transport energy requirements for the approval of land use and transport plans.
The scientific literature regarding HEMS (Helicopter Emergency Medical Service) planning lacks a ... more The scientific literature regarding HEMS (Helicopter Emergency Medical Service) planning lacks a method for defining optimal sites for helipads that takes into account risk distribution and hospital location. Such a method could minimise overall rescue time in emergency situations. In this paper a method that supports the decisions taken by disaster planners and managers is developed, focusing on the quantification of necessary air resources for the management of some probable calamities. Given a region characterised by a natural and non-natural disaster risk map, along with a comprehensive transport system (also characterised by a risk map), a set of emergency destinations (hospitals), a set of heliports/helipads dislocated on the territory and a number of available HEMS rotorcraft, the aim of the paper is to assess the adequacy of the VTOL/FATO (Vertical Take-Off and Landing/Final Take-Off and Landing Area) system in order to deal with a set of possible emergencies.
In urban areas, tunneling works inevitably interfere with the adjacent buildings. In the prelimin... more In urban areas, tunneling works inevitably interfere with the adjacent buildings. In the preliminary design stage, designers usually do not inspect buildings adjacent to the construction sites, because these activities are often too expensive. This paper presents the STATUS app, an Android application for mobile data collection. It was developed and tested by Geofunction Srls before the beginning of the tunneling works for the railway doubling in Cefalù (Italy). The system assists technicians during visual inspections and records the pre-existing architectural and/or structural damages in buildings adjacent to construction sites in real time. The output of the data collection is an official report printed and countersigned in situ by the technicians and the owners of the inspected property. The application was used for 1189 inspections inside 96 buildings. The aim of the paper is to show the benefits achieved through the use of STATUS app. It is also useful for several purposes: ext...
Abstract Transports can be considered as the main contributors of climate change and cities’ tota... more Abstract Transports can be considered as the main contributors of climate change and cities’ total energy consumption. In order to reduce transport energy, which is mainly influenced by urban form and available systems, three strategies can be adopted: a land use distribution lowering the need of motorized mobility; adoption of measures fostering low impact transport modes; promotion of energy efficient vehicle fleets. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the suitability of accessibility measures as a planning tool to evaluate the effectiveness of integrated transport and land use policies adopted to reduce the transport energy dependence of an urban area.
Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 2016
ABSTRACT Overview Transport is one of the main contributors of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (ar... more ABSTRACT Overview Transport is one of the main contributors of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (around a quarter of the total in Europe) and, therefore, of climate change (CC). To reduce the consequences of CC, it is possible to act by adapting our cities to its effects or by mitigating its causes. Not always adaptation strategies are suitable to mitigation and viceversa. The key is to find actions that can help to reduce the GHG emissions and to increase the resilience of our cities, i.e. a way to act locally and think globally. To this respect, a successful way to adapt and mitigate is to promote the systematic use of green walking paths. On the one hand the role of green spaces to increase the adaptive capacity of our urban areas to the global warming is widely recognized; on the other hand the analysis of the factors which affect pedestrian behaviour is a relevant issue to mitigate the impact of climate change, through sustainable mobility. The aim of this work is to develop a tool that can help the planning and designing of green walking networks. To reach this goal, it is useful to understand to which extent green spaces, vegetation and trees affect walking attitude under different climate and weather conditions. An integrated approach is used, thus combining transport and land-use planning concepts with notions of outdoor thermal comfort and network accessibility. Methods The methodology proposed is based on the analysis of walking networks through a revised Multiple Centrality Assessment (Porta et al., 2008). The concepts of node accessibility, equivalent walking distance (Wibowo and Olszewski, 2005) and thermal comfort are integrated using a general cost function of links and weighted nodes. It was applied to test the walking network inside the Campus of the University of Catania (Italy), which includes different functions and where pedestrian paths are poorly experienced by people. This is mainly due to the fact that they are mixed with car routes and they do not adequately protect from high temperatures and wind. The promotion of pedestrian mobility and, in general, of the sustainable mobility of the Campus users is one of the main aim of the University Mobility Management office (MOMACT). Results The results of the case study are in terms of coloured maps, local centrality indexes referred to the activities and global indexes referred to the network as a whole. They mostly show the influence of climate, i.e. high temperatures and wind-chill, together with geometric features, such as slopes, and the paving surface, on the cost function, thus reflecting the walking attitude. Different scenarios were analyzed and, in particular, greening the paths and opening internal corridors to connect the activities seem to benefit the walking network, increasing the global efficiency. Conclusions The methodology proposed can be used as a tool to analyse the impact of weather conditions and the influence of vegetation on pedestrian mobility, thus helping the design of both green spaces and walking networks, with the overall aim to improve the climate change adaptation and mitigation in urban areas. References Porta S., Crucitti P. and Latora V. (2008). Multiple Centrality Assessment in Parma – A network analysis of paths and open spaces. Urban Design International 13, 41-50. doi:10.1057/udi.2008.1 Wibowo S. S. and Olszewski P. (2005). Modeling Walking Accessibility to Public Transport Terminals: Case Study of Singapore Mass Rapid Transit. Journal of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies, Vol. 6, pp. 147-156
Schools are among the most significant traffic generators in urban areas. Recent statistics show ... more Schools are among the most significant traffic generators in urban areas. Recent statistics show that at least 60% of parents take their children to school by car, although up to 90% of children would like to go to school on foot or by bicycle. Parents feel the need to personally take their children to school in a ‘safe’ way, ignoring the fact that the increase in the number of cars leads to a further lowering of safety, which forces other parents to use cars as well. Thus, there are more cars than children in Europe.It is now widely recognized that it is desirable to install a series of traffic calming devices aimed discouraging the vehicular crossing of residential streets and encouraging motorists to behave in an safe way that is compatible with non-motorized mobility. However, the scientific literature lacks methods for the numeric assessment of the effects produced by the installation of these devices.The objective of this work is to develop a pedestrian safety indicator for ev...
