Mitigating the environmental impacts caused by hydroelectric dams is a worldwide challenge. Aquat... more Mitigating the environmental impacts caused by hydroelectric dams is a worldwide challenge. Aquatic ecosystems are most impacted during the reservoir filling phase, yet water quality and biogeochemical dynamics are not well-studied at this stage. Here we evaluate water quality and hydraulic parameters in the Araguari River (Amapá, Brazil) during the filling of the Ferreira Gomes Hydroelectric Power Plant reservoir (HPPFG). The following key variables were monitored along with 19 other physical and chemical variables: Trophic State Index (TSI), Total Coliform (TC), E. coli (EC), and Chlorophyll-a (Chl-a). The following hydraulic-operational variables were also investigated: inflows (Q A), outflows (Q D), and variation in reservoir volume (Vol %). Multiple Regression Analyses showed that the key parameters were both significantly influenced by physio-chemical and hydraulic variables. Dissolved oxygen levels showed significant spatial variation, likely due to influence of turbulence from two other hydropower complexes upstream of the HPPFG reservoir. Vol % influenced TSI, which ranged from oligotrophic to hypertrophic and eventually stabilized at mesotrophic. Levels of TSI, TC, and Chl-a decreased and the level of E. coli increased as a function of Vol %. Cluster Analysis showed the formation of three spatial groups-two inside the reservoir and one downstream. This suggests that in the rainy season or transition season, the hydraulic residence time in the reservoir is very low (16-36 h) when hydrodynamic processes are dominant. In the dry season residence times of roughly 1 month suggest that biogeochemical (e.g., nutrient utilization) and hydrodynamic processes occur at similar time scales. Overall, results from this study confirm the hypothesis that the filling phase has significant impacts on the key parameters of the water quality, which were at times above legal limits. We conclude that the filling phase generated environmental impacts and their repercussions should be considered in environmental assessment of future hydropower developments.
Seed transport by hydrochory is a key mechanism of long‐distance dispersal constrained by attribu... more Seed transport by hydrochory is a key mechanism of long‐distance dispersal constrained by attributes of the seed and hydrodynamics of the river, influenced by seasonal precipitation and hydrological pulses. However, the extent to which a hydrodynamic model can predict seed dispersal influenced by a tributary is unknown. The study was conducted along a 10‐km stretch of the Falsino River in Amapá, Brazil. Hydrodynamic parameters from the 2021 rainy season were used to calibrate a three‐dimensional numerical model (SisBaHia) and simulate hydrochory of Macrolobium bifolium, a widely distributed species in the Amazon floodplains. This model was coupled with a Lagrangian dispersal model to estimate the average transport distance of the fruit plume. The simulated results were compared statistically with those of dispersal quantified in the field. The field experiment coincided with the maximum hydrological pulse, providing with a maximum potential distance of longitudinal dispersal fruit of c. 10 km in 2 hr. The orders of magnitude of the mean plume transport (observed and numerically simulated centre of mass) were compatible with each other over six longitudinal tracking sections (4.0% ≤ estimated × observed error ≤ 16.5%). Different channel stretches had distinct hydraulic characteristics that influenced spatial dispersal dynamics and are likely to be factors influencing the distribution of M. bifolium in these environments. The present research is a contribution to understanding fluvial hydrodynamics and hydrochory by M. bifolium, whose seed dispersal syndrome is an adaptive characteristic that might explain its abundance and richness in these Amazonian riparian zones. We used M. bifolium as a model species to understand the role of seasonal flood pulse and fluvial hydrodynamics related to hydrochory favouring.
SummaryGazetting and maintaining protected areas (PAs) are political processes and, as such, depe... more SummaryGazetting and maintaining protected areas (PAs) are political processes and, as such, depend on wider society’s support in order to achieve their aims. In this paper, we evaluated the influence of gender, education, age, income, place of origin and place of residence on public support for PAs in the Brazilian state of Amapá, a new tropical forest frontier. We gathered 615 complete interviews with adults living in both rural and urban settings. We found that most (90.5%) of the participants support PAs and that this attitude is more likely to exist among urban than rural participants. We found that gender, education, age, income and place of origin did not influence support for PAs. Biodiversity conservation is the most common reason why PAs receive public support. In contrast, participants who do not favour PAs see them as providing no benefit to people. We suggest that support by local political leaders from dominant and rival political parties for conservation helps to promote acceptance of PAs by stakeholders. However, relatively low support for PAs among rural participants could indicate that the expectations of these populations regarding the social benefits associated with this conservation policy have yet to be fulfilled.
Anthropization process and climatic changes, mainly deforestation and sea level rise, are factors... more Anthropization process and climatic changes, mainly deforestation and sea level rise, are factors significantly contributing to the most evident loss of mangrove ecosystems. The aim of our study is to analyze variables related to the effects of the dynamics of human activities closely associated with these ecosystems' degradation. The Geographic Information System tool allowed identifying and comparing soil use and occupation variations based on information provided by 140 randomly chosen participants in Caracol County-Haiti. Interviews were carried out in loco between March and November 2020. Based on results statistically analyzed through multivariate regression tests, the most significant exploratory variable for the mangroves' degradation process (p<0.05) was "mangrove occupation", regardless of age, sex, schooling, time in the same residence, profession, home distance from the mangrove, landslide events, and risk of floods. We have concluded that distance from home, ecological function, intervention in biodiversity conservation, as well as water-climatic and geo-physical threats are factors closely correlated to mangroves' environmental conservation and management (p<0.05).
