Papers by Wojciech Wozniak
One of the crucial aspects of football fans' identity is their antagonistic attitude towards riva... more One of the crucial aspects of football fans' identity is their antagonistic attitude towards rivals and real or imagined enemies and threats. This article investigates Polish football fans' antagonistic way of building group identity by applying the terms 'predatory identities' and 'immunized communities' as the guiding concepts. The article is based on a content analysis of the performances that Polish football fans present during football matches. An analysis of the cultural patterns presented by fans demonstrates that football fans react to changes in the political and social situation by establishing antagonisms towards ever-new groups and ideas, through which they maintain the immunized character of their own community. The radical search for the opposition between 'us' and 'them' results in an increasingly hermetic nature of fandom. The effect of building radical opposition is the constitution of an 'autoimmune' community, which can lead to the demise or significant diminution of fan culture.
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
Social Policy Issues, 2024
Sport in Finland has a fundamental societal role as the nation's favourite pastime, serving also ... more Sport in Finland has a fundamental societal role as the nation's favourite pastime, serving also various instrumentally defined social goals. Finland for a long time combined significant successes in elite sport with high levels of physical activity among the population. In recent years, the successes, particularly in individual sports, declined but Finland remains the European country with the highest share of the population being physically active. The paper approaches these peculiarities, tracking Finnish sports' historical institutional roots and transformations over the years. Elaborating on the recent reforms of the sports policy, the article points to two crucial processes. The first concerns the transformation of sports policy in accordance with neoliberal ideas, whereas the second relates to the depoliticisation of sport-related policymaking in Finland. The latter phenomenon is particularly interesting given the long-lasting tradition of classbased, political divisions relating to the field of sport in the Finnish context.
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
International Labor and Working-Class History
Łódź and Tampere share an industrial and political past. Part of the Russian empire, the cities b... more Łódź and Tampere share an industrial and political past. Part of the Russian empire, the cities became major textile hubs crucial for Tsarist industrial economy.1 The cities were also Red strongholds. Historically, they can be seen as socio-economic “experiments” and “islands of modernization” within largely rural societies. Since the 1980s (in case of Tampere) and the 1990s (in case of Łódź) both cities have undergone substantial social and economic transformations connected with the collapse or decline of traditional industries. How do the two cities choose to represent their working-class heritage today? This essay compares how city museums in Tampere and Łódź represent their working-class history in selective and contradictory ways.
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
Przegląd Socjologii Jakościowej 2021 Tom XVII Numer 1, 2021
Abstrakt: Artykuł podejmuje problematykę transformacji Finlandii w drugiej połowie XX wieku, któr... more Abstrakt: Artykuł podejmuje problematykę transformacji Finlandii w drugiej połowie XX wieku, której efektem jest osiągnięcie pozycji jednego z globalnych liderów w dziedzinie nowych technologii i rozwoju gospodarki opartej na wiedzy przy jednoczesnym znacznym podniesieniu jakości życia obywateli. Celem artykułu jest omówienie kombinacji wewnętrznych czynników związanych z działania-mi fińskich elit, które umożliwiły tę transformację. Wykorzystując liczne źródła historyczne i odwołując się do koncepcji systemów-światów Wallersteina, artykuł koncentruje się w szczególności na specyfice XIX-wiecznego procesu narodowotwórczego, znaczeniu edukacji i systemu oświaty, orientacji na przyszłość oraz dominującego w społeczeństwie postrzegania nauki i wiedzy, jako kluczowych czynnikach definiujących proces modernizacji.