A consolidated approach for pursuing sustainable urban mobility consists of reducing transport en... more A consolidated approach for pursuing sustainable urban mobility consists of reducing transport energy through three key strategies: a land use distribution lowering the need and length of motorized mobility; adoption of measures favouring low impact transport modes; incentives for energy efficient vehicles’ fleets. A simple land use and transport model is presented in this paper to calculate a commuting transport energy indicator able to address the delivery of sustainable urban and transport plans. The model is based on a mathematical description of the transport system and a transport mode choice model following ideal simple rules based on the distance from home to workplace and on zonal transit network accessibility. For each transport mode energy consumption, capacity and load factor are considered. Assignment of flows between home and work zones is formulated as a standard transportation problem to minimize the required transport energy. The model is applied to the urban area o...
The island of Ortigia is a small extremity of the urban fabric of the city of Siracusa, located i... more The island of Ortigia is a small extremity of the urban fabric of the city of Siracusa, located in the eastern part of Sicily. The island forms part of the historic city center and is characterized by its own particular urban configuration, representing a kind of “suburban historic center.” Apart from being the site of some central business district activities, it is particularly attractive to tourists for which reason it would be desirable to eliminate traffic from the island, as far as possible. An almost total closure to traffic was hypothesized and applied and a ...
There are many high-speed rail projects in Europe at different stages of development. They are su... more There are many high-speed rail projects in Europe at different stages of development. They are supported on environmental grounds and as a means of reducing congestion on other modes, including aviation. High-speed rail, however requires major investment costs, takes a long time to come online, and involves considerable financial risks. A potential alternative that overcomes some of these problems makes use of rotorcrafts. This paper assesses the potentiality of civil rotorcrafts as part of the air transport system. Discrete mode choice ...
Abstract: The volume of air traffic worldwide is still in constant growth despite unfair events t... more Abstract: The volume of air traffic worldwide is still in constant growth despite unfair events that sometimes occur. The demand for regional air transport is also increasing, thanks in part to the use of new vehicles purposely designed for short range flights which make this means of transport more attractive than in the past. This paper studies the possibility of using aircraft capable of vertical and short takeoff and landing (V/STOL), in particular the tiltrotor, in the regional air transport market and the impact on airport capacity that the use of this craft ...
Abstract: The volume of air traffic worldwide is still in constant growth despite unfair events t... more Abstract: The volume of air traffic worldwide is still in constant growth despite unfair events that sometimes occur. The demand for regional air transport is also increasing, thanks in part to the use of new vehicles purposely designed for short range flights which make this means of transport more attractive than in the past. This paper studies the possibility of using aircraft capable of vertical and short takeoff and landing (V/STOL), in particular the tiltrotor, in the regional air transport market and the impact on airport capacity that the use of this craft ...
International Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering, 2012
Schools are among the most significant traffic generators in urban areas. Recent statistics show ... more Schools are among the most significant traffic generators in urban areas. Recent statistics show that at least 60% of parents take their children to school by car, although up to 90% of children would like to go to school on foot or by bicycle. Parents feel the need to personally take their children to school in a ‘safe’ way, ignoring the fact that the increase in the number of cars leads to a further lowering of safety, which forces other parents to use cars as well. Thus, there are more cars than children in Europe.It is now widely recognized that it is desirable to install a series of traffic calming devices aimed discouraging the vehicular crossing of residential streets and encouraging motorists to behave in an safe way that is compatible with non-motorized mobility. However, the scientific literature lacks methods for the numeric assessment of the effects produced by the installation of these devices.The objective of this work is to develop a pedestrian safety indicator for evaluating the effectiveness of traffic calming measures. The indicator is calculated using a mathematical model to estimate the probability of conflict between a vehicle and a pedestrian crossing the road. This indicator is considered a measure of the pedestrian safety of the road.The values of the model variables are assessed by a micro simulation model of vehicle/pedestrian interactions in both the absence and presence of several traffic calming measures, to provide a quantitative assessment of the effectiveness of the speed control device.
