Based on the notion of moral economy, used by E. P. Thompson in his studies about 18th century En... more Based on the notion of moral economy, used by E. P. Thompson in his studies about 18th century English society, I approach the relationships between sailors and officers or owners of Portuguese merchant ships from the same period. Particularly, the issue of declining rights is addressed, including liberdades (freedoms) or gasalhados, that is, the right of sailors to embark goods without paying freight to dispose of them in commercial relationships at stopovers or at the final destination of sea voyages. The decline of these rights, in positive and customary terms, led to a continuous struggle for their maintenance, as well as for the preservation of other achievements by sea workers: fair evaluation at work, consistent and equal remuneration in different functions, treatment of health when necessary, the provision of materials for daily use when boarding and drink and food suitable for consumption by those on board.
We transcribe the manuscript book in which data relating to the Nossa Senhora da Caridade and São... more We transcribe the manuscript book in which data relating to the Nossa Senhora da Caridade and São Francisco de Paula travel ship and the Nossa Senhora da Arrábida transport ship, on a trip from Lisbon to Goa in 1764. The transcription was made from the copy existing in the Historical Archive of the Navy (Lisbon), by the hand of João Vicente Miranda, clerk of the Portuguese Navy. In the introductory text, we present the potential of this source for the study of Maritime History in general and of sea workers in particular.
In a recent publication, we have transcribed a significant set, from 1807 and 1808, of Portuguese... more In a recent publication, we have transcribed a significant set, from 1807 and 1808, of Portuguese merchant navy’s enrolment lists, documentation from the National Archives of Torre do Tombo. Besides the transcription, this article presents the source, and its potential, and listed several questions that, from a Social History perspective, may have some responses essayed from these serial sources’ consultation. Now, we intend to introduce some reflections that allow us to advance in the answer to these questions, such as, why the studies about Portugal’s demography in the 18th century are associated with the contingent of maritime workers in the selected period, among other possibilities cited by the source.
The objective of the article is to present the motivations and forms of some actions characterize... more The objective of the article is to present the motivations and forms of some actions characterized as indiscipline, practiced by crew members of Portuguese-Brazilian vessels when the ships were anchored. The temporality is concentrated in the second half of the 18th century, which, despite the profusion of sources, it is a period with few historiographical studies. Considering the various forms of non-submission to the rules and the attempts to impose disciplinary control on seafarers, two recurring themes were studied in the sources and in the bibliography: desertions and their possible causes and riots involving sailors on land.
The text begins with a definition of the term “riot” and its uses in the 18th century. And then s... more The text begins with a definition of the term “riot” and its uses in the 18th century. And then summarizes the reasons that led merchant marine sailors, including enslaved ones, to riot on the high seas. Finally, the case of the mutiny that occurred in the middle of the Atlantic aboard the ship N. S. da Piedade and São Boaventura and its forced entry in Rio de Janeiro in 1783 is described, to dialogue with the definition of movements of this type and with the notion of indiscipline in maritime historiography.
The text approaches the sailors' lexicon as a distinctive
characteristic of their professional c... more The text approaches the sailors' lexicon as a distinctive characteristic of their professional culture. Whereas languages are dynamic and have their own historical processes, the main objective was to demonstrate aspects of this dynamic and some of the possible sources for studying themin Modern and Contemporary ages. We focused mainly on the Dicionário de Marinha of the Portuguese Rear Admiral Carlos Diniz (1913), but we also covered the dictionaries of marine terms published in Portuguese in the 19th century, quickly presenting other vocabularies existing in sources of different typologies and periods.
In August 1783, the ship Nossa Senhora da Piedade and São Boaventura docked at Rio de Janeiro, al... more In August 1783, the ship Nossa Senhora da Piedade and São Boaventura docked at Rio de Janeiro, although its original route did not provide for a stopover at that port. The reason for the stopover was a riot on board, which we know from the judicial process taken by the local crime authority. For the following transcript, we have evidence that solidarities on board did not always oppose only sailors and officers, but they could also be built between men with unequal positions in the hierarchy.
In this article, scientific conceptions formulated by the Hygiene Institute from the 1920s to the... more In this article, scientific conceptions formulated by the Hygiene Institute from the 1920s to the 1960s, which aimed to intervene in popular food consumption, are assessed alongside empirically verifiable eating behaviors in field researches until 1962. Interest in this topic arose from monitoring the public policies of the Brazilian government since 2003, when the Zero Hunger Program (Programa Fome Zero) was created.
