La “religione di guerra” rappresenta un’importante chiave di lettura per comprendere il primo con... more La “religione di guerra” rappresenta un’importante chiave di lettura per comprendere il primo conflitto mondiale. Narrazioni, simboli e liturgie, frutto dell’intreccio tra cattolicesimo e nazionalismo, alimentarono la mobilitazione “totale” e diedero senso ad un massacro senza precedenti. Come e perché ciò fu possibile?
Il libro risponde all’interrogativo mettendo a fuoco un microcosmo – l’arcidiocesi di Firenze – nelle sue articolazioni, personalità e soggetti collettivi, in un gioco di scala tra locale, nazionale e globale.
Al centro dell’analisi sono le figurazioni culturali e l’esperienza di una comunità sui generis: una Chiesa tutt’altro che unanime, ma unita da una fede capace di curare il trauma bellico, sostenere l’etica del sacrificio e immaginare un orizzonte di espiazione. Nella parabola dall’anteguerra allo sterminato lutto di massa emerge così il racconto di una “nazione cattolica” finalmente trionfante.
M. Paiano (ed.), Pietà e guerre del Novecento/ Piety and Wars in the Twentieth Century, special issue of Archivio italiano per la storia della pietà, 32 (2019), 191-223, ISSN: 1128-6768 , 2019
«With Everlasting Voice they Advise Brotherhood to the Whole World»: the ‘Martyrs of Kindu’ and t... more «With Everlasting Voice they Advise Brotherhood to the Whole World»: the ‘Martyrs of Kindu’ and the Cult of Fallen Soldiers for Peace
This essay focuses on the issue of martyrdom from a particular point of view, that is the cult of Italian aviators killed in Kindu in 1961. The Catholic world offered an original contribution to the construction of the public narrative of the Congolese massacre and the celebration of its victims. The starting point is the sermon given by Ugo Camozzo, archbishop of Pisa (seat of the brigade to which the military belonged), who spoke of the dead as the actors in a «mission of human and Christian civilization». The analysis sets that sentence into its broader context; in addition to questioning the persistence of national-Catholic frames, it dwells on the contents of the funeral liturgies and the comments appeared in the press, in order to highlight the intertwining of the elements of continuity and the factors of change which shook a church experiencing the Johannine turning point: anti-Communism, the rethinking of the “religious war culture”, the racist and colonial legacy, the emergence of a “new universalism” aimed at claiming on a global scale a profane, and no more hierocratic, Christendom.
in M. Paiano (ed.), Chiesa italiana, politica e società. Studi in onore di Bruna Bocchini (Roma: Aracne, 2019), 89-101. ISBN 9788825525397 , 2019
«The serious error of our century which is called secularism». Notes about preaching ad politics ... more «The serious error of our century which is called secularism». Notes about preaching ad politics in post-WWII period
M. Caponi (ed.), Santi patroni: religione, politica, identità nell’Europa del secondo Novecento, special issue of «Rivista di Storia del Cristianesimo», XIV, 2017, n. 2, pp. 291-313
This paper examines the evolution of the political cult of Saint Francis from the post-WWII perio... more This paper examines the evolution of the political cult of Saint Francis from the post-WWII period to the 1980s, by focusing on the Sacred Convent of Assisi, in particular on the national celebrations of October 4 and the magazine «San Francesco patrono d’Italia». My investigation points out the dialectics between the national Catholic use and the pacifist reading of the saint. In the age of Pius xii, the cult remained marked by a clerical fascist legacy and manifested the objective of a Christian democracy with hierocratic and anti-communist boundaries. Then, the Council aggiornamento launched a reorientation towards the brotherhood of the peoples and ecumenical dialogue, making Francis a global pop icon. But it was necessary to wait for the Second Cold War climate and the end of the season of terrorism for the friars of the Sacred Convent to approach pacifist activism. That did not exclude again putting forward the Italianness of the Poverello, in order to reassert the country’s Christian roots and the church’s conditioning of the political agenda.
