Cognitive reflection is recognized as an important skill, which is necessary for making advantageo... more Cognitive reflection is recognized as an important skill, which is necessary for making advantageous decisions.Even though gender differences in the Cognitive Reflection test (CRT) appear to be robust across multiple studies, little research has examined the source of the gender gap in performance. In Study 1, we tested the invariance of the scale across genders. In Study 2, we investigated the role of math anxiety, mathematical reasoning, and gender in CRT performance. The results attested the measurement equivalence of the Cognitive Reflection Test – Long (CRT- L), when administered to male and female students. Additionally, the results of the mediation analysis showed an indirect effect of gender on CRT-L performance through mathematical reasoning and math anxiety. The direct effect of gender was no longer statistically significant after accounting for the other variables. The current findings suggest that cognitive reflection is affected by numerical skills and related feelings.
Probabilistic reasoning skills are important in various contexts. The aim of the present study wa... more Probabilistic reasoning skills are important in various contexts. The aim of the present study was to develop a new instrument (the Probabi-listic Reasoning Scale – PRS) to accurately measure low levels of probabilistic reasoning ability in order to identify people with difficulties in this domain. Item response theory was applied to construct the scale, and to investigate differential item functioning (i.e., whether the items were invariant) across genders, educational levels, and languages. Additionally, we tested the validity of the scale by investigating the relationships between the PRS and several other measures. The results revealed that the items had a low level of difficulty. Nonetheless, the discrim-inative measures showed that the items can discriminate between individuals with different trait levels, and the test information function showed that the scale accurately assesses low levels of probabilistic reasoning ability. Additionally, through investigating differential item functioning, the measurement equivalence of the scale at the item level was confirmed for gender, educational status, and language (i.e., Italian and English). Concerning validity, the results showed the expected correlations with numerical skills, math-related attitudes, statistics achievement , IQ, reasoning skills, and risky choices both in the Italian and British samples. In conclusion, the PRS is an ideal instrument for identifying individuals who struggle with basic probabilistic reasoning, and who could be targeted by specific interventions.
This article is aimed at evaluating the possibility that Set I of the Advanced Progressive Matric... more This article is aimed at evaluating the possibility that Set I of the Advanced Progressive Matrices (APM-Set I) can be employed to assess fluid ability in a short time frame. The APM-Set I was administered to a sample of 1,389 primary and secondary school students. Confirmatory factor analysis attested to the unidimensionality of the scale. Item response theory analyses were applied to investigate the increasing level of item difficulty, test information function, and differential item functioning across gender and age. Additionally, validity measures are reported. Results provide evidence that the APM-Set I can be used as a reliable and valid short form of the Raven's Progressive Matrices in the assessment of fluid ability.
... Giorgio Gronchi, Francesca Chiesi, Silvia Galli, Caterina Primi ... (1982). Tversky & Kah... more ... Giorgio Gronchi, Francesca Chiesi, Silvia Galli, Caterina Primi ... (1982). Tversky & Kahneman (1983) hanno riscontrato che la competenza in cal-colo della probabilità non porta ad un uso maggiore delle strategie norma-tivamente corrette. ...
Http Dx Doi Org 10 1080 13546783 2011 598401, Aug 1, 2011
In three experiments we explored developmental changes in probabilistic reasoning, taking into ac... more In three experiments we explored developmental changes in probabilistic reasoning, taking into account the effects of cognitive capacity, thinking styles, and instructions. Normative responding increased with grade levels and cognitive capacity in all experiments, and it showed a negative relationship with superstitious thinking. The effect of instructions (in Experiments 2 and 3) was moderated by level of education and cognitive
... Ciò presuppone: a) attribuire credenze all'altro; b) sa-pere che l'... more ... Ciò presuppone: a) attribuire credenze all'altro; b) sa-pere che l'altro può avere credenze diverse dalle proprie e, nello specifico, false; c) co ... alle credenze, si è pensato che per giunge-re ad attribuire una credenza falsa sia necessario che il bambino espe-risca situazioni in cui ...
A new model by Stanovich et al. (2008) specifies the ways in which knowledge and cognitive capaci... more A new model by Stanovich et al. (2008) specifies the ways in which knowledge and cognitive capacity interact in shaping reasoning performance. This model proposes that normative performance relies on knowing the relevant normative rules and procedures (called "mindware"), detecting the need to implement them, and holding of the necessary cognitive capacity to acquire/use them appropriately. The aim of the present study was to test these assumptions investigating gambler fallacy inside probabilistic reasoning. Participants were primary (N=251) and college students (N=151). Results provide support for the claim that mindware plays an important role in probabilistic reasoning, and there is an interplay with cognitive ability. Theoretical and educational implications of results are discussed.
... FRANCESCA CHIESI Università di Firenze Riassunto. ... L'osservazione del comporta-mento ... more ... FRANCESCA CHIESI Università di Firenze Riassunto. ... L'osservazione del comporta-mento spontaneo (Dunn, 1991; Mazzoni e Boschi, 1995) suggerisce che già dai 2-3 anni il bambino usa l'inganno all'interno di contesti per lui significativi, come la famiglia e la scuola. ...
