Books by Emmanuelle Mathieu
This book addresses the regulatory capacity of the EU as it responds to the huge challenge of rea... more This book addresses the regulatory capacity of the EU as it responds to the huge challenge of realizing the single market. It explores its weaknesses, the EU regulatory networks, expert committees and EU agencies formed in response, and the exceptionally large and complex transnational regulatory system which has resulted. It defines the EU regulatory space as a multi-faceted phenomenon of institutional expansion whose shape varies across sectors and changes over time. Empirically based on the exploration of how regulatory delegation has emerged and evolved in three key EU policies (food safety, electricity, and telecommunications), the book disentangles and links together the functional, institutional and power-distributional factors and their interplay over time into a unified explanation of the many faces of the EU regulatory space.
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Articles by Emmanuelle Mathieu
West European Politics, 2019
One of the most fiercely debated questions about EU regulatory governance is the respective role ... more One of the most fiercely debated questions about EU regulatory governance is the respective role played by functional and political factors in regulatory integration. This article contributes to this debate by focussing on the functional factor. Based on a refined conceptualisation of functional stakes, it finds that they vary across sectors, evolve over time, and that these variations are reflected in the degree of regulatory integration observed. When member states perceive regulatory integration as a solution to one of their most pressing problems of the moment, they value – and sometimes even actively push for – the delegation of regulatory powers to the EU. This argument is subject to a credibility probe based on two within-sector analyses of temporal patterns of regulatory integration in energy and telecommunications. The empirical analysis lends support to the conditioning role of the functional factor in the design of EU regulatory governance.
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Regulation & Governance, 2019
While the widespread diffusion of experimentalism across sectors and polities is well documented,... more While the widespread diffusion of experimentalism across sectors and polities is well documented, less is known about the extent of the shift to this non-hierarchical form of governance, which continues to coexist with traditional hierarchical gover- nance and involves more inclusive rulemaking and revision based on review of alternative implementation experiences. By comparing and process-tracing electricity and telecommunications regulation in the European Union, we find diversity in experimentalism over time and across two sectors often considered similar. We explain varying degrees of experimentalism with strategic uncertainty and the constellation of preferences, which we label “de facto polyarchy.” Thus, we confirm the emphasis on uncertainty documented in the experimentalist literature, while addressing a conventional critique by also highlighting the relevance of “politics.” Moreover, while corroborating the common spread of experimentalism, we suggest that an analytical framework based on ideal types offers the best route forward to develop comparative analysis of experimen- talism and non-hierarchical forms of governance more broadly.
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Journal of European Integration, 2018
The debate about the power of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) has mainly focuss... more The debate about the power of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) has mainly focussed on the preferences, perceptions and strategic considerations of the High Judges in Luxemburg. This Special Issue turns the analytical spotlight to another important determinant: the behaviour of actors with a stake in the policy conflicts resolved by the Court. Indeed, the CJEU’s influence depends, first, on being invited by stakeholders to intervene in the policy process through litigation and, second, on the correct implementation of its ruling by policy stakeholders. This Special Issue shows that actors’ propensity to litigate before the CJEU and their reactions to Court’s rulings are highly dependent on policy-specific actors’ constellations and governance structures. By focussing on how policy stakeholders and sector specific governance structures influence the Court’s impact, this introduction spells out what we call a ‘public policy approach’ to judicial power and summarizes the content and findings of the Special Issue.
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Journal of European Integration, 2018
EU policymaking shows growing political tensions. There are signs that even the implementation pr... more EU policymaking shows growing political tensions. There are signs that even the implementation process of supranational acts and programs increasingly meets domestic resistance. National annulment cases against the European Commission are a case in point. Annulment cases challenge decisions that specify how supranational policies are to be implemented nationally. This article asks what motivates national governments to engage in judicial conflicts with the European Commission with regard to policy implementation. Three litigation motivations are theorized: preserving financial resources, defending institutional power, and maximising political trust domestically. By analysing carefully chosen annulment actions by Spain and Germany, the article illustrates the empirical validity of the litigation motivations. It finds that the conceptualized motivations are indeed present in all the cases studied, though sometimes in particular combinations. Our findings help overcome functional biases in compliance research and highlight the utterly political character of national resistance to EU implementation.