T. Caliò, D. Menozzi (eds.), L’Italia e i santi. Agiografie, riti e devozioni nella costruzione dell’identità nazionale, Roma, Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana, 2017, pp. 577-601
The article examines the symbolic impact of the 1956 Hungarian uprising, and focuses on the relat... more The article examines the symbolic impact of the 1956 Hungarian uprising, and focuses on the relationship of the Catholic circles with insurgent violence. The Italian Church was characterized by an impressive liturgical mobilization, which was hierocratic and fiercely anti-Communist, implementing and reworking the papal entourage’s approach. The rhetoric and images used by the Church offered a highly ambiguous reading of the uprising, revolving around martyrdom. The sacralization of those who died in Budapest swung between legitimating armed resistants and celebrating defenseless victims. Although there were significant differences, the second model prevailed. Italian Catholics contributed to strengthening the “postheroic” paradigm of the martyr. In this context, victims’ ability to suffer and sacrifice themselves until death — rather than their willingness to fight, if necessary, by force — was crucial to the notion of martyrdom. Somewhat paradoxically, this trend was often expressed using the apparently discordant language of the patriotic cult of the fallen.
After the Great War the former modernist priest and radical MP Romolo Murri started to work as a ... more After the Great War the former modernist priest and radical MP Romolo Murri started to work as a journalist of the newspaper «Il Resto del carlino». In this position, his main objective was to help make Italy a “Religious State”, that is to safeguard the “religion of tomorrow” which arose out of the battlefields and was founded on the national cult, in order to reform liberal system and challenge Catholic hegemony. In the immediate post-WWI period such a claim had a democratic element, opening to the moderate socialists and the People’s Party even more. But Murri subscribed very soon to the fascist sacralisation of politics, and relegated to second place his own bond to the rule of law and the anticlerical campaign.
Istituto Storico della Resistenza e della Società Contemporanea nella provincia di Livorno (ed.), Spaesamenti. Antifascismo, deportazioni e clero in provincia di Livorno, Pisa, ETS, 2015, pp. 107-143, 2015
"Rassegna storica toscana", LX, 2014, n. 2, pp. 291-309
This paper focuses on the neutralism of the Italian Catholics through the analysis of a really in... more This paper focuses on the neutralism of the Italian Catholics through the analysis of a really interesting case study. Florence was in fact the symbolic capital of both the ‘‘varied nationalism’’ (as defined by G. Volpe) and the Catholic integrism (represented by the newspaper «L’Unità cattolica»). This essay presents the rhetoric and the interpretative frameworks employed by the local Church reacting to the interventionist mobilisation, and it shows the limits and the fragility of the ‘‘neutralist culture’’ shared – with a few significant exceptions – by the archbishop A.M. Mistrangelo, the clergy, the religious brothers, the press and the organised laity. Despite its internal articulations, such a culture proved to be in many ways subordinate to the national-patriotic discourse and remained anchored to the main assumptions of the intransigent mentality, first of all to the principle of presumption in favour of established authorities. As a result, it could not be effective in the rejection of war violence and in the struggle to maintain peace.
«Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Religions- und Kulturgeschichte», CVIII, 2014, pp. 189-205
This paper examines the unpublished diary of the Piedmontese Lasallian brother Giacinto (born Pao... more This paper examines the unpublished diary of the Piedmontese Lasallian brother Giacinto (born Paolo Secco), who in May 1917 set off for the trenches in the Karst plateau and died there the following 29th August. His notebook describes the short but intense experience of a religious brother as a second lieutenant in an infantry regiment. His narrative offers an interesting view of the relationship between the religious life and the military one, ‹spirituality at the front› and the appropriate forms of piety, and his tragic encounter with total war and mass death. In his writing Brother Giacinto, Italian soldier and man of the cloth, reveals a substantial alienation from the national ‹war culture›. But the work also shows how decisive the tradition of catholic intransigence was in his ennobling of the war as an opportunity for sacrifice and atonement, legitimising in Christian terms the carrying out of a duty to fight to the death.
La “religione di guerra” rappresenta un’importante chiave di lettura per comprendere il primo con... more La “religione di guerra” rappresenta un’importante chiave di lettura per comprendere il primo conflitto mondiale. Narrazioni, simboli e liturgie, frutto dell’intreccio tra cattolicesimo e nazionalismo, alimentarono la mobilitazione “totale” e diedero senso ad un massacro senza precedenti. Come e perché ciò fu possibile?
Il libro risponde all’interrogativo mettendo a fuoco un microcosmo – l’arcidiocesi di Firenze – nelle sue articolazioni, personalità e soggetti collettivi, in un gioco di scala tra locale, nazionale e globale.