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
Studia z Polityki Publicznej, 2021
Złożoność i niejednoznaczność zjawiska samobójstwa to główne czynniki utrudniające planowanie i w... more Złożoność i niejednoznaczność zjawiska samobójstwa to główne czynniki utrudniające planowanie i wdrażanie działań zapobiegających zachowaniom suicydalnym. Zidentyfikowane w badaniach i opisane w literaturze przedmiotu czynniki ryzyka przybliżają jednak do tworzenia skutecznych strategii prewencyjnych, co wydaje się niezbędne, szczególnie w krajach o wysokich wskaźnikach samobójstw. Strategie te są wielowymiarowe i obejmują działania na różnych poziomach, a kierowane są zarówno do specyficznych grup docelowych (osób zagrożonych samobójstwem oraz grup zawodowych, które mogą wspierać takie osoby), jak i do społeczności lokalnych czy całego społeczeństwa (by uświadamiać zbiorowość na temat zdrowia psychicznego i zachowań samobójczych). W celu skutecznego opracowania strategii, dostosowanej do specyficznych warunków środowiskowych, niezbędne jest przeprowadzenie szczegółowej eksploracji zjawiska zachowań samobójczych, co następnie pozwala wdrażać rozwiązania oparte na dowodach naukowych (evidence-based policy). Niniejszy artykuł omawia proces badań, opracowania i wdrażania strategii zapobiegania samobójstwom w Finlandii oraz jej funkcjonowania od lat 90. XX w., a także roli w polityce publicznej. W tym kontekście omówiony został znaczny spadek wskaźnika samobójstw w Finlandii w tym okresie, a fiński przypadek potraktowany został jako potencjalna inspiracja dla profilaktyki zachowań samobójczych w Polsce.
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
International Labor and Working Class History, 2020
Łódź and Tampere share an industrial and political past. Part of the Russian empire, the cities ... more Łódź and Tampere share an industrial and political past. Part of the Russian empire, the cities became major textile hubs crucial for Tsarist industrial economy. 1 The cities were also Red strongholds. Historically, they can be seen as socioeconomic "experiments" and "islands of modernization" within largely rural societies. Since the 1980s (in case of Tampere) and the 1990s (in case of Łódz) both cities have undergone substantial social and economic transformations connected with the collapse or decline of traditional industries. How do the two cities choose to represent their working-class heritage today? This essay compares how city museums in Tampere and Łódź represent their working-class history in selective and contradictory ways.
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
Communist and Post-Communist Studies, 2019
Sport mega events are the most prominent manifestations of the multidimensional and global interr... more Sport mega events are the most prominent manifestations of the multidimensional and global interrelation between sport and politics. The purpose of the paper is to present the contrasting cases of two Polish SMEs: UEFA European Championships in football (Euro, 2012) and the bid for Winter Olympic Games Cracow 2022. This article pays special attention to the role of Polish political elite in promoting both events and to the grassroots movement that effectively ended the bidding for the latter event. It also discusses how the allegedly successful Euro 2012 tournament was presented in the public discourse in order to avoid conflicts and debates about the very idea of hosting the games. This proved unsuccessful in the latter case. This case deserves scrutiny as it is an unusual example of effective bottom up mobilization of civil society against the whole political elite.
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
The article is based on a critical case study of the BBC’s investigative documentary titled Stadi... more The article is based on a critical case study of the BBC’s investigative documentary titled Stadiums of Hate and the public’s response to it. The documentary was broadcasted 11 days before the kickoff of Euro 2012 (UEFA [Union of European Football Associations] European Championships in Football), the first sport mega event hosted in Poland and Ukraine. The main theme was football-related racism and violence allegedly threatening the safety of the fans coming to the tournament. The article follows Amanda Rohloff’s proposal combining the Eliasian conceptual framework of civilizing processes with the moral panics approach to describe the effort to amplify the spiral of public outcry toward the hosts of Euro 2012 in an attempt to modernize and civilize the Eastern European world of football. The moral panics spiral was brought to an end by the tournament which did not justify grim predictions. The article combines analysis of media content and the public statements with interviews conducted with some of the informants of the BBC journalists.
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
The International Journal of the History of Sport
This paper addresses the massive scale of match-fixing in Polish football revealed by the corrupt... more This paper addresses the massive scale of match-fixing in Polish football revealed by the corruption scandal which hit the headlines in the Polish media in 2005. Although more than a decade later the investigation is far from over, it is already clear that corruption was an everyday phenomenon ignored or purposely overlooked by bodies supervizing football competitions. The peculiarity of the Polish case stems from the fact that the match-fixing was not betting-related. The paper attempts to track the historical roots of corruption, paying particular attention to the period of communism (1945–1989) and the role of the Polish Football Association. Subsequently, several non-mutually exclusive sociological interpretations of the situation are discussed.