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As regulation increasingly results from the interplay of a wide array of different actors operati... more As regulation increasingly results from the interplay of a wide array of different actors operating at different levels, it has become crucial to focus on how these constellations of regulatory actors operate. Although this research field presents huge potential for theoretical development, we still lack the measurement techniques to allow systematic comparative research. We contribute to filling this gap with four indices measuring crucial characteristics of multi-actor regulatory arrangements: (i) the scope of organizational proliferation; (ii) the extent of coordination between regulatory actors; (iii) the amount of influence that each individual regulatory actor has on the sector regulation; and (iv) the extent to which the regulatory influence is concentrated in the hands of one or a few actors. We argue that our indices are sufficiently systematic, reliable, and flexible to be applied in a variety of research contexts relating to multi-level and multi-actor regulatory governance.
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The existing literature explains the emergence of European regulatory networks through the need f... more The existing literature explains the emergence of European regulatory networks through the need for regulatory coordination and the battle for power between policymakers. Bringing together the Europeanization and policy feedback perspectives, this article suggests that European regulatory networks should also be seen as the result of a more complex process of mutual influence between the European and the national levels. An in-depth case study on the telecommunications sector reveals that the implementation of EU policies has contributed to the empowerment of national regulatory agencies, which, in turn, has conditioned the development of European regulatory networks. EU policy has thus indirectly conditioned the rise of European regulatory networks by previously transforming national administrations. Besides expanding our understanding of European regulatory networks, by bridging the Europeanization and policy feedback literatures, this article indicates promising orientations for future theoretical development in both fields.
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Comment expliquer le recours extensif au bilatéralisme dans les relations intergouvernementales (... more Comment expliquer le recours extensif au bilatéralisme dans les relations intergouvernementales (RIG) au sein des Etats multinationaux ? En étudiant le fédéralisme multinational sous l’angle des jeux d’acteurs, cet article contribue à sa compréhension comme système d’action et enrichit l’étude des RIG de la mise en évidence de nouveaux facteurs structurants. Il montre que l’hétérogénéité caractérisant l’ensemble des régions favorise le développement de relations individualisées avec l’Etat fédéral. La démonstration repose sur une comparaison de l’adaptation des RIG espagnoles et allemandes à l’intégration européenne. Les négociations au Conseil des ministres exigent une position nationale claire et unique, quel que soit le nombre d’acteurs dont les compétences sont concernées dans l’ordre interne. Cette exigence oriente les acteurs nationaux vers un mécanisme multilatéral de participation des régions à la politique européenne. Alors que le recours au multilatéralisme n’a pas même été questionné en Allemagne, l’Espagne peine à l’intégrer à son système basé sur le bilatéralisme. Le recours au mode d’organisation territorial, notamment au fédéralisme asymétrique et dual, permet d’expliquer ces difficultés par sa configuration multinationale.
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Le fédéralisme évolue suivant une tension entre le maintien de l’autonomie des entités fédérées e... more Le fédéralisme évolue suivant une tension entre le maintien de l’autonomie des entités fédérées et la nécessité de coordonner leurs interventions. Là où les entités fédérées sont en charge de mettre en œuvre les législations fédérales, cette tension est susceptible de faire remonter le centre de gravité des compétences de mise en œuvre vers le niveau fédéral. On retrouve cette dynamique dans les politiques de régulation du marché intérieur de l’Union européenne. Leur mise en œuvre, assurée par les États membres, représente pour la Commission un enjeu d’harmonisation, donc de centralisation. Cet article montre comment la Commission européenne utilise ses relations avec les acteurs administratifs nationaux pour s’assurer du contrôle de la mise en œuvre des politiques européennes de marché intérieur. Il développe les concepts de contrôle de la mise œuvre, de centralisation administrative et de capacité d’influence, respectivement inspirés des théories du fédéralisme, des administrations à niveaux multiples et de la sociologie des organisations. S’appuyant sur une étude de cas relative à l’application de la régulation européenne des communications électroniques en Belgique, cet article met en évidence un modèle d’organisation «centre-périphérie» qui contredit la vision pluraliste et fragmentée du pouvoir véhiculée par la théorie de la gouvernance à niveaux multiples.