Entre las diferentes profesiones encontradas en las fuentes que se refieren a la marina mercante ... more Entre las diferentes profesiones encontradas en las fuentes que se refieren a la marina mercante portuguesa en los tiempos modernos, los capellanes destacan como profesionales cuya formación fue forjada exclusivamente en tierra. Los capellanes fueron responsables de la ayuda espiritual de la tripulación. El objetivo de este artículo es definir tanto las funciones como los roles de estos hombres. Seguidamente, se propone perfilar breves biografías profesionales de algunos capellanes que viajaron desde el puerto de Lisboa a los dominios de Ultramar, especialmente de aquellos que lo hicieron a la América portuguesa entre mediados del siglo XVIII y las primeras décadas del XIX. Se trata así de enfatizar la antigüedad de la presencia de los sacerdotes católicos a bordo de los navíos portugueses.
ANUARIO COLOMBIANO DE HISTORIA SOCIAL Y DE LA CULTURA, 2019
The article addresses some aspects of sailors’ religious practices during their trips across the ... more The article addresses some aspects of sailors’ religious practices during their trips across the Atlantic in the modern age. I highlight the specificities of the religious practices of Portuguese sailors, as well as of Spanish, English, and Dutch sailors, when information was available. The analysis focuses particularly on the cult of the Virgin Mary and the Catholic saints. The conflicts arising from the external manifestations of religion are presented as evidence of the transformation of maritime culture during the period. The sources used for the study were travelers’ diaries since the 16th century and registries of crew members of Portuguese ships in the 18th and 19th centuries.
This study presents the Enrollment Records of merchant ships that left Lisbon between the second ... more This study presents the Enrollment Records of merchant ships that left Lisbon between the second half of the 18 th century and the first decades of the 19 th century. I highlight the potential of this source for studies about circulation of seafarers. Among other topics, this source allows one: to make an inventory of positions and functions on board; to establish individuals' time of experience and age when they enrolled in professions of the sea; to establish relationships among types of vessels, routes, crew size and travel time; to establish the differences of naturalness , social condition, age, training and experience of the seamen. Keywords Maritime History-seafarers-social history of labor.
Maritime and Port History, the subjects that have been
proposed for this dossier, are classics an... more Maritime and Port History, the subjects that have been proposed for this dossier, are classics and yet insufficiently tapped into. The perspectives opened by this collection of articles indicate a long path to be followed to deepen such topics and their various possible approaches.
The world of maritime work between the 16 th and 19 th centuries was marked by the spatial circul... more The world of maritime work between the 16 th and 19 th centuries was marked by the spatial circulation of large numbers of men. The long absence of the institutions and the community of origin there was consequences to the construction of the maritime culture in the Atlantic. It will be analyzed here in the aspects related to religiosity. I'll highlight aspect such as onboard ceremonies, the question of Maria's devotion and Catholic saints and a brief study of deviations and heterodoxies of sailors processed by the Portuguese Inquisition.
The article criticizes the military approach of Portuguese maritime historiography. This historio... more The article criticizes the military approach of Portuguese maritime historiography. This historiography was made mostly on the occasion of important anniversaries and the studies were written by Navy officials. The critique focuses mainly on a writing authored by Vicente de Almeida d’Eça (1852-1929), vice- -admiral of the Portuguese Navy, and this article analyses the conceptions of History embedded in it. The text, entitled “The Portuguese sailor through History”, was presented as a conference to a popular audience at Lisbon in 1898. In that context, the Portuguese sailor resurfaced as a paradigmatic and timeless figure, being recognized by the same characteristics since the 16th century. The interest in revisiting this text is due to the fact that it enables an analysis of the protagonism of historical subjects, nationalism, the invention of traditions and Portuguese imperial perspectives in the late 19th century.