Drainage system is a poorly investigated basic sanitation and urban planning issue in the Amazon,... more Drainage system is a poorly investigated basic sanitation and urban planning issue in the Amazon, which is often related to flooding processes and public health. The aim of the present research is to correlate Preliminary Risk of Flooding (PRF) to independent variables, based on the following methodology: 1) identifying and classifying risk areas by using the Geographic Information System (GIS) and 2) statistically correlating risk to sanitary and environmental variables. Results have shown that preliminary risk is correlated to, at least, seven sanitary and environmental variables, depending on flood influence area; and there are significant correlations observed in the rainy season interval [probability or significance (p) < 0.05]. In conclusion, PRF is higher in the rainy season, but it is spatially influenced by the elevation of terrain, number of flooding points, drainage typology and Environmental Salubrity Index (ESI) of neighborhoods, which directly affect the water quality in nearby groundwater wells (Total Coliforms, nitrate (NO 3) and ammonia (NH 3)). However, this influence can eventually significantly change in the dry season.
RESUMO O objetivo da pesquisa foi correlacionar indicadores operacionais de abastecimento de água... more RESUMO O objetivo da pesquisa foi correlacionar indicadores operacionais de abastecimento de água com a frequência de doenças de notificação compulsória de transmissão hídrica em seis municípios do estado do Amapá, Brasil. A metodologia consistiu no tratamento estatístico de dados de doenças de notificação compulsória de transmissão hídrica, disponibilizados pela Superintendência de Vigilância em Saúde do Amapá (período de 2007 a 2017), com indicadores operacionais de abastecimento de água consolidados pelo Sistema Nacional de Informações sobre Saneamento (período de 1996 a 2017). Os resultados mostraram, por meio de séries de regressões, que seis entre 20 indicadores operacionais apresentaram significância e correlação positiva com a ocorrência de doenças diarreicas agudas, independentemente do município (Raj2 = 0,75, p < 0,05), com tendência progressiva em relação à expansão dos serviços de saneamento básico. Conclui-se que os seis indicadores operacionais apresentaram correlaç...
Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2022
Countries participating in the Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization have few options for the en... more Countries participating in the Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization have few options for the environmentally appropriate final disposal of municipal solid waste. Thus, sustainable practices aimed at reducing the negative effects of such a disposal on the environment are complex and hard to accomplish, since solid waste generation per capita proportionally increases as populations grow (≈ 2.7% > world average), mainly in countries inserted in Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization. Thus, demographic, socioeconomic, management, and ecological factors represented by 18 independent variables were statistically analyzed to explain waste per capita variation in Amazonian countries and sub-regions. Multiple Kruskal–Wallis tests were applied; 13 of them recorded significant results (p < 0.05). Subsequently, simple and multivariate regression analyses were carried out by taking into consideration waste per capita and significant variables. Simple regression results recorded for variables “IAC” and “Gini index” were significant (RIAC2 = 60.09%, RGini2 = 30.83%), with emphasis on “Amazon biome” (DF = 33, p < 0.01, RBiome2 = 5.34%). Multivariate models resulted in wide explainability variation, depending on the number and type of available variable (54.47% ≤ Raj2 ≤ 70.83%), with emphasis on “IAC,” “Ptot,” “Purb,” “Wton,” “Lon,” Area, “HDI,” “Gini,” and “SDG11” (p < 0.01). In conclusion, waste per capita estimation models can present variations and geographical interdependencies due to different variables and factors that reflect the current public policies and municipal solid waste management practices.
O presente artigo aborda a ficção de fã (Fanfiction) como gênero do discurso repleto de polifonia... more O presente artigo aborda a ficção de fã (Fanfiction) como gênero do discurso repleto de polifonia e dialogismo à luz da Análise do Discurso e da teoria de Bakhtin (1997). Para isso, estudou-se a questão da autoria das ficções de fã, que, por sua vez, são produções colaborativas entre escritor e o leitor-fã como um coautor da obra. Também se analisa a Fanfiction a partir das relações de forças sociais existentes na construção da sua mensagem que confirma, complementa e/ou refuta aspectos de discursos anteriores. As características desse gênero discursivo eminentemente digital são descritas tendo em vista que, muitas delas, foram herdadas dos folhetins publicados em jornais do Século XIX, sendo atualizadas para os dias atuais como corroboram Pinheiro (2014) e Silveira (2018). Para expor a dinâmica e a linguagem do gênero, são analisadas duas Fanfics (abreviação de Fanfiction) inspiradas nos contos "Felicidade Clandestina", de Clarice Lispector e "Negrinha", de Monteiro Lobato, encontrados em um site voltado para a publicação de fic's (abreviação de Fanfiction). Ademais, buscou-se afirmar a relevância da ficção de fã ao ser inserida nas práticas didáticas de leitura e escrita, de maneira a aprimorar as habilidades linguísticas e literárias dos alunos.