Al centro dell’analisi sono le figurazioni culturali e l’esperienza di una comunità sui generis: una Chiesa tutt’altro che unanime, ma unita da una fede capace di curare il trauma bellico, sostenere l’etica del sacrificio e immaginare un orizzonte di espiazione. Nella parabola dall’anteguerra allo sterminato lutto di massa emerge così il racconto di una “nazione cattolica” finalmente trionfante.
M. Paiano (ed.), Pietà e guerre del Novecento/ Piety and Wars in the Twentieth Century, special issue of Archivio italiano per la storia della pietà, 32 (2019), 191-223, ISSN: 1128-6768 , 2019
«With Everlasting Voice they Advise Brotherhood to the Whole World»: the ‘Martyrs of Kindu’ and t... more «With Everlasting Voice they Advise Brotherhood to the Whole World»: the ‘Martyrs of Kindu’ and the Cult of Fallen Soldiers for Peace
This essay focuses on the issue of martyrdom from a particular point of view, that is the cult of Italian aviators killed in Kindu in 1961. The Catholic world offered an original contribution to the construction of the public narrative of the Congolese massacre and the celebration of its victims. The starting point is the sermon given by Ugo Camozzo, archbishop of Pisa (seat of the brigade to which the military belonged), who spoke of the dead as the actors in a «mission of human and Christian civilization». The analysis sets that sentence into its broader context; in addition to questioning the persistence of national-Catholic frames, it dwells on the contents of the funeral liturgies and the comments appeared in the press, in order to highlight the intertwining of the elements of continuity and the factors of change which shook a church experiencing the Johannine turning point: anti-Communism, the rethinking of the “religious war culture”, the racist and colonial legacy, the emergence of a “new universalism” aimed at claiming on a global scale a profane, and no more hierocratic, Christendom.
in M. Paiano (ed.), Chiesa italiana, politica e società. Studi in onore di Bruna Bocchini (Roma: Aracne, 2019), 89-101. ISBN 9788825525397 , 2019
«The serious error of our century which is called secularism». Notes about preaching ad politics ... more «The serious error of our century which is called secularism». Notes about preaching ad politics in post-WWII period
M. Caponi (ed.), Santi patroni: religione, politica, identità nell’Europa del secondo Novecento, special issue of «Rivista di Storia del Cristianesimo», XIV, 2017, n. 2, pp. 291-313
This paper examines the evolution of the political cult of Saint Francis from the post-WWII perio... more This paper examines the evolution of the political cult of Saint Francis from the post-WWII period to the 1980s, by focusing on the Sacred Convent of Assisi, in particular on the national celebrations of October 4 and the magazine «San Francesco patrono d’Italia». My investigation points out the dialectics between the national Catholic use and the pacifist reading of the saint. In the age of Pius xii, the cult remained marked by a clerical fascist legacy and manifested the objective of a Christian democracy with hierocratic and anti-communist boundaries. Then, the Council aggiornamento launched a reorientation towards the brotherhood of the peoples and ecumenical dialogue, making Francis a global pop icon. But it was necessary to wait for the Second Cold War climate and the end of the season of terrorism for the friars of the Sacred Convent to approach pacifist activism. That did not exclude again putting forward the Italianness of the Poverello, in order to reassert the country’s Christian roots and the church’s conditioning of the political agenda.
T. Caliò, D. Menozzi (eds.), L’Italia e i santi. Agiografie, riti e devozioni nella costruzione dell’identità nazionale, Roma, Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana, 2017, pp. 577-601
The article examines the symbolic impact of the 1956 Hungarian uprising, and focuses on the relat... more The article examines the symbolic impact of the 1956 Hungarian uprising, and focuses on the relationship of the Catholic circles with insurgent violence. The Italian Church was characterized by an impressive liturgical mobilization, which was hierocratic and fiercely anti-Communist, implementing and reworking the papal entourage’s approach. The rhetoric and images used by the Church offered a highly ambiguous reading of the uprising, revolving around martyrdom. The sacralization of those who died in Budapest swung between legitimating armed resistants and celebrating defenseless victims. Although there were significant differences, the second model prevailed. Italian Catholics contributed to strengthening the “postheroic” paradigm of the martyr. In this context, victims’ ability to suffer and sacrifice themselves until death — rather than their willingness to fight, if necessary, by force — was crucial to the notion of martyrdom. Somewhat paradoxically, this trend was often expressed using the apparently discordant language of the patriotic cult of the fallen.