The text presents the transcription of the Brief compendium of what belongs to the obligation of ... more The text presents the transcription of the Brief compendium of what belongs to the obligation of a sea and war captain, manuscript dated 1676. The original, deposited in the Biblioteca Nacional of Portugal, was probably used in military and nautical education, and it was written in the form of a dialogue between a captain and an artilleryman subordinate to him. The document lists the qualities that a sea captain should have, the names of the parts of a ship and the knowledge that should be held by the sailors/soldiers
Between 1818 and 1828, the Portuguese Board of Trade (known locally as the Junta do Comércio) gav... more Between 1818 and 1828, the Portuguese Board of Trade (known locally as the Junta do Comércio) gave ships departing from Lisbon permission to traffic African slaves to Brazil. This authorization was the result of international treaties signed between the monarchies of Portugal and Britain in 1815 and 1817. This article discusses the context in which the slave traders functioned, the ways in which they received license to trade, and how the source documents from the Portuguese Board of Trade during this period provide important information on the slave traders based in Portuguese harbors.
Based on the notion of moral economy, used by E. P. Thompson in his studies about 18th century En... more Based on the notion of moral economy, used by E. P. Thompson in his studies about 18th century English society, I approach the relationships between sailors and officers or owners of Portuguese merchant ships from the same period. Particularly, the issue of declining rights is addressed, including liberdades (freedoms) or gasalhados, that is, the right of sailors to embark goods without paying freight to dispose of them in commercial relationships at stopovers or at the final destination of sea voyages. The decline of these rights, in positive and customary terms, led to a continuous struggle for their maintenance, as well as for the preservation of other achievements by sea workers: fair evaluation at work, consistent and equal remuneration in different functions, treatment of health when necessary, the provision of materials for daily use when boarding and drink and food suitable for consumption by those on board.
We transcribe the manuscript book in which data relating to the Nossa Senhora da Caridade and São... more We transcribe the manuscript book in which data relating to the Nossa Senhora da Caridade and São Francisco de Paula travel ship and the Nossa Senhora da Arrábida transport ship, on a trip from Lisbon to Goa in 1764. The transcription was made from the copy existing in the Historical Archive of the Navy (Lisbon), by the hand of João Vicente Miranda, clerk of the Portuguese Navy. In the introductory text, we present the potential of this source for the study of Maritime History in general and of sea workers in particular.
In a recent publication, we have transcribed a significant set, from 1807 and 1808, of Portuguese... more In a recent publication, we have transcribed a significant set, from 1807 and 1808, of Portuguese merchant navy’s enrolment lists, documentation from the National Archives of Torre do Tombo. Besides the transcription, this article presents the source, and its potential, and listed several questions that, from a Social History perspective, may have some responses essayed from these serial sources’ consultation. Now, we intend to introduce some reflections that allow us to advance in the answer to these questions, such as, why the studies about Portugal’s demography in the 18th century are associated with the contingent of maritime workers in the selected period, among other possibilities cited by the source.
The objective of the article is to present the motivations and forms of some actions characterize... more The objective of the article is to present the motivations and forms of some actions characterized as indiscipline, practiced by crew members of Portuguese-Brazilian vessels when the ships were anchored. The temporality is concentrated in the second half of the 18th century, which, despite the profusion of sources, it is a period with few historiographical studies. Considering the various forms of non-submission to the rules and the attempts to impose disciplinary control on seafarers, two recurring themes were studied in the sources and in the bibliography: desertions and their possible causes and riots involving sailors on land.
The text begins with a definition of the term “riot” and its uses in the 18th century. And then s... more The text begins with a definition of the term “riot” and its uses in the 18th century. And then summarizes the reasons that led merchant marine sailors, including enslaved ones, to riot on the high seas. Finally, the case of the mutiny that occurred in the middle of the Atlantic aboard the ship N. S. da Piedade and São Boaventura and its forced entry in Rio de Janeiro in 1783 is described, to dialogue with the definition of movements of this type and with the notion of indiscipline in maritime historiography.
The text approaches the sailors' lexicon as a distinctive
characteristic of their professional c... more The text approaches the sailors' lexicon as a distinctive characteristic of their professional culture. Whereas languages are dynamic and have their own historical processes, the main objective was to demonstrate aspects of this dynamic and some of the possible sources for studying themin Modern and Contemporary ages. We focused mainly on the Dicionário de Marinha of the Portuguese Rear Admiral Carlos Diniz (1913), but we also covered the dictionaries of marine terms published in Portuguese in the 19th century, quickly presenting other vocabularies existing in sources of different typologies and periods.