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
Sport in Society, 2021
Most national symbols – the flag, the coat of arms, the anthem, the pantheon of historical figure... more Most national symbols – the flag, the coat of arms, the anthem, the pantheon of historical figures – belong to the common symbolic space. However, there are also those which divide the society: controversial figures or historical events which are difficult to assess and vulnerable to contradictory interpretations. In Poland, one case in point are the Cursed Soldiers. This paper discusses a specific mode of patriotism of football fans influenced by the figures of Cursed Soldiers. The first part provides a theoretical frame for further arguments. The second draws the relation between Polish football fans and nationalism. The third introduces the figure of Cursed Soldiers: their history, political context and social perceptions. The fourth part analyses fans’ guerrilla patriotism. It revolves around performative content produced within football fandom, mainly by ultras groups. The article concludes with a discussion of specifics and universals of the proposed model of guerrilla patriotism.
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
This article aims to present the discursive processes that were used to justify the path chosen t... more This article aims to present the discursive processes that were used to justify the path chosen to implement the social and economic transformation to capitalism in Poland. Special attention is paid to the role of elites in shaping a public discourse which legitimized the significant pauperization in society and growth of income inequalities as being conditioned on individual defects and the “civilizational incompetence” of those at the bottom of the social structure. These citizens of Poland were presented as a constraint and obstacle to achieving a faster pace of modernization processes. This has influenced the thinking of politicians involved in policy-making at the national level, as well as the attitudes of those involved in the implementation of welfare measures at the local level. Furthermore, it has contributed to the unspoken consensus of all mainstream political parties over the neoliberal reforms in the economy and social policy.
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
Celem artykułu jest zarysowanie problematyki polityk publicznych związanych ze sportem, wskazanie... more Celem artykułu jest zarysowanie problematyki polityk publicznych związanych ze sportem, wskazanie obszarów, w których sport jest wykorzystywany jako użyteczne narzędzie realizowania celów politycznych (tak w sensie policy, jak i politics), w odniesieniu do polityki społecznej, polityki międzynarodowej i polityki tożsamościowej. Opierając się na istniejącej literaturze, głównie anglosaskiej oraz w znacznie mniejszym stopniu polskiej, w artykule wskazuje się kluczowe pola tematyczne i obszary badawcze, zwracając uwagę na prowadzone prace badawcze w ramach nauk społecznych i politycznych oraz ewentualne niedostatki istniejących diagnoz naukowych w ww. zakresie.
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
Problems of Post-Communism, 2019
This article examines the lack of political pluralism and the resurgence of nationalism among foo... more This article examines the lack of political pluralism and the resurgence of nationalism among football fans in Poland. As confirmed by quantitative surveys, Polish fans align with right- or ultra-right wing parties. Left-wing ideology is virtually non-existent at football terraces. The aims of the paper are: to provide a thorough description of Polish fans’ political engagement and attitudes; to discuss interrelations between the wider socio-political context and specificity of football fandom and to explain the issue of growing politicization of fandom in the last decade. Finally, several non-mutually exclusive sociological interpretations of the state of affairs are offered.
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
Contemporary Politics, 2020
The paper approaches the topic of economic inequality in a political
discourse in Poland. It is b... more The paper approaches the topic of economic inequality in a political
discourse in Poland. It is based on a content analysis of 43 political manifestos from the elections held in Poland between 2001 and 2011. The analysis confirms that growing economic polarization of Polish society was rarely challenged during the democratic transition in the crucial party documents. The longitudinal approach allows for capturing the differences in the way inequality are referred to in the political before and throughout the economic crisis ignited in 2008, showing and that, with the exception of one political party, the issue of income inequality
was still absent from the political agenda at times when it was one of the crucial topic in political debates elsewhere. Contrary to most studies on political manifestos which apply a quantitative approach, this paper offers qualitative content analysis concentrated on one important political theme.
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
The labour market in Poland is characterized by low wages, long working hours, the largest share ... more The labour market in Poland is characterized by low wages, long working hours, the largest share of fixed-term contacts among EU countries, and a low share of unemployed entitled to very low benefits.
In a country being the cradle of the Solidarność labour movement, union density is currently distinctively low and the position of labour unions weak, particularly in the private sector. The massive post-accession migration can be partially explained by dissatisfaction with labour arrangements constructed throughout the socio-economic transformation into capitalism.
The article tracks the main features of strategic discourse surrounding labour market reforms in Poland after 1989. The analysis of documents published by subsequent Polish Governments allowed for reconstruction of the elements of discursive processes that paved the way for radical liberalization of the labour arrangements. The review of strategic documents was organized around three questions: the rationale and the construction of policy agenda, its normative and axiological fundaments and the discursive tools forcing consent around proposed measures.