After the Great War the former modernist priest and radical MP Romolo Murri started to work as a ... more After the Great War the former modernist priest and radical MP Romolo Murri started to work as a journalist of the newspaper «Il Resto del carlino». In this position, his main objective was to help make Italy a “Religious State”, that is to safeguard the “religion of tomorrow” which arose out of the battlefields and was founded on the national cult, in order to reform liberal system and challenge Catholic hegemony. In the immediate post-WWI period such a claim had a democratic element, opening to the moderate socialists and the People’s Party even more. But Murri subscribed very soon to the fascist sacralisation of politics, and relegated to second place his own bond to the rule of law and the anticlerical campaign.
Istituto Storico della Resistenza e della Società Contemporanea nella provincia di Livorno (ed.), Spaesamenti. Antifascismo, deportazioni e clero in provincia di Livorno, Pisa, ETS, 2015, pp. 107-143, 2015
"Rassegna storica toscana", LX, 2014, n. 2, pp. 291-309
This paper focuses on the neutralism of the Italian Catholics through the analysis of a really in... more This paper focuses on the neutralism of the Italian Catholics through the analysis of a really interesting case study. Florence was in fact the symbolic capital of both the ‘‘varied nationalism’’ (as defined by G. Volpe) and the Catholic integrism (represented by the newspaper «L’Unità cattolica»). This essay presents the rhetoric and the interpretative frameworks employed by the local Church reacting to the interventionist mobilisation, and it shows the limits and the fragility of the ‘‘neutralist culture’’ shared – with a few significant exceptions – by the archbishop A.M. Mistrangelo, the clergy, the religious brothers, the press and the organised laity. Despite its internal articulations, such a culture proved to be in many ways subordinate to the national-patriotic discourse and remained anchored to the main assumptions of the intransigent mentality, first of all to the principle of presumption in favour of established authorities. As a result, it could not be effective in the rejection of war violence and in the struggle to maintain peace.
«Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Religions- und Kulturgeschichte», CVIII, 2014, pp. 189-205
This paper examines the unpublished diary of the Piedmontese Lasallian brother Giacinto (born Pao... more This paper examines the unpublished diary of the Piedmontese Lasallian brother Giacinto (born Paolo Secco), who in May 1917 set off for the trenches in the Karst plateau and died there the following 29th August. His notebook describes the short but intense experience of a religious brother as a second lieutenant in an infantry regiment. His narrative offers an interesting view of the relationship between the religious life and the military one, ‹spirituality at the front› and the appropriate forms of piety, and his tragic encounter with total war and mass death. In his writing Brother Giacinto, Italian soldier and man of the cloth, reveals a substantial alienation from the national ‹war culture›. But the work also shows how decisive the tradition of catholic intransigence was in his ennobling of the war as an opportunity for sacrifice and atonement, legitimising in Christian terms the carrying out of a duty to fight to the death.
«Annali di storia di Firenze», VIII, 2013, pp. 297-325
This paper examines the relationship between Florentine Catholicism and the national-patriotic ‘w... more This paper examines the relationship between Florentine Catholicism and the national-patriotic ‘war culture’, which developed during the nineteenth century and prepared the ideological ground for the outbreak of World War I. The focus on a long-term period and, at the same time, on a limited geo-graphic context represents an original feature of the essay. This approach al-lows us to sketch the different stages of evolution of the national-Catholic discourse, detecting the elements of continuity and novelty in the represen-tation of three different kinds of war (the Risorgimento, the colonial and the total war). At the centre of the analysis will be the churchmen’s ‘words’ – sermons, epigraphs, prayers, especially related to the religious liturgies for the fallen soldiers – which gave plausibility to the violence against the en-emy and sacralised, in different ways depending on the political circum-stances, the sacrifice for Italy’s destiny.