In August 1783, the ship Nossa Senhora da Piedade and São Boaventura docked at Rio de Janeiro, al... more In August 1783, the ship Nossa Senhora da Piedade and São Boaventura docked at Rio de Janeiro, although its original route did not provide for a stopover at that port. The reason for the stopover was a riot on board, which we know from the judicial process taken by the local crime authority. For the following transcript, we have evidence that solidarities on board did not always oppose only sailors and officers, but they could also be built between men with unequal positions in the hierarchy.
In this article, scientific conceptions formulated by the Hygiene Institute from the 1920s to the... more In this article, scientific conceptions formulated by the Hygiene Institute from the 1920s to the 1960s, which aimed to intervene in popular food consumption, are assessed alongside empirically verifiable eating behaviors in field researches until 1962. Interest in this topic arose from monitoring the public policies of the Brazilian government since 2003, when the Zero Hunger Program (Programa Fome Zero) was created.
Entre las diferentes profesiones encontradas en las fuentes que se refieren a la marina mercante ... more Entre las diferentes profesiones encontradas en las fuentes que se refieren a la marina mercante portuguesa en los tiempos modernos, los capellanes destacan como profesionales cuya formación fue forjada exclusivamente en tierra. Los capellanes fueron responsables de la ayuda espiritual de la tripulación. El objetivo de este artículo es definir tanto las funciones como los roles de estos hombres. Seguidamente, se propone perfilar breves biografías profesionales de algunos capellanes que viajaron desde el puerto de Lisboa a los dominios de Ultramar, especialmente de aquellos que lo hicieron a la América portuguesa entre mediados del siglo XVIII y las primeras décadas del XIX. Se trata así de enfatizar la antigüedad de la presencia de los sacerdotes católicos a bordo de los navíos portugueses.
ANUARIO COLOMBIANO DE HISTORIA SOCIAL Y DE LA CULTURA, 2019
The article addresses some aspects of sailors’ religious practices during their trips across the ... more The article addresses some aspects of sailors’ religious practices during their trips across the Atlantic in the modern age. I highlight the specificities of the religious practices of Portuguese sailors, as well as of Spanish, English, and Dutch sailors, when information was available. The analysis focuses particularly on the cult of the Virgin Mary and the Catholic saints. The conflicts arising from the external manifestations of religion are presented as evidence of the transformation of maritime culture during the period. The sources used for the study were travelers’ diaries since the 16th century and registries of crew members of Portuguese ships in the 18th and 19th centuries.
This study presents the Enrollment Records of merchant ships that left Lisbon between the second ... more This study presents the Enrollment Records of merchant ships that left Lisbon between the second half of the 18 th century and the first decades of the 19 th century. I highlight the potential of this source for studies about circulation of seafarers. Among other topics, this source allows one: to make an inventory of positions and functions on board; to establish individuals' time of experience and age when they enrolled in professions of the sea; to establish relationships among types of vessels, routes, crew size and travel time; to establish the differences of naturalness , social condition, age, training and experience of the seamen. Keywords Maritime History-seafarers-social history of labor.
Maritime and Port History, the subjects that have been
proposed for this dossier, are classics an... more Maritime and Port History, the subjects that have been proposed for this dossier, are classics and yet insufficiently tapped into. The perspectives opened by this collection of articles indicate a long path to be followed to deepen such topics and their various possible approaches.
The world of maritime work between the 16 th and 19 th centuries was marked by the spatial circul... more The world of maritime work between the 16 th and 19 th centuries was marked by the spatial circulation of large numbers of men. The long absence of the institutions and the community of origin there was consequences to the construction of the maritime culture in the Atlantic. It will be analyzed here in the aspects related to religiosity. I'll highlight aspect such as onboard ceremonies, the question of Maria's devotion and Catholic saints and a brief study of deviations and heterodoxies of sailors processed by the Portuguese Inquisition.
The article criticizes the military approach of Portuguese maritime historiography. This historio... more The article criticizes the military approach of Portuguese maritime historiography. This historiography was made mostly on the occasion of important anniversaries and the studies were written by Navy officials. The critique focuses mainly on a writing authored by Vicente de Almeida d’Eça (1852-1929), vice- -admiral of the Portuguese Navy, and this article analyses the conceptions of History embedded in it. The text, entitled “The Portuguese sailor through History”, was presented as a conference to a popular audience at Lisbon in 1898. In that context, the Portuguese sailor resurfaced as a paradigmatic and timeless figure, being recognized by the same characteristics since the 16th century. The interest in revisiting this text is due to the fact that it enables an analysis of the protagonism of historical subjects, nationalism, the invention of traditions and Portuguese imperial perspectives in the late 19th century.