An intense erosive process has recently caused progressive hydrogeomorphological changes in the m... more An intense erosive process has recently caused progressive hydrogeomorphological changes in the mouths of two large rivers belonging to the Amazon River Delta, on the estuarine coast of Amapá State, namely: Araguari and Amazonas. Consequently, Araguari River was captured by the Amazon River and it influenced the sediment and water quality dynamics when two tidal channels expanded in opposite directions; this process affected both hydrographic basins and blocked Araguari River mouth. The aim of the current study is to analyze the space-seasonal variations of hydrodynamic and water quality parameters influenced by the following factors: location (channels connected to Araguari and Amazonas rivers), seasonality (dry/rainy) and spring tidal phase (flood/ebb). The herein adopted methodological stages comprised a) flow measurement with Doppler current profiler; b) water sampling (physicochemical and suspended sediments); c) suspended solids transport estimates; and d) multivariate statistical analysis of parameters. Results have indicated significant space-seasonal variation in these parameters (p<0.05). Water balance in the dry period has shown that Urucurituba Channel absorbs 100% of Araguari River flow, distributes 29% of it in the floodplain and discharges 71% of Araguari River flow into the Amazon River. This channel received 86% of Araguari River flow and absorbed 14% of the flow deriving from the floodplain in the rainy season, which totaled 100% of its flow at Amazon River mouth-solid discharge was proportional to 107,982 t of tidal cycle-1. Multivariate analyses have shown significant variations in 90% of the investigated parameters, which were influenced by such as location, seasonality and tidal phase (p<0.05). It was possible concluding that the recent channels have significantly affected the hydrodynamics, sediment transport processes and water quality of both basins. This phenomenon is currently in intense and irreversible hydrogeomorphological evolution, and it mainly affects the Araguari River estuary Evolution of erosive and hydrodynamic impacts on water quality in tidal channels at the mouths of the Araguari and Amazon rivers
Large ships are efficient in transporting oil and its derivatives. However, they can cause spills... more Large ships are efficient in transporting oil and its derivatives. However, they can cause spills in the event of accidents. The aim of the study is to simulate oil dispersion processes in scenarios of likely accidents with ships traveling on sea routes interconnected with Amazonian ports and with the Atlantic Ocean. Navigation routes were based on traffic data to identify risk areas, as well as to compare them to data from the environmental (oil) sensitivity index and to results of numerical simulations of plumes dispersion. These three approaches were integrated to each other in order to assess potential environmental impacts of plumes on coastal biota and human populations. Scenarios results have indicated that the rainy season is the most critical period for plumes dispersion. But, depending on the emission point, plumes tend to remain close to the coast, extend up to 132 km within 72 h, affecting the biodiversity, protected areas and water supply systems from the urban areas.
Protected areas (PAs) are the most effective public policy instruments to protect natural ecosyst... more Protected areas (PAs) are the most effective public policy instruments to protect natural ecosystems and the services these ecosystems provide. Nevertheless, several PAs present a funding deficit because governments allocate fewer financial resources than those required to cover PA management costs. The variation in funding deficits within countries is not well documented because information about PA public investments and management costs are seldom available. We describe the variation in funding deficits across Brazilian federal PAs and propose a model that explains such variation by using PAs' characteristics and their zones of influence as predictors. We estimated that the 282 Brazilian federal PAs needed US$ 468 million to cover their management costs in 2016. However, the Brazilian government allocated only 15.5 % of these costs. Approximately 76.5 % of the PAs had funding deficits. Our model showed that: (1) funding deficit is negatively associated with PA age and the human development index but positively associated with PA size, (2) PAs in the Atlantic Forest and the Savannas and Drylands have lower funding deficits than PAs in the Amazon, and (3) PAs in the Atlantic Forest have lower funding deficits than PAs in the Savannas and Drylands. We found that the proportion of PAs with a funding deficit in Brazil is high and is comparable to the high percentage of PAs (75 %-100 %) with a funding deficit found in sub-Saharan Africa. Moreover, there is evidence that the total annual funding deficit in the Brazilian PAs increased in the last decade. New policies, public-private partnerships, and innovative funding mechanisms need to be set to close the large funding gap in the Brazilian federal PA system.
There are a number of reasons that make Amazon estuary an important natural water resource. First... more There are a number of reasons that make Amazon estuary an important natural water resource. First, it is biologically productive being the spawning and nursery ground for many important aquatic biota. Second, it serves as receiving waters for wastewater discharges and for navigation use. Third, it has been demonstrating its elevated dilution and self-purification capacity for constituents of the water, principally bacteria, toxic substances, organic material and nutrients. Many cities and small ports of the State of the Amapá located on estuaries and coastal zones are ready affecting their quality through runoff, domestic and industrial wastewater. So, the present research evaluated the water quality in four rivers located close to the periurban areas of Macapá and Santana and rural area of Mazagão municipality. The main objective is to diagnostic the spatial-temporal distribution of some variables and parameters of the water quality, considering important factors as atrophic, hydro...