This essay analyses the importance that the funerals for the fallen in war acquired as part of th... more This essay analyses the importance that the funerals for the fallen in war acquired as part of the Italian national pedagogy of the early twentieth century, focusing on the Catholic contribution to the ethics of martial sacrifice and to the devotion towards the heroes of the fatherland. After a brief excursus about the politicisation of the memorial rites during the process of Risorgimento and the “First War of Africa”, the investigation focuses on the religious services dedicated to the dead in the Libyan campaign (1911-12). The conflict against the Ottoman Empire marked, in effect, a strong discontinuity: through the several requiem Masses, the churchmen provided an unprecedented involvement in the cult of patriotic sacrifice, which was interpreted, in the context of the colonial expedition, in an aggressive and imperialistic way. The ideology of “crusade” and “martyrdom” became dominant in the soldiers’ funerals, consolidating a national-Catholic “war culture”, which would shortly thereafter shift in the consensus to WWI and to the fascist regime. At the same time, the warmongering enthusiasms aroused doubts, oppositions and concerns. Some diocesan ordinaries, the integrist sectors and the Holy See itself moved to regulate the rites of mourning, as they threatened to tarnish the specific characters of Christian piety in favour of a pagan religion of the nation.
As a result of a joint research and discussion, this essay aims to reconstruct the most ambitious... more As a result of a joint research and discussion, this essay aims to reconstruct the most ambitious memorial project in memory of the fallen of the Italian-Ottoman war (1911-1912): the Henni ossuary. After describing some similar undertakings that both the Army and the civilians carried out during the conflict, the authors focus on the promoting committee and its leaders: Angelo De Gubernatis and Mario De Feis, warmly cheered all over the parliament and the country, but incapable of achieving their goal. The project was left undone; nevertheless, the whole affair sheds light upon a topic so far unknown, as well as on the strong connections between the traditional religion and the religion of the fatherland on the eve of the Great War. Italian Catholics’ contribution to the ossuary went far beyond national loyalty: wishing to get rid of their unpatriotic reputation, several clergymen and laymen sacralized the armed nation and proclaimed the “crusade” against the enemy, just like they did in 1914-1918.
Seminar series promoted by the Fondazione Romolo Murri, Urbino.
Organized by Matteo Caponi (Uni... more Seminar series promoted by the Fondazione Romolo Murri, Urbino.
Organized by Matteo Caponi (Università di Genova/Fordham University) and Maria Chiara Rioli (Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia/Fordham University).
The seminar series has received funding by the Fondazione Romolo Murri, Urbino (Italy).
The events are part of the dissemination activities of the MSCA projects REL-NET (Grant Agreement No. 835758) and US-E AntiRacism (Grant Agreement No. 794780).
The Romolo Murri Foundation in Urbino (Italy) is happy to announce the launch of Modernism, a new... more The Romolo Murri Foundation in Urbino (Italy) is happy to announce the launch of Modernism, a new annual peer-reviewed journal which consolidates the tradition of the Centre for the study of Modernism created at the beginning of the 1970s by Lorenzo Bedeschi. The journal deals with the history of modern and contemporary religious reformism from the 19th century up to recent times.
Abstracts are invited for the special issue 3 (2017), dedicated to Roman Catholic Modernism and Anti-modernism in the Great War. The deadline is 30 May 2016.
On the occasion of the First World War Centenary, the Romolo Murri Foundation of Urbino invites c... more On the occasion of the First World War Centenary, the Romolo Murri Foundation of Urbino invites contributions for the third issue of the journal Modernism, dedicated to Catholic Modernism and Anti-modernism in the Great War, that is going to be published at the end of 2017.
[Italian Catholicism, Antiracism, and the Black Question (1945-1968)], invited speaker.
Contro ... more [Italian Catholicism, Antiracism, and the Black Question (1945-1968)], invited speaker.
Contro il razzismo. Per una storia dell’antirazzismo nell’Italia repubblicana [Against racism. For a history of antiracism in Republican Italy], international workshop, Turin (Italy), University of Genoa and Luigi Firpo Foundation, 7 November 2019.
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Books by Matteo Caponi
Il libro risponde all’interrogativo mettendo a fuoco un microcosmo – l’arcidiocesi di Firenze – nelle sue articolazioni, personalità e soggetti collettivi, in un gioco di scala tra locale, nazionale e globale.
Al centro dell’analisi sono le figurazioni culturali e l’esperienza di una comunità sui generis: una Chiesa tutt’altro che unanime, ma unita da una fede capace di curare il trauma bellico, sostenere l’etica del sacrificio e immaginare un orizzonte di espiazione. Nella parabola dall’anteguerra allo sterminato lutto di massa emerge così il racconto di una “nazione cattolica” finalmente trionfante.