The consistency of beliefs in the proposed solutions disregarding changing internal (measurable outcomes of the policies) and external (growing criticism of neo-liberalism in the aftermath of the global financial crisis) circumstances fit the criteria of ‘master’ discourse, as defined by Vivian A. Schmidt. We argue that these cognitive and normative aspects of Polish discourse mirrored, to a large extent, the processes occurring in the UK under Thatcher's rule as reconstructed by Schmidt.
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
Problems of Post-Communism, 2019
This article examines the lack of political pluralism and the resurgence of nationalism among foo... more This article examines the lack of political pluralism and the resurgence of nationalism among football fans in Poland. As confirmed by quantitative surveys, Polish fans align with right- or ultra-right wing parties. Left-wing ideology is virtually non-existent at football terraces. The aims of the paper are: to provide a thorough description of Polish fans’ political engagement and attitudes; to discuss interrelations between the wider socio-political context and specificity of football fandom and to explain the issue of growing politicization of fandom in the last decade. Finally, several non-mutually exclusive sociological interpretations of the state of affairs are offered.
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
Programy partyjne są jedynymi dokumentami, które można uznać za całościowe wizje porządku społecz... more Programy partyjne są jedynymi dokumentami, które można uznać za całościowe wizje porządku społecznego opracowane przez partie polityczne – jedyne polityczne instytucje, które mają potencjał ich wdrożenia w przypadku zwycięskich wyborów. Są to również opracowania, które lokują partię w konkretnej, historycznej i ideowej przestrzeni, stąd powinno się je traktować w naukowym dyskursie poważ-nie, jako opisy pożądanej przyszłości narodu, państwa i społeczeństwa. Artykuł ma na celu omówienie problematyki programów partyjnych jako specyficznego materiału źródłowego, przedstawienie najważniejszego sposobu ich porównawczej analizy oraz zaprezentowanie doświadczeń autora z własnych badań, które obejmowały jakościową analizę treści 63 polskich programów wyborczych z lat 2001–2011. Celem artykułu jest wskazanie specyfiki polskich programów politycznych, próba wyjaśnienia ich wyjątkowości na tle innych dokumentów politycznych oraz rozważanie ich zalet/ słabości jako materiałów empirycznych w analizie polskiego dyskursu politycznego oraz ideologicznych afiliacji polskich ugrupowań partyjnych.
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
Communist and Post-Communist Studies, 2019
Sport mega events are the most prominent manifestations of the multidimensional and global interr... more Sport mega events are the most prominent manifestations of the multidimensional and global interrelation between sport and politics. The purpose of the paper is to present the contrasting cases of two Polish SMEs: UEFA European Championships in football (Euro, 2012) and the bid for Winter Olympic Games Cracow 2022. This article pays special attention to the role of Polish political elite in promoting both events and to the grassroots movement that effectively ended the bidding for the latter event. It also discusses how the allegedly successful Euro 2012 tournament was presented in the public discourse in order to avoid conflicts and debates about the very idea of hosting the games. This proved unsuccessful in the latter case. This case deserves scrutiny as it is an unusual example of effective bottom up mobilization of civil society against the whole political elite.
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
Homogeneity of Focus Groups as a Pathway to Successful Research Findings? Methodological Notes fr... more Homogeneity of Focus Groups as a Pathway to Successful Research Findings? Methodological Notes from the Fieldwork concerning the eiciency of American war propaganda). Nowadays, it is also very often used as an instrument of research on political issues, in healthcare research, or while projecting solutions in policy-making processes. During the following decades this kind of study has been hailed and criticized by various scholars involved in methodological debates over the qualitative paradigm of social research.
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
Uploads
Papers by Wojciech Wozniak
discourse in Poland. It is based on a content analysis of 43 political manifestos from the elections held in Poland between 2001 and 2011. The analysis confirms that growing economic polarization of Polish society was rarely challenged during the democratic transition in the crucial party documents. The longitudinal approach allows for capturing the differences in the way inequality are referred to in the political before and throughout the economic crisis ignited in 2008, showing and that, with the exception of one political party, the issue of income inequality
was still absent from the political agenda at times when it was one of the crucial topic in political debates elsewhere. Contrary to most studies on political manifestos which apply a quantitative approach, this paper offers qualitative content analysis concentrated on one important political theme.