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Chapters by Emmanuelle Mathieu
Purpose — Many European-level networks and regulatory constellations in different sectors (e.g., ... more Purpose — Many European-level networks and regulatory constellations in different sectors (e.g., energy, telecommunications) without clear anchorage into the European Union (EU) institutional landscape have been subject to increasing efforts by the EU institutions to tie them closer to the EU. They are serving increasingly as platforms for preparing EU policy or for implementing EU decisions, which may result in closer institutional bonds with the EU. This chapter aims at examining the differences and similarities between the process towards more EU-integration in two different domains (i.e., telecommunications and patents) and regulatory constellations (i.e., supranational and intergovernmental). Methodology/approach — The chapter analyzes the evolution in the European telecommunication sector and the European Patent System and juxtaposes this analysis with the literature on institutionalization, Europeanization of regulatory network-organizations, and multilevel governance (MLG). It focuses on the role of the European Commission and the interaction with the national regulatory agencies (NRAs) and networks within the institutional framework. Findings — Irrespective of the particular regime (intergovernmental/ supranational) in a certain domain or sector, a common trend of closer coordination and integration prompted by the Commission is taking place, which triggers a certain resistance by the national bodies regulating that domain. As long as a specific competence is considered instrumental in the creation of the single market, the Commission has strong incentives to strengthen its influence in this field, even if those competences have been regulated through an independent intergovernmental regime. Research implications — The dynamic described in this chapter allows us to reflect upon the MLG conception as developed by Marks and Hooghe (2004), which distinguish between two types of MLG. Type I MLG refers to different levels of governments, more specifically to the spread of power along different governmental levels and the interactions between them. Type II MLG refers to jurisdictions that are both taskspecific and based on membership that can intersect with each other. They respond to particular problems in specific policy fields (Marks & Hooghe, 2004). Our analysis shows that the increase in coordination and integration are the outcome of both MLG Type II processes (coordination between two issue-specific bodies) and of MLG Type I processes (tensions between two governmental levels). Furthermore, the negotiation dynamics regarding this increased coordination and integration reveal that the tensions typical of MLG Type I took place as a consequence of the increased coordination between Type II bodies. Put differently, multi-level coordination and integration mechanisms in the EU can be seen as both Type I and Type II processes. They combine features of both categories and reveal that their Type I and Type II features are interdependent. Practical implications — The analysis in this chapter shows a need for further strengthening the MLG Type I and II conceptual framework by balancing the analytical distinction between the two types with developments about how Type I and Type II are often entangled and intertwined with each other rather than separated realities. Social implications — The chapter describes and compares the dynamics in the European telecommunications sector and the European patent system with interesting observations for NRAs and the European Commission with respect to coordination and integration. Originality/value — The original nature of the current chapter relates to the two selected areas and the addition to the literature on MLG. First, with respect to the areas investigated the dynamics of the European telecommunications sector have been analyzed also by other authors, but the European patent system is an area which is relatively unexplored in terms of governance research. The combination of the two sectors with a detailed analysis of similarities and differences is highly original and generates interesting lessons with respect to coordination and integration in supranational and intergovernmental regimes. Second, Marks and Hooghe (2004) distinguish between the two types of MLG as if they are two different constructs that are not related to each other. Our cases and argument cover both types of MLG and show the interconnection between the dynamics taking place in the two types of MLG.
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Papers by Emmanuelle Mathieu
Palgrave Studies in European Union Politics, 2019
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Palgrave Studies in European Union Politics, 2020
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Multi-Level Regulation in the Telecommunications Sector, 2014
Liberalization policies gave rise to multi-level and complex regulatory arrangements in most util... more Liberalization policies gave rise to multi-level and complex regulatory arrangements in most utility sectors in Europe, involving a wide set of authorities with general or sector-based competences. In the post-liberalization era, it becomes necessary to discover how the whole system works and the many regulators interact. In regulatory arrangements, the activities of the different regulators at different governmental levels are embedded.
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Public Policy and Administration
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Palgrave Studies in European Union Politics
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Books by Emmanuelle Mathieu
Articles by Emmanuelle Mathieu
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Papers by Emmanuelle Mathieu