The text presents the transcription of the Brief compendium of what belongs to the obligation of ... more The text presents the transcription of the Brief compendium of what belongs to the obligation of a sea and war captain, manuscript dated 1676. The original, deposited in the Biblioteca Nacional of Portugal, was probably used in military and nautical education, and it was written in the form of a dialogue between a captain and an artilleryman subordinate to him. The document lists the qualities that a sea captain should have, the names of the parts of a ship and the knowledge that should be held by the sailors/soldiers
Between 1818 and 1828, the Portuguese Board of Trade (known locally as the Junta do Comércio) gav... more Between 1818 and 1828, the Portuguese Board of Trade (known locally as the Junta do Comércio) gave ships departing from Lisbon permission to traffic African slaves to Brazil. This authorization was the result of international treaties signed between the monarchies of Portugal and Britain in 1815 and 1817. This article discusses the context in which the slave traders functioned, the ways in which they received license to trade, and how the source documents from the Portuguese Board of Trade during this period provide important information on the slave traders based in Portuguese harbors.
O repertório agora tornado público é parte do projeto Fragmentos da cultura marítima no Atlântico... more O repertório agora tornado público é parte do projeto Fragmentos da cultura marítima no Atlântico: autonomia escrava, ritos a bordo e vida material. Um dos objetivos do projeto é reunir e catalogar evidências que permitam analisar aspectos da cultura marítima atlântica entre os séculos XV e XX. A reunião dos dados possibilita um estudo das transformações formais e de significado nos rituais de travessia da linha do equador, buscando descrições em relatos de naufrágios de embarcações portuguesas, na crônica colonial e em livros de viajantes de diferentes nacionalidades. O material reunido e catalogado viabiliza também o estudo da vida material no mar, centrado nas questões de alimentação e condições de saúde a bordo. A base de dados pode ser acessada em: http://fragmentos-atlantico.tumblr.com/
Ainda são raros os canais de diálogo que congreguem pesquisadores que se interessam por temas, ob... more Ainda são raros os canais de diálogo que congreguem pesquisadores que se interessam por temas, objetos, diálogos e formas de abordagens a partir de uma perspectiva de História Marítima, que, para o caso brasileiro, significa particularmente uma história das conexões atlânticas. Considerando que os estudos de diversos processos históricos, quando analisados por esse prisma, revelam as dinâmicas globais e nuanças que ampliam o entendimento das complexidades sociais e históricas, apresenta-se aqui a proposta do Simpósio Temático História Marítima: perspectivas do Atlântico e da Diáspora Africana. O objetivo é agregar estudos que se debrucem sobre objetos e problemas no campo das ideias, economia, política, sociedade, cultura ou da educação que estejam vinculados diretamente à dinâmica do mundo atlântico entre os séculos XVI e XXI. Assim, serão bem-vindas comunicações que se encaixem nas seguintes linhas:
I. Experiências Atlânticas: Economia, Política e Sociedade. Trabalhos que analisem a circulação de pessoas, ideias, mercadorias, projetos econômicos, políticos, educacionais e culturais; a articulação e reorganização dos espaços sociais e urbanos; a relação de portos e cidades entre si, com a "hinterland" e com o mundo pela vias marítimas.
II. Experiência da Diáspora Africana: Identidade, Cultura e Sociedade. Trabalhos que analisem: as relações da África com o Atlântico, e, mais especificamente com o Brasil, tendo por perspectiva a diáspora africana; a presença dos africanos e seus descendentes nas sociedades do Novo Mundo e suas ações no âmbito da política, economia, educação, cultura e religião.