Papers by Matteo Caponi
This essay focuses on the issue of martyrdom from a particular point of view, that is the cult of Italian aviators killed in Kindu in 1961. The Catholic world offered an original contribution to the construction of the public narrative of the Congolese massacre and the celebration of its victims. The starting point is the sermon given by Ugo Camozzo, archbishop of Pisa (seat of the brigade to which the military belonged), who spoke of the dead as the actors in a «mission of human and Christian civilization». The analysis sets that sentence into its
broader context; in addition to questioning the persistence of national-Catholic frames, it dwells on the contents of the funeral liturgies and the comments appeared in the press, in order to highlight the intertwining of the elements of continuity and the factors of change which shook a church experiencing the Johannine turning point: anti-Communism, the rethinking of the “religious war culture”, the racist and colonial legacy, the emergence of a “new universalism” aimed at claiming on a global scale a profane, and no more hierocratic, Christendom.
armed resistants and celebrating defenseless victims. Although there were significant differences, the second model prevailed. Italian Catholics contributed to strengthening the “postheroic” paradigm of the martyr. In this context, victims’ ability to suffer and sacrifice themselves
until death — rather than their willingness to fight, if necessary, by force — was crucial to the notion of martyrdom. Somewhat paradoxically, this trend was often expressed using the apparently discordant language of the patriotic cult of the fallen.
Il libro risponde all’interrogativo mettendo a fuoco un microcosmo – l’arcidiocesi di Firenze – nelle sue articolazioni, personalità e soggetti collettivi, in un gioco di scala tra locale, nazionale e globale.
Al centro dell’analisi sono le figurazioni culturali e l’esperienza di una comunità sui generis: una Chiesa tutt’altro che unanime, ma unita da una fede capace di curare il trauma bellico, sostenere l’etica del sacrificio e immaginare un orizzonte di espiazione. Nella parabola dall’anteguerra allo sterminato lutto di massa emerge così il racconto di una “nazione cattolica” finalmente trionfante.
This essay focuses on the issue of martyrdom from a particular point of view, that is the cult of Italian aviators killed in Kindu in 1961. The Catholic world offered an original contribution to the construction of the public narrative of the Congolese massacre and the celebration of its victims. The starting point is the sermon given by Ugo Camozzo, archbishop of Pisa (seat of the brigade to which the military belonged), who spoke of the dead as the actors in a «mission of human and Christian civilization». The analysis sets that sentence into its
broader context; in addition to questioning the persistence of national-Catholic frames, it dwells on the contents of the funeral liturgies and the comments appeared in the press, in order to highlight the intertwining of the elements of continuity and the factors of change which shook a church experiencing the Johannine turning point: anti-Communism, the rethinking of the “religious war culture”, the racist and colonial legacy, the emergence of a “new universalism” aimed at claiming on a global scale a profane, and no more hierocratic, Christendom.
armed resistants and celebrating defenseless victims. Although there were significant differences, the second model prevailed. Italian Catholics contributed to strengthening the “postheroic” paradigm of the martyr. In this context, victims’ ability to suffer and sacrifice themselves
until death — rather than their willingness to fight, if necessary, by force — was crucial to the notion of martyrdom. Somewhat paradoxically, this trend was often expressed using the apparently discordant language of the patriotic cult of the fallen.
Organized by Matteo Caponi (Università di Genova/Fordham University) and
Maria Chiara Rioli (Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia/Fordham University).
The seminar series has received funding by the Fondazione Romolo Murri,
Urbino (Italy).
The events are part of the dissemination activities of the MSCA projects
REL-NET (Grant Agreement No. 835758) and US-E AntiRacism (Grant
Agreement No. 794780).
All the events are open to the public.
https://fondazioneromolomurri.wordpress.com/modernism/
Abstracts are invited for the special issue 3 (2017), dedicated to Roman Catholic Modernism and Anti-modernism in the Great War.
The deadline is 30 May 2016.
Contro il razzismo. Per una storia dell’antirazzismo nell’Italia repubblicana [Against racism. For a history of antiracism in Republican Italy], international workshop, Turin (Italy), University of Genoa and Luigi Firpo Foundation, 7 November 2019.