In a country being the cradle of the Solidarność labour movement, union density is currently distinctively low and the position of labour unions weak, particularly in the private sector. The massive post-accession migration can be partially explained by dissatisfaction with labour arrangements constructed throughout the socio-economic transformation into capitalism.
The article tracks the main features of strategic discourse surrounding labour market reforms in Poland after 1989. The analysis of documents published by subsequent Polish Governments allowed for reconstruction of the elements of discursive processes that paved the way for radical liberalization of the labour arrangements. The review of strategic documents was organized around three questions: the rationale and the construction of policy agenda, its normative and axiological fundaments and the discursive tools forcing consent around proposed measures.
The consistency of beliefs in the proposed solutions disregarding changing internal (measurable outcomes of the policies) and external (growing criticism of neo-liberalism in the aftermath of the global financial crisis) circumstances fit the criteria of ‘master’ discourse, as defined by Vivian A. Schmidt. We argue that these cognitive and normative aspects of Polish discourse mirrored, to a large extent, the processes occurring in the UK under Thatcher's rule as reconstructed by Schmidt.
discourse in Poland. It is based on a content analysis of 43 political manifestos from the elections held in Poland between 2001 and 2011. The analysis confirms that growing economic polarization of Polish society was rarely challenged during the democratic transition in the crucial party documents. The longitudinal approach allows for capturing the differences in the way inequality are referred to in the political before and throughout the economic crisis ignited in 2008, showing and that, with the exception of one political party, the issue of income inequality
was still absent from the political agenda at times when it was one of the crucial topic in political debates elsewhere. Contrary to most studies on political manifestos which apply a quantitative approach, this paper offers qualitative content analysis concentrated on one important political theme.
In a country being the cradle of the Solidarność labour movement, union density is currently distinctively low and the position of labour unions weak, particularly in the private sector. The massive post-accession migration can be partially explained by dissatisfaction with labour arrangements constructed throughout the socio-economic transformation into capitalism.
The article tracks the main features of strategic discourse surrounding labour market reforms in Poland after 1989. The analysis of documents published by subsequent Polish Governments allowed for reconstruction of the elements of discursive processes that paved the way for radical liberalization of the labour arrangements. The review of strategic documents was organized around three questions: the rationale and the construction of policy agenda, its normative and axiological fundaments and the discursive tools forcing consent around proposed measures.
The consistency of beliefs in the proposed solutions disregarding changing internal (measurable outcomes of the policies) and external (growing criticism of neo-liberalism in the aftermath of the global financial crisis) circumstances fit the criteria of ‘master’ discourse, as defined by Vivian A. Schmidt. We argue that these cognitive and normative aspects of Polish discourse mirrored, to a large extent, the processes occurring in the UK under Thatcher's rule as reconstructed by Schmidt.
Celem książki jest omówienie i analiza przede wszystkim wewnętrznych czynników związanych z procesami politycznymi oraz planowaniem polityk publicznych, które umożliwiły Finlandii bezprecedensowy rozwój i awans do grupy najbardziej rozwiniętych gospodarczo i technologicznie krajów świata. Udało się to osiągnąć, pomimo, że jeszcze w połowie XX wieku, Finlandia była państwem peryferyjnym z gospodarką opartą o prostą produkcję i eksport drewna, jedynego masowo dostępnego surowca naturalnego.
We wprowadzeniu autor omawia problematykę kluczowych geograficznych, historycznych i kulturowych czynników determinujących budowanie instytucji oraz sytuację fińskiego społeczeństwa w czasach poprzedzających uzyskanie niepodległości w 1917 roku oraz w pierwszych dekadach suwerennego państwa fińskiego.
W kolejnych częściach poświęconych polityce gospodarczej, edukacyjnej i społecznej autor opisuje proces polityczny oraz konkretne rozwiązania przyjęte w tych obszarach, które na przełomie XX i XXI wieku umożliwiły osiągnięcie wspomnianego sukcesu oraz podniesienie zamożności oraz jakości życia fińskiego społeczeństwa.