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questions that, from a Social History perspective, may have some responses essayed from these serial sources’ consultation. Now, we intend to introduce some reflections that allow us to advance in the answer to these questions, such as, why the studies about Portugal’s demography in the 18th century are associated with the contingent of maritime workers in the selected period, among other possibilities cited by the source.
and the attempts to impose disciplinary control on seafarers, two recurring themes were studied in the sources and in the bibliography: desertions and their possible causes and riots involving sailors on land.
characteristic of their professional culture. Whereas languages
are dynamic and have their own historical processes, the main
objective was to demonstrate aspects of this dynamic and
some of the possible sources for studying themin Modern and
Contemporary ages. We focused mainly on the Dicionário de
Marinha of the Portuguese Rear Admiral Carlos Diniz (1913),
but we also covered the dictionaries of marine terms published
in Portuguese in the 19th century, quickly presenting other
vocabularies existing in sources of different typologies and
periods.
on board did not always oppose only sailors and officers, but they could also be built between men with unequal positions in the hierarchy.
proposed for this dossier, are classics and yet
insufficiently tapped into. The perspectives opened by
this collection of articles indicate a long path to be followed to deepen
such topics and their various possible approaches.
the occasion of important anniversaries and the studies were
written by Navy officials. The critique focuses mainly on a writing authored by Vicente de Almeida d’Eça (1852-1929), vice-
-admiral of the Portuguese Navy, and this article analyses the
conceptions of History embedded in it. The text, entitled “The
Portuguese sailor through History”, was presented as a conference to a popular audience at Lisbon in 1898. In that context, the
Portuguese sailor resurfaced as a paradigmatic and timeless figure, being recognized by the same characteristics since the 16th
century. The interest in revisiting this text is due to the fact that
it enables an analysis of the protagonism of historical subjects,
nationalism, the invention of traditions and Portuguese imperial
perspectives in the late 19th century.
questions that, from a Social History perspective, may have some responses essayed from these serial sources’ consultation. Now, we intend to introduce some reflections that allow us to advance in the answer to these questions, such as, why the studies about Portugal’s demography in the 18th century are associated with the contingent of maritime workers in the selected period, among other possibilities cited by the source.
and the attempts to impose disciplinary control on seafarers, two recurring themes were studied in the sources and in the bibliography: desertions and their possible causes and riots involving sailors on land.
characteristic of their professional culture. Whereas languages
are dynamic and have their own historical processes, the main
objective was to demonstrate aspects of this dynamic and
some of the possible sources for studying themin Modern and
Contemporary ages. We focused mainly on the Dicionário de
Marinha of the Portuguese Rear Admiral Carlos Diniz (1913),
but we also covered the dictionaries of marine terms published
in Portuguese in the 19th century, quickly presenting other
vocabularies existing in sources of different typologies and
periods.
on board did not always oppose only sailors and officers, but they could also be built between men with unequal positions in the hierarchy.
proposed for this dossier, are classics and yet
insufficiently tapped into. The perspectives opened by
this collection of articles indicate a long path to be followed to deepen
such topics and their various possible approaches.
the occasion of important anniversaries and the studies were
written by Navy officials. The critique focuses mainly on a writing authored by Vicente de Almeida d’Eça (1852-1929), vice-
-admiral of the Portuguese Navy, and this article analyses the
conceptions of History embedded in it. The text, entitled “The
Portuguese sailor through History”, was presented as a conference to a popular audience at Lisbon in 1898. In that context, the
Portuguese sailor resurfaced as a paradigmatic and timeless figure, being recognized by the same characteristics since the 16th
century. The interest in revisiting this text is due to the fact that
it enables an analysis of the protagonism of historical subjects,
nationalism, the invention of traditions and Portuguese imperial
perspectives in the late 19th century.
A reunião dos dados possibilita um estudo das transformações formais e de significado nos rituais de travessia da linha do equador, buscando descrições em relatos de naufrágios de embarcações portuguesas, na crônica colonial e em livros de viajantes de diferentes nacionalidades.
O material reunido e catalogado viabiliza também o estudo da vida material no mar, centrado nas questões de alimentação e condições de saúde a bordo.
A base de dados pode ser acessada em: http://fragmentos-atlantico.tumblr.com/
I. Experiências Atlânticas: Economia, Política e Sociedade.
Trabalhos que analisem a circulação de pessoas, ideias, mercadorias, projetos econômicos, políticos, educacionais e culturais; a articulação e reorganização dos espaços sociais e urbanos; a relação de portos e cidades entre si, com a "hinterland" e com o mundo pela vias marítimas.
II. Experiência da Diáspora Africana: Identidade, Cultura e Sociedade.
Trabalhos que analisem: as relações da África com o Atlântico, e, mais especificamente com o Brasil, tendo por perspectiva a diáspora africana; a presença dos africanos e seus descendentes nas sociedades do Novo Mundo e suas ações no âmbito da política, economia, educação, cultura e religião.