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2016
Várzea forests of the Amazon estuary contain species of importance to riverine communities. For e... more Várzea forests of the Amazon estuary contain species of importance to riverine communities. For example, the oil extracted from the seeds of crabwood trees is traditionally used to combat various illnesses and as such artisanal extraction processes have been maintained. The objectives of this study were to (1) describe the process involved in artisanal extraction of crabwood oil in the Fazendinha Protected Area, in the state of Amapá; (2) characterise the processes of knowledge transfer associated with the extraction and use of crabwood oil within a peri-urban riverine community; and (3) discern medicinal uses of the oil. The data were obtained using semistructured interviews with 13 community members involved in crabwood oil extraction and via direct observation. The process of oil extraction is divided into four stages: seed collection; cooking and resting of the seeds; shelling of the seeds and dough preparation; and oil collection. Oil extraction is carried out within the home f...
Planeta Amazonia Revista Internacional De Direito Ambiental E Politicas Publicas, Jul 14, 2014
Resumo: Este trabalho analisou a destinação da fauna silvestre apreendida no Estado do Amapá. For... more Resumo: Este trabalho analisou a destinação da fauna silvestre apreendida no Estado do Amapá. Foram identificados e quantificados os indivíduos recepcionados, determinando suas origens e destinos, índices de natalidade, mortalidade e plantel remanescente em cativeiro. Foram coletadas informações nos Termos de Doação e Soltura emitidos pelos órgãos fiscalizadores e nos registros internos das instituições recepcionadoras. Foram recepcionados 1.814 indivíduos, dos quais, 41,62% pertencem à classe Ave, 20,45% Mammalia e 37,93% Reptilia. Ocorreram 129 nascimentos, 192 óbitos, 935 solturas, 53 transferências e 634 hospedagens de espécimes da fauna nativa. O plantel remanescente em cativeiro somou 752 animais silvestres.
Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi. Ciências Humanas, 2014
As interações entre povos e comunidades tradicionais que convivem com a floresta e com populações... more As interações entre povos e comunidades tradicionais que convivem com a floresta e com populações urbanizadas ameaçam a manutenção dos saberes tradicionais associados ao uso dos recursos naturais. A partir desse pressuposto, o artigo identifica o conhecimento ecológico local (CEL) sobre as andirobeiras (Carapa guianensis Aublet), o uso dos produtos provenientes da espécie, o conhecimento sobre a extração do óleo de andiroba e a manutenção desse hábito na Área de Proteção Ambiental (APA) da Fazendinha, Amapá. Os dados foram obtidos por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas com 84 moradores e três grupos focais. Os resultados mostram que, aproximadamente, 76% dos moradores possuem CEL sobre a espécie e indicam como seus principais produtos o óleo das sementes e a madeira, enquanto 64% conhecem o processo de extração do óleo e 30% mantêm o hábito da extração. Os mais jovens conhecem o óleo, porém a maioria não vivenciou integralmente o processo de extração. Constatou-se que o CEL sobre ...
Establishing protected areas (PAs) is one of the most common land use policies implemented by gov... more Establishing protected areas (PAs) is one of the most common land use policies implemented by governments to maintain healthy ecosystems at different spatial scales and in distinct socioeconomic settings. However, reliable knowledge on government spending in PAs and the factors that influence this spending is limited. In this study, we describe the public spending by the Brazilian government in a set of 289 federal PAs that altogether cover an area of 743,406 km 2. Then, we assess how six contextual factors (area, age, population density, human development index [HDI], ecological regions, and management group) influence this spending. From 2013-2016, the Brazilian government invested at least US$197.8 million in 289 PAs. The average annual spending per km 2 presents a wide variation, ranging from US$0.3/km 2 to US$392,250/km 2. A linear regression model indicates that (1) the annual public spending increases with PA size, PA age, human population density, and HDI; (2) multiple-use PAs receive fewer resources than strict-protection PAs do; and (3) no difference exists in the public spending in PAs between Amazon-the region perceived by the national population as the most important for Brazil's natural resources-and other ecological regions in the country. Our study highlights the urgent need to document the flows of financial resources to PAs, with the aim of understanding their variation patterns and the processes that cause such a variation. Similar studies in other countries are required to evaluate if the patterns that we describe here are general or are country specific. Besides, separately assessing the investments coming from governments and the financial resources provided by other conservation investors (i.e., NGOs, multilateral, corporations) is worthwhile to produce a more comprehensive and nuanced view of financial flows to PAs.
Mitigating the environmental impacts caused by hydroelectric dams is a worldwide challenge. Aquat... more Mitigating the environmental impacts caused by hydroelectric dams is a worldwide challenge. Aquatic ecosystems are most impacted during the reservoir filling phase, yet water quality and biogeochemical dynamics are not well-studied at this stage. Here we evaluate water quality and hydraulic parameters in the Araguari River (Amapá, Brazil) during the filling of the Ferreira Gomes Hydroelectric Power Plant reservoir (HPPFG). The following key variables were monitored along with 19 other physical and chemical variables: Trophic State Index (TSI), Total Coliform (TC), E. coli (EC), and Chlorophyll-a (Chl-a). The following hydraulic-operational variables were also investigated: inflows (Q A), outflows (Q D), and variation in reservoir volume (Vol %). Multiple Regression Analyses showed that the key parameters were both significantly influenced by physio-chemical and hydraulic variables. Dissolved oxygen levels showed significant spatial variation, likely due to influence of turbulence from two other hydropower complexes upstream of the HPPFG reservoir. Vol % influenced TSI, which ranged from oligotrophic to hypertrophic and eventually stabilized at mesotrophic. Levels of TSI, TC, and Chl-a decreased and the level of E. coli increased as a function of Vol %. Cluster Analysis showed the formation of three spatial groups-two inside the reservoir and one downstream. This suggests that in the rainy season or transition season, the hydraulic residence time in the reservoir is very low (16-36 h) when hydrodynamic processes are dominant. In the dry season residence times of roughly 1 month suggest that biogeochemical (e.g., nutrient utilization) and hydrodynamic processes occur at similar time scales. Overall, results from this study confirm the hypothesis that the filling phase has significant impacts on the key parameters of the water quality, which were at times above legal limits. We conclude that the filling phase generated environmental impacts and their repercussions should be considered in environmental assessment of future hydropower developments.