A consolidated approach for pursuing sustainable urban mobility consists of reducing transport en... more A consolidated approach for pursuing sustainable urban mobility consists of reducing transport energy through three key strategies: a land use distribution lowering the need and length of motorized mobility; adoption of measures favouring low impact transport modes; incentives for energy efficient vehicles’ fleets. A simple land use and transport model is presented in this paper to calculate a commuting transport energy indicator able to address the delivery of sustainable urban and transport plans. The model is based on a mathematical description of the transport system and a transport mode choice model following ideal simple rules based on the distance from home to workplace and on zonal transit network accessibility. For each transport mode energy consumption, capacity and load factor are considered. Assignment of flows between home and work zones is formulated as a standard transportation problem to minimize the required transport energy. The model is applied to the urban area of Catania, a medium-sized town in Italy, for three scenarios: 1) improving walking/cycling facilities and accessibility to the existing transit network; 2) adding four BRT lines and one metro line to the transit network; 3) relocating a fraction of residents around the stations of the metro line. These scenarios reflect some of the main measures of the urban mobility and land use plans which are currently under discussion. For each scenario we compute the “Transport Energy Dependence” indicator, the travelled distance and modal share for each transport mode at the urban and traffic zone scales. First results show the methodology is suitable to different aims: to evaluate the potential impact of changes in land use, transport and vehicle technologies policies in terms of transport energy consumption; to define a minimum transport energy as a reference value to be compared with the actual consumed transport energy; to define transport energy requirements for the approval of land use and transport plans.
The scientific literature regarding HEMS (Helicopter Emergency Medical Service) planning lacks a ... more The scientific literature regarding HEMS (Helicopter Emergency Medical Service) planning lacks a method for defining optimal sites for helipads that takes into account risk distribution and hospital location. Such a method could minimise overall rescue time in emergency situations. In this paper a method that supports the decisions taken by disaster planners and managers is developed, focusing on the quantification of necessary air resources for the management of some probable calamities. Given a region characterised by a natural and non-natural disaster risk map, along with a comprehensive transport system (also characterised by a risk map), a set of emergency destinations (hospitals), a set of heliports/helipads dislocated on the territory and a number of available HEMS rotorcraft, the aim of the paper is to assess the adequacy of the VTOL/FATO (Vertical Take-Off and Landing/Final Take-Off and Landing Area) system in order to deal with a set of possible emergencies.
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Papers by Salvatore R Caprì
strategies: a land use distribution lowering the need and length of motorized mobility; adoption of measures favouring low impact
transport modes; incentives for energy efficient vehicles’ fleets.
A simple land use and transport model is presented in this paper to calculate a commuting transport energy indicator able to address
the delivery of sustainable urban and transport plans. The model is based on a mathematical description of the transport system and a
transport mode choice model following ideal simple rules based on the distance from home to workplace and on zonal transit
network accessibility. For each transport mode energy consumption, capacity and load factor are considered. Assignment of flows
between home and work zones is formulated as a standard transportation problem to minimize the required transport energy.
The model is applied to the urban area of Catania, a medium-sized town in Italy, for three scenarios: 1) improving walking/cycling
facilities and accessibility to the existing transit network; 2) adding four BRT lines and one metro line to the transit network; 3)
relocating a fraction of residents around the stations of the metro line. These scenarios reflect some of the main measures of the urban
mobility and land use plans which are currently under discussion. For each scenario we compute the “Transport Energy Dependence”
indicator, the travelled distance and modal share for each transport mode at the urban and traffic zone scales.
First results show the methodology is suitable to different aims: to evaluate the potential impact of changes in land use, transport and
vehicle technologies policies in terms of transport energy consumption; to define a minimum transport energy as a reference value to
be compared with the actual consumed transport energy; to define transport energy requirements for the approval of land use and
transport plans.
strategies: a land use distribution lowering the need and length of motorized mobility; adoption of measures favouring low impact
transport modes; incentives for energy efficient vehicles’ fleets.
A simple land use and transport model is presented in this paper to calculate a commuting transport energy indicator able to address
the delivery of sustainable urban and transport plans. The model is based on a mathematical description of the transport system and a
transport mode choice model following ideal simple rules based on the distance from home to workplace and on zonal transit
network accessibility. For each transport mode energy consumption, capacity and load factor are considered. Assignment of flows
between home and work zones is formulated as a standard transportation problem to minimize the required transport energy.
The model is applied to the urban area of Catania, a medium-sized town in Italy, for three scenarios: 1) improving walking/cycling
facilities and accessibility to the existing transit network; 2) adding four BRT lines and one metro line to the transit network; 3)
relocating a fraction of residents around the stations of the metro line. These scenarios reflect some of the main measures of the urban
mobility and land use plans which are currently under discussion. For each scenario we compute the “Transport Energy Dependence”
indicator, the travelled distance and modal share for each transport mode at the urban and traffic zone scales.
First results show the methodology is suitable to different aims: to evaluate the potential impact of changes in land use, transport and
vehicle technologies policies in terms of transport energy consumption; to define a minimum transport energy as a reference value to
be compared with the actual consumed transport energy; to define transport energy requirements for the approval of land use and
transport plans.