The book aims to describe and analyse mainly internal factors relating to the political processes and public policy-planning that allowed Finland unprecedented development and promotion to the group of most economically and technologically advanced states in the world. It was possible to achieve even though in the mid-20 century Finland still remained a peripheral country with the economy based on a basic production and export of the wood, it’s only natural resource available on a mass scale. In the introduction, author describes crucial geographical, historical and cultural factors determining he institutions’ building processes and the situation of Finnish society before gaining the independence in a year 1917 and in the first decades of sovereign Finnish state. In the following parts, devoted to economic, educational and social policies, he describes political processes and concrete solutions implemented in these spheres which at the turn of the XX and XXI century allowed achieving aforementioned success and increase in the affluence and quality of life of Finnish people. In the concluding chapter, author pays special attention to the role of education, knowledge and science in planning and designing or public policies in Finland as a key factors allowing the radical transformation of Finnish economy and society. The books ends with a discussion about the major challenges that Finnish state and society confront at the moment and most promising future research fields.
It surveys the turbulent history of Poland in recent decades and explores the dominant right-wing ideology on the terraces, characterised by nationalism, ‘traditional’ values and anti-immigrant sentiment. As one of the first book-length studies of fandom in Eastern Europe, this book makes an important contribution to our understanding of society and politics in post-Communist states.
Politics, Ideology and Football Fandom is an important read for students and researchers studying sport, politics and identity, as well as those working in sports studies and political studies covering sociology of sport, globalisation studies, East European politics, ethnic studies, social movements studies, political history and nationalism studies.
Drugą charakterystyczną cechą naszego opracowania jest poświęcenie znacznego miejsca kwestiom definiowania i rozumienia zrównoważonego rozwoju oraz pokrewnych pojęć. W naukach społecznych, niezbędnym elementem wywodu, dzięki któremu można zachować klarowność i precyzję opisu jest trafna operacjonalizacja wykorzystywanych terminów. To, a także przekonanie o ideotwórczym znaczeniu języka i roli różnych dyskursów (prawnego, politycznego, naukowego) spowodowało, że poświęciliśmy w pracy wiele miejsca, by przedstawić czytelnikom szeroką gamę sposobów rozumienia zrównoważonego rozwoju oraz praktycznych konsekwencji ewoluowania tych definicji.
Struktura książki wynika bezpośrednio ze specyfiki naszych – socjologicznych – zainteresowań i warsztatu. Stąd trzecią cechą specyficzną naszej perspektywy jest ścisłe powiązanie kwestii środowiskowych, ekonomicznych oraz społecznych oraz podkreślanie ich politycznych uwarunkowań. Uznajemy, że wąskie, ekologiczne rozumienie zrównoważonego rozwoju zdezaktualizowało się. Dominujący od kilkudziesięciu lat paradygmat dominującej ekonomii neoklasycznej okazał swą słabość i nieadekwatność postulowanych rozwiązań w obliczu kryzysu finansowego i gospodarczego. Błędem okazało się lekceważenie społecznych i środowiskowych konsekwencji dominującego od lat siedemdziesiątych XX wieku modelu rozwoju, do czego przyczyniły się polityczne decyzje lub ich brak. Petryfikacja tej sytuacji wydaje się być jednym z najpoważniejszych współczesnych zagrożeń. Połączenie działań proekologicznych z budowaniem spójności społecznej, integracją tych segmentów społecznej struktury, które dzisiaj nie uczestniczą w życiu społecznym i ekonomicznym wydaje się być niezbędne dla powszechnej legitymizacji takich działań i ich przyszłej skuteczności.
Czwartym elementem charakterystycznym dla naszego podejścia jest koncentracja na procesie instytucjonalizacji zrównoważonego rozwoju, przede wszystkim na poziomie makro – ponadnarodowych struktur i sojuszy formułujących najważniejsze dokumenty oraz tworzących organizacje zajmujące się tą problematyką. Wskazywaliśmy również na znaczącą rolę poszczególnych państw i instytucji tworzonych na tym szczeblu. Z jednej strony odpowiedzialnych za wdrażanie agend działań sformułowanych na poziomie instytucji wyższego szczebla, z drugiej odciskających często swoje specyficzne piętno na sposobie działania narodowych organizacji, wynikające z tradycji lub chociażby regionalnych uwarunkowań geograficznych.
Emocje, płeć, zwierzęta, doping, religia, technologia, media – to tylko kilka z kluczowych kategorii, w świetle których można oglądać sport.
briefly the sociological research in the field. Next, it is discussed how this issue is approached by political ideologies. In the last part of the paper, the author presents the main conclusions drawn from his own research on the Polish political discourse concerning social inequality and its reproduction.