Seed transport by hydrochory is a key mechanism of long‐distance dispersal constrained by attribu... more Seed transport by hydrochory is a key mechanism of long‐distance dispersal constrained by attributes of the seed and hydrodynamics of the river, influenced by seasonal precipitation and hydrological pulses. However, the extent to which a hydrodynamic model can predict seed dispersal influenced by a tributary is unknown. The study was conducted along a 10‐km stretch of the Falsino River in Amapá, Brazil. Hydrodynamic parameters from the 2021 rainy season were used to calibrate a three‐dimensional numerical model (SisBaHia) and simulate hydrochory of Macrolobium bifolium, a widely distributed species in the Amazon floodplains. This model was coupled with a Lagrangian dispersal model to estimate the average transport distance of the fruit plume. The simulated results were compared statistically with those of dispersal quantified in the field. The field experiment coincided with the maximum hydrological pulse, providing with a maximum potential distance of longitudinal dispersal fruit of c. 10 km in 2 hr. The orders of magnitude of the mean plume transport (observed and numerically simulated centre of mass) were compatible with each other over six longitudinal tracking sections (4.0% ≤ estimated × observed error ≤ 16.5%). Different channel stretches had distinct hydraulic characteristics that influenced spatial dispersal dynamics and are likely to be factors influencing the distribution of M. bifolium in these environments. The present research is a contribution to understanding fluvial hydrodynamics and hydrochory by M. bifolium, whose seed dispersal syndrome is an adaptive characteristic that might explain its abundance and richness in these Amazonian riparian zones. We used M. bifolium as a model species to understand the role of seasonal flood pulse and fluvial hydrodynamics related to hydrochory favouring.
SummaryGazetting and maintaining protected areas (PAs) are political processes and, as such, depe... more SummaryGazetting and maintaining protected areas (PAs) are political processes and, as such, depend on wider society’s support in order to achieve their aims. In this paper, we evaluated the influence of gender, education, age, income, place of origin and place of residence on public support for PAs in the Brazilian state of Amapá, a new tropical forest frontier. We gathered 615 complete interviews with adults living in both rural and urban settings. We found that most (90.5%) of the participants support PAs and that this attitude is more likely to exist among urban than rural participants. We found that gender, education, age, income and place of origin did not influence support for PAs. Biodiversity conservation is the most common reason why PAs receive public support. In contrast, participants who do not favour PAs see them as providing no benefit to people. We suggest that support by local political leaders from dominant and rival political parties for conservation helps to promote acceptance of PAs by stakeholders. However, relatively low support for PAs among rural participants could indicate that the expectations of these populations regarding the social benefits associated with this conservation policy have yet to be fulfilled.
Anthropization process and climatic changes, mainly deforestation and sea level rise, are factors... more Anthropization process and climatic changes, mainly deforestation and sea level rise, are factors significantly contributing to the most evident loss of mangrove ecosystems. The aim of our study is to analyze variables related to the effects of the dynamics of human activities closely associated with these ecosystems' degradation. The Geographic Information System tool allowed identifying and comparing soil use and occupation variations based on information provided by 140 randomly chosen participants in Caracol County-Haiti. Interviews were carried out in loco between March and November 2020. Based on results statistically analyzed through multivariate regression tests, the most significant exploratory variable for the mangroves' degradation process (p<0.05) was "mangrove occupation", regardless of age, sex, schooling, time in the same residence, profession, home distance from the mangrove, landslide events, and risk of floods. We have concluded that distance from home, ecological function, intervention in biodiversity conservation, as well as water-climatic and geo-physical threats are factors closely correlated to mangroves' environmental conservation and management (p<0.05).
Drainage system is a poorly investigated basic sanitation and urban planning issue in the Amazon,... more Drainage system is a poorly investigated basic sanitation and urban planning issue in the Amazon, which is often related to flooding processes and public health. The aim of the present research is to correlate Preliminary Risk of Flooding (PRF) to independent variables, based on the following methodology: 1) identifying and classifying risk areas by using the Geographic Information System (GIS) and 2) statistically correlating risk to sanitary and environmental variables. Results have shown that preliminary risk is correlated to, at least, seven sanitary and environmental variables, depending on flood influence area; and there are significant correlations observed in the rainy season interval [probability or significance (p) < 0.05]. In conclusion, PRF is higher in the rainy season, but it is spatially influenced by the elevation of terrain, number of flooding points, drainage typology and Environmental Salubrity Index (ESI) of neighborhoods, which directly affect the water quality in nearby groundwater wells (Total Coliforms, nitrate (NO 3) and ammonia (NH 3)). However, this influence can eventually significantly change in the dry season.