Cognitive reflection is recognized as an important skill, which is necessary for making advantageo... more Cognitive reflection is recognized as an important skill, which is necessary for making advantageous decisions.Even though gender differences in the Cognitive Reflection test (CRT) appear to be robust across multiple studies, little research has examined the source of the gender gap in performance. In Study 1, we tested the invariance of the scale across genders. In Study 2, we investigated the role of math anxiety, mathematical reasoning, and gender in CRT performance. The results attested the measurement equivalence of the Cognitive Reflection Test – Long (CRT- L), when administered to male and female students. Additionally, the results of the mediation analysis showed an indirect effect of gender on CRT-L performance through mathematical reasoning and math anxiety. The direct effect of gender was no longer statistically significant after accounting for the other variables. The current findings suggest that cognitive reflection is affected by numerical skills and related feelings.
Probabilistic reasoning skills are important in various contexts. The aim of the present study wa... more Probabilistic reasoning skills are important in various contexts. The aim of the present study was to develop a new instrument (the Probabi-listic Reasoning Scale – PRS) to accurately measure low levels of probabilistic reasoning ability in order to identify people with difficulties in this domain. Item response theory was applied to construct the scale, and to investigate differential item functioning (i.e., whether the items were invariant) across genders, educational levels, and languages. Additionally, we tested the validity of the scale by investigating the relationships between the PRS and several other measures. The results revealed that the items had a low level of difficulty. Nonetheless, the discrim-inative measures showed that the items can discriminate between individuals with different trait levels, and the test information function showed that the scale accurately assesses low levels of probabilistic reasoning ability. Additionally, through investigating differential item functioning, the measurement equivalence of the scale at the item level was confirmed for gender, educational status, and language (i.e., Italian and English). Concerning validity, the results showed the expected correlations with numerical skills, math-related attitudes, statistics achievement , IQ, reasoning skills, and risky choices both in the Italian and British samples. In conclusion, the PRS is an ideal instrument for identifying individuals who struggle with basic probabilistic reasoning, and who could be targeted by specific interventions.
This article is aimed at evaluating the possibility that Set I of the Advanced Progressive Matric... more This article is aimed at evaluating the possibility that Set I of the Advanced Progressive Matrices (APM-Set I) can be employed to assess fluid ability in a short time frame. The APM-Set I was administered to a sample of 1,389 primary and secondary school students. Confirmatory factor analysis attested to the unidimensionality of the scale. Item response theory analyses were applied to investigate the increasing level of item difficulty, test information function, and differential item functioning across gender and age. Additionally, validity measures are reported. Results provide evidence that the APM-Set I can be used as a reliable and valid short form of the Raven's Progressive Matrices in the assessment of fluid ability.
... Giorgio Gronchi, Francesca Chiesi, Silvia Galli, Caterina Primi ... (1982). Tversky & Kah... more ... Giorgio Gronchi, Francesca Chiesi, Silvia Galli, Caterina Primi ... (1982). Tversky & Kahneman (1983) hanno riscontrato che la competenza in cal-colo della probabilità non porta ad un uso maggiore delle strategie norma-tivamente corrette. ...
Http Dx Doi Org 10 1080 13546783 2011 598401, Aug 1, 2011
In three experiments we explored developmental changes in probabilistic reasoning, taking into ac... more In three experiments we explored developmental changes in probabilistic reasoning, taking into account the effects of cognitive capacity, thinking styles, and instructions. Normative responding increased with grade levels and cognitive capacity in all experiments, and it showed a negative relationship with superstitious thinking. The effect of instructions (in Experiments 2 and 3) was moderated by level of education and cognitive
... Ciò presuppone: a) attribuire credenze all'altro; b) sa-pere che l'... more ... Ciò presuppone: a) attribuire credenze all'altro; b) sa-pere che l'altro può avere credenze diverse dalle proprie e, nello specifico, false; c) co ... alle credenze, si è pensato che per giunge-re ad attribuire una credenza falsa sia necessario che il bambino espe-risca situazioni in cui ...
A new model by Stanovich et al. (2008) specifies the ways in which knowledge and cognitive capaci... more A new model by Stanovich et al. (2008) specifies the ways in which knowledge and cognitive capacity interact in shaping reasoning performance. This model proposes that normative performance relies on knowing the relevant normative rules and procedures (called "mindware"), detecting the need to implement them, and holding of the necessary cognitive capacity to acquire/use them appropriately. The aim of the present study was to test these assumptions investigating gambler fallacy inside probabilistic reasoning. Participants were primary (N=251) and college students (N=151). Results provide support for the claim that mindware plays an important role in probabilistic reasoning, and there is an interplay with cognitive ability. Theoretical and educational implications of results are discussed.
... FRANCESCA CHIESI Università di Firenze Riassunto. ... L'osservazione del comporta-mento ... more ... FRANCESCA CHIESI Università di Firenze Riassunto. ... L'osservazione del comporta-mento spontaneo (Dunn, 1991; Mazzoni e Boschi, 1995) suggerisce che già dai 2-3 anni il bambino usa l'inganno all'interno di contesti per lui significativi, come la famiglia e la scuola. ...
Uploads
Papers by Francesca Chiesi