RESUMO O objetivo da pesquisa foi correlacionar indicadores operacionais de abastecimento de água... more RESUMO O objetivo da pesquisa foi correlacionar indicadores operacionais de abastecimento de água com a frequência de doenças de notificação compulsória de transmissão hídrica em seis municípios do estado do Amapá, Brasil. A metodologia consistiu no tratamento estatístico de dados de doenças de notificação compulsória de transmissão hídrica, disponibilizados pela Superintendência de Vigilância em Saúde do Amapá (período de 2007 a 2017), com indicadores operacionais de abastecimento de água consolidados pelo Sistema Nacional de Informações sobre Saneamento (período de 1996 a 2017). Os resultados mostraram, por meio de séries de regressões, que seis entre 20 indicadores operacionais apresentaram significância e correlação positiva com a ocorrência de doenças diarreicas agudas, independentemente do município (Raj2 = 0,75, p < 0,05), com tendência progressiva em relação à expansão dos serviços de saneamento básico. Conclui-se que os seis indicadores operacionais apresentaram correlaç...
Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2022
Countries participating in the Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization have few options for the en... more Countries participating in the Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization have few options for the environmentally appropriate final disposal of municipal solid waste. Thus, sustainable practices aimed at reducing the negative effects of such a disposal on the environment are complex and hard to accomplish, since solid waste generation per capita proportionally increases as populations grow (≈ 2.7% > world average), mainly in countries inserted in Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization. Thus, demographic, socioeconomic, management, and ecological factors represented by 18 independent variables were statistically analyzed to explain waste per capita variation in Amazonian countries and sub-regions. Multiple Kruskal–Wallis tests were applied; 13 of them recorded significant results (p < 0.05). Subsequently, simple and multivariate regression analyses were carried out by taking into consideration waste per capita and significant variables. Simple regression results recorded for variables “IAC” and “Gini index” were significant (RIAC2 = 60.09%, RGini2 = 30.83%), with emphasis on “Amazon biome” (DF = 33, p < 0.01, RBiome2 = 5.34%). Multivariate models resulted in wide explainability variation, depending on the number and type of available variable (54.47% ≤ Raj2 ≤ 70.83%), with emphasis on “IAC,” “Ptot,” “Purb,” “Wton,” “Lon,” Area, “HDI,” “Gini,” and “SDG11” (p < 0.01). In conclusion, waste per capita estimation models can present variations and geographical interdependencies due to different variables and factors that reflect the current public policies and municipal solid waste management practices.
O presente artigo aborda a ficção de fã (Fanfiction) como gênero do discurso repleto de polifonia... more O presente artigo aborda a ficção de fã (Fanfiction) como gênero do discurso repleto de polifonia e dialogismo à luz da Análise do Discurso e da teoria de Bakhtin (1997). Para isso, estudou-se a questão da autoria das ficções de fã, que, por sua vez, são produções colaborativas entre escritor e o leitor-fã como um coautor da obra. Também se analisa a Fanfiction a partir das relações de forças sociais existentes na construção da sua mensagem que confirma, complementa e/ou refuta aspectos de discursos anteriores. As características desse gênero discursivo eminentemente digital são descritas tendo em vista que, muitas delas, foram herdadas dos folhetins publicados em jornais do Século XIX, sendo atualizadas para os dias atuais como corroboram Pinheiro (2014) e Silveira (2018). Para expor a dinâmica e a linguagem do gênero, são analisadas duas Fanfics (abreviação de Fanfiction) inspiradas nos contos "Felicidade Clandestina", de Clarice Lispector e "Negrinha", de Monteiro Lobato, encontrados em um site voltado para a publicação de fic's (abreviação de Fanfiction). Ademais, buscou-se afirmar a relevância da ficção de fã ao ser inserida nas práticas didáticas de leitura e escrita, de maneira a aprimorar as habilidades linguísticas e literárias dos alunos.
An intense erosive process has recently caused progressive hydrogeomorphological changes in the m... more An intense erosive process has recently caused progressive hydrogeomorphological changes in the mouths of two large rivers belonging to the Amazon River Delta, on the estuarine coast of Amapá State, namely: Araguari and Amazonas. Consequently, Araguari River was captured by the Amazon River and it influenced the sediment and water quality dynamics when two tidal channels expanded in opposite directions; this process affected both hydrographic basins and blocked Araguari River mouth. The aim of the current study is to analyze the space-seasonal variations of hydrodynamic and water quality parameters influenced by the following factors: location (channels connected to Araguari and Amazonas rivers), seasonality (dry/rainy) and spring tidal phase (flood/ebb). The herein adopted methodological stages comprised a) flow measurement with Doppler current profiler; b) water sampling (physicochemical and suspended sediments); c) suspended solids transport estimates; and d) multivariate statistical analysis of parameters. Results have indicated significant space-seasonal variation in these parameters (p<0.05). Water balance in the dry period has shown that Urucurituba Channel absorbs 100% of Araguari River flow, distributes 29% of it in the floodplain and discharges 71% of Araguari River flow into the Amazon River. This channel received 86% of Araguari River flow and absorbed 14% of the flow deriving from the floodplain in the rainy season, which totaled 100% of its flow at Amazon River mouth-solid discharge was proportional to 107,982 t of tidal cycle-1. Multivariate analyses have shown significant variations in 90% of the investigated parameters, which were influenced by such as location, seasonality and tidal phase (p<0.05). It was possible concluding that the recent channels have significantly affected the hydrodynamics, sediment transport processes and water quality of both basins. This phenomenon is currently in intense and irreversible hydrogeomorphological evolution, and it mainly affects the Araguari River estuary Evolution of erosive and hydrodynamic impacts on water quality in tidal channels at the mouths of the Araguari and Amazon rivers
Large ships are efficient in transporting oil and its derivatives. However, they can cause spills... more Large ships are efficient in transporting oil and its derivatives. However, they can cause spills in the event of accidents. The aim of the study is to simulate oil dispersion processes in scenarios of likely accidents with ships traveling on sea routes interconnected with Amazonian ports and with the Atlantic Ocean. Navigation routes were based on traffic data to identify risk areas, as well as to compare them to data from the environmental (oil) sensitivity index and to results of numerical simulations of plumes dispersion. These three approaches were integrated to each other in order to assess potential environmental impacts of plumes on coastal biota and human populations. Scenarios results have indicated that the rainy season is the most critical period for plumes dispersion. But, depending on the emission point, plumes tend to remain close to the coast, extend up to 132 km within 72 h, affecting the biodiversity, protected areas and water supply systems from the urban areas.
Protected areas (PAs) are the most effective public policy instruments to protect natural ecosyst... more Protected areas (PAs) are the most effective public policy instruments to protect natural ecosystems and the services these ecosystems provide. Nevertheless, several PAs present a funding deficit because governments allocate fewer financial resources than those required to cover PA management costs. The variation in funding deficits within countries is not well documented because information about PA public investments and management costs are seldom available. We describe the variation in funding deficits across Brazilian federal PAs and propose a model that explains such variation by using PAs' characteristics and their zones of influence as predictors. We estimated that the 282 Brazilian federal PAs needed US$ 468 million to cover their management costs in 2016. However, the Brazilian government allocated only 15.5 % of these costs. Approximately 76.5 % of the PAs had funding deficits. Our model showed that: (1) funding deficit is negatively associated with PA age and the human development index but positively associated with PA size, (2) PAs in the Atlantic Forest and the Savannas and Drylands have lower funding deficits than PAs in the Amazon, and (3) PAs in the Atlantic Forest have lower funding deficits than PAs in the Savannas and Drylands. We found that the proportion of PAs with a funding deficit in Brazil is high and is comparable to the high percentage of PAs (75 %-100 %) with a funding deficit found in sub-Saharan Africa. Moreover, there is evidence that the total annual funding deficit in the Brazilian PAs increased in the last decade. New policies, public-private partnerships, and innovative funding mechanisms need to be set to close the large funding gap in the Brazilian federal PA system.
There are a number of reasons that make Amazon estuary an important natural water resource. First... more There are a number of reasons that make Amazon estuary an important natural water resource. First, it is biologically productive being the spawning and nursery ground for many important aquatic biota. Second, it serves as receiving waters for wastewater discharges and for navigation use. Third, it has been demonstrating its elevated dilution and self-purification capacity for constituents of the water, principally bacteria, toxic substances, organic material and nutrients. Many cities and small ports of the State of the Amapá located on estuaries and coastal zones are ready affecting their quality through runoff, domestic and industrial wastewater. So, the present research evaluated the water quality in four rivers located close to the periurban areas of Macapá and Santana and rural area of Mazagão municipality. The main objective is to diagnostic the spatial-temporal distribution of some variables and parameters of the water quality, considering important factors as atrophic, hydro...
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2016
Várzea forests of the Amazon estuary contain species of importance to riverine communities. For e... more Várzea forests of the Amazon estuary contain species of importance to riverine communities. For example, the oil extracted from the seeds of crabwood trees is traditionally used to combat various illnesses and as such artisanal extraction processes have been maintained. The objectives of this study were to (1) describe the process involved in artisanal extraction of crabwood oil in the Fazendinha Protected Area, in the state of Amapá; (2) characterise the processes of knowledge transfer associated with the extraction and use of crabwood oil within a peri-urban riverine community; and (3) discern medicinal uses of the oil. The data were obtained using semistructured interviews with 13 community members involved in crabwood oil extraction and via direct observation. The process of oil extraction is divided into four stages: seed collection; cooking and resting of the seeds; shelling of the seeds and dough preparation; and oil collection. Oil extraction is carried out within the home f...
Planeta Amazonia Revista Internacional De Direito Ambiental E Politicas Publicas, Jul 14, 2014
Resumo: Este trabalho analisou a destinação da fauna silvestre apreendida no Estado do Amapá. For... more Resumo: Este trabalho analisou a destinação da fauna silvestre apreendida no Estado do Amapá. Foram identificados e quantificados os indivíduos recepcionados, determinando suas origens e destinos, índices de natalidade, mortalidade e plantel remanescente em cativeiro. Foram coletadas informações nos Termos de Doação e Soltura emitidos pelos órgãos fiscalizadores e nos registros internos das instituições recepcionadoras. Foram recepcionados 1.814 indivíduos, dos quais, 41,62% pertencem à classe Ave, 20,45% Mammalia e 37,93% Reptilia. Ocorreram 129 nascimentos, 192 óbitos, 935 solturas, 53 transferências e 634 hospedagens de espécimes da fauna nativa. O plantel remanescente em cativeiro somou 752 animais silvestres.
Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi. Ciências Humanas, 2014
As interações entre povos e comunidades tradicionais que convivem com a floresta e com populações... more As interações entre povos e comunidades tradicionais que convivem com a floresta e com populações urbanizadas ameaçam a manutenção dos saberes tradicionais associados ao uso dos recursos naturais. A partir desse pressuposto, o artigo identifica o conhecimento ecológico local (CEL) sobre as andirobeiras (Carapa guianensis Aublet), o uso dos produtos provenientes da espécie, o conhecimento sobre a extração do óleo de andiroba e a manutenção desse hábito na Área de Proteção Ambiental (APA) da Fazendinha, Amapá. Os dados foram obtidos por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas com 84 moradores e três grupos focais. Os resultados mostram que, aproximadamente, 76% dos moradores possuem CEL sobre a espécie e indicam como seus principais produtos o óleo das sementes e a madeira, enquanto 64% conhecem o processo de extração do óleo e 30% mantêm o hábito da extração. Os mais jovens conhecem o óleo, porém a maioria não vivenciou integralmente o processo de extração. Constatou-se que o CEL sobre ...
Establishing protected areas (PAs) is one of the most common land use policies implemented by gov... more Establishing protected areas (PAs) is one of the most common land use policies implemented by governments to maintain healthy ecosystems at different spatial scales and in distinct socioeconomic settings. However, reliable knowledge on government spending in PAs and the factors that influence this spending is limited. In this study, we describe the public spending by the Brazilian government in a set of 289 federal PAs that altogether cover an area of 743,406 km 2. Then, we assess how six contextual factors (area, age, population density, human development index [HDI], ecological regions, and management group) influence this spending. From 2013-2016, the Brazilian government invested at least US$197.8 million in 289 PAs. The average annual spending per km 2 presents a wide variation, ranging from US$0.3/km 2 to US$392,250/km 2. A linear regression model indicates that (1) the annual public spending increases with PA size, PA age, human population density, and HDI; (2) multiple-use PAs receive fewer resources than strict-protection PAs do; and (3) no difference exists in the public spending in PAs between Amazon-the region perceived by the national population as the most important for Brazil's natural resources-and other ecological regions in the country. Our study highlights the urgent need to document the flows of financial resources to PAs, with the aim of understanding their variation patterns and the processes that cause such a variation. Similar studies in other countries are required to evaluate if the patterns that we describe here are general or are country specific. Besides, separately assessing the investments coming from governments and the financial resources provided by other conservation investors (i.e., NGOs, multilateral, corporations) is worthwhile to produce a more comprehensive and nuanced view of financial flows to PAs.
This research deals with the systemic analysis of parameters of drinking water quality exclusivel... more This research deals with the systemic analysis of parameters of drinking water quality exclusively from underground sources in Macapa from 2014 to 2015. It aimed to evaluate quantitatively and qualitatively the water quality from underground sources in several neighborhoods in the city. The research methodology consisted of the following steps: a) monitoring the groundwater quality parameters in 52 homes supplied only with well water (sample units), distributed at random in neighborhoods of the city during the rainy season (April / May 2015) and the dry season (November 2014); b) statistically comparing the difference between water quality parameters in the two seasons, taking the health perspective of the surrounding environment into account; c) analyzing compliance of the water quality parameters in comparison to the current legislation; d) analyzing the historical, economical and legal context of the groundwater in Macapa, based on quantitative and qualitative information which may be able to explain the current health and environmental situation of the supplying wells. The results were statistically analyzed to test its spatial and seasonal distribution pattern (11 physicochemical and microbiological variables) and 32 health and environmental variables (environment). We observed that among the 11 monitored water quality parameters, only 3 (NH4+, Al+3 and Color) did not show significant seasonal difference (p> 0.05), being the others significant variants (p<0.05) (Turbidity, NO3, Cl-, Total Coliforms (CT), E. coli, pH, Mn). The Fe ion was not compared because of sample loss during the dry season. Regression analysis indicated decreasing trends in the concentration of TC and E. coli as the depth of the well and the distance from the sewage drains increased, but not significantly in both seasonal periods (p> 0.05). The Cluster analysis was performed to assess variables sets and spatial similarity between the sample units. The existence of four similar groups was observed, which indicated spatial variations concerning the groundwater vulnerability in the northeast to southwest direction. Therefore, the hypothesis of significant spatial and seasonal variability in the groundwater quality for human consumption in Macapa is confirmed, which is characterized as vulnerable, poorly protected, posing risk to public health though, especially in the rainy season. People’s access to water and quality sanitation is not being effectively met, breaking the fundamental rights to life, health and balanced environment and the human dignity as well.
Keywords: Water supply, hydro-sanitary parameters, sanitation, environmental health, human dignity.
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Papers by Helenilza Cunha
Keywords: Water supply, hydro-sanitary parameters, sanitation, environmental health, human dignity.