Papers by Elisabetta Patrizi
The catholic world of the Sixteenth century, especially after the Council of Trent, exalted the c... more The catholic world of the Sixteenth century, especially after the Council of Trent, exalted the condition of monastic life as the most perfect and noblest of the conditions of life traditionally reserved for women. The monastic state became the model to which the educational path of every woman had to conform to, even if she was destined to live in the world (as mother, virgin, widow, or married woman). The strong paradigmatic value exerted by the monastic condition of life is clear from the analysis of the pedagogical literature devoted to women published in this period.
The present article focuses on two relevant examples of this literature: the Costituzioni per le monache (Constitutions for Nuns, 1539) by Gian Matteo Giberti and the Ricordi lasciati alle monache (Recollections left to nuns, 1575) by Agostino Valier. The two texts contain very interesting reasons for understanding the pedagogical directions of the time, which are highlighted by the author with specific references to the historical context and thanks to the support of documentary and published sources. These two works were written by two great reformer bishops, and are highly meaningful not only because they complement each other, since both were prepared for the religious women of the diocese of Verona, but mainly because they offer one very vivid insight into the growing importance assigned to the monastic modus vivendi in Sixteenth century Catholic society.
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History of Education & Children’s Literature (HECL) , Dec 2014
This is a revised and expanded version of the article submitted in Spanish to the VI Scientific C... more This is a revised and expanded version of the article submitted in Spanish to the VI Scientific Conference of the Spanish Society for the Study of Historical-Educational Heritage on the topic Pedagogia museística: Prácticas, usos didácticos e investigación del patrimonio educativo, held in Madrid on 22-24 October 2014. It first describes the cultural and scientific context of the need to develop educational actions around the historical educational heritage that are increasingly targeted and diversified. The authors then focus on the analysis of educational experiences developed at the School Museum of Macerata during its first two years of public activity, to offer a contribution to the current debate on the new scenarios that characterize the restoration and enhancement of historical educational heritage
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This article aims at contributing to the debate on educational approaches and practices developed... more This article aims at contributing to the debate on educational approaches and practices developed by the Old Regime society to prepare people for the ineluctable event of death, focusing on a specific literary sources with great heuristic potential, such as the texts that deal with preparing for well dying.
The study of the writing and dissemination of the so-called Artes moriendi has a long tradition, which has its roots in the pioneering researches carried out by Annales historians, who –as we know– have inaugurated a series of studies, which could even have very different approaches and objectives, and which are usually listed under the common label of ‘the history of death’. In particular, the first historians who studied the literature on well dying were Alberto Tenenti, who focused on the phase of the genre origins, and later on Roger Chartier and Daniel Roche, who specifically examined the French context in the modern age. Currently, despite the literal ‘explosion’ of the ‘historiography of death’, recorded since the early Nineties of the last century, the interest for a systematic study of the Artes moriendi –apart from important works such as the one carried out by Fernando Martínez Gil for Spain– is still poorly grown or, at best, as its the case with the Italian context, it is pursued in a circumscribed way, i.e. a latere of researches focusing on other types of sources, such as the wills, or on specific personalities whose literary production includes also a text on ars moriendi.
The project, whose first results are here presented, moves from the premises just called up and involves the fulfilment of the first Italian Repertoire of the Artes moriendi published between the Sixteenth and Eighteenth centuries.
The Italian Repertoire presented here covers a three-century time span (xvi-xviii centuries) and, at the present state of the research, it includes more than 250 titles. This significant corpus of titles has been analysed through a sociological approach, supported by graphics in order to portray the main ‘trends’ of the production and circulation of Artes moriendi in the Italian society in the modern age, to identify the typologies of authors, and to recognise ‘best sellers’, subgenres and specific categories of readers. This analysis is supported by a reflection of contextualisation on ‘well dying’, a theme that in the modern-era Catholic Europe, and especially in the period of maximum development of the literature of preparation for death (second half of the xvi century – xvii century), is treated on the basis of a precise theological conception, i.e. the one elaborated by the Council of Trent, in which pastoral dimension, disciplining and educational action represented an unbreakable unit. The Tridentine theology is, in fact, the breeding ground of this literary genre of long duration. Although over time this literature specialises and differentiates itself according to the recipients and shows significant adjustments of its shape and style to the spirit of its time, it is also true that it always proposes the same ‘pedagogy of death’. We refer to that educational idea which covers the whole life of a person and which passes first and foremost through a series of practices of good Christian life, declined according to patterns and principles defined in their essential shape in the second half of the Sixteenth century. A rich variety of works has been developed along these lines, a long, uninterrupted series of titles where you can easily find out the contact points linking, for example, a great classic of the genre such as the De arte bene moriendi (The art of dying well, 1620) by Cardinal Robert Bellarmine, written between the Sixteenth century and the Seventeenth century, to a milestone of the xviii-century literature on well-dying, such as L’apparecchio alla morte (Preparation for Death, 1758) by St. Alfonso Maria de’ Liguori.
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As part of a series of studies on the Tridentine pastoral, this article aims to analyze the main ... more As part of a series of studies on the Tridentine pastoral, this article aims to analyze the main pedagogical directions which guided the education of the clergy in caring for souls in the ministry of the Word after the Council of Trent, by examining two works written by the bishop of Verona Agostino Valier, at the request of the Archbishop of Milan, Carlo Borromeo: the De rhetorica ecclesiastica ad clericos libri and the Homiliae in Evangelia secundum ritum Ambrosianum. The article reconstructs the genesis of these works through analysis of the correspondence between the two prelates and studies their contents and purposes, with attention to the more general process of the regeneration of preaching as praecipuum munus of the bishop and clergy in cura animarum promoted in the aftermath of Trent.
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In the post-Tridentine period the Company of St. Ursula –founded in 1535 by Angela Merici in Bres... more In the post-Tridentine period the Company of St. Ursula –founded in 1535 by Angela Merici in Brescia– became a model for other Companies which, following the example offered by Milan at the time of Carlo Borromeo, spread to other dioceses, taking an important role in the teaching of Christian doctrine.The city of Verona at the time of bishop Agostino Valier represents one of the first stages of this expansion process. This research reconstructs –for the first time in a systematic way– the origins and the initial phase of consolidation of the Company of Verona, with the support of the most recent bibliography and printed sources, in order to highlight the many educational objectives assigned to the Company within the pastoral plan of one of the most representative players in the post-Tridentine period.
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The twenty year period of pastoral action of the Milan Archibishop Carlo Borromeo, are examined i... more The twenty year period of pastoral action of the Milan Archibishop Carlo Borromeo, are examined in the light of the “social disciplining”, that was a basic component of the Reform, and a sign of the evolution of the modern State and society after the Tridentine turning point. The Borromaic pastoral aimed at putting into effects the Tridentine decrees, and in this connection the historical sources testify the impressive confession-building process which took place in the Milanese area. This process ended with the realisation of a series of new models, such as: the pastor-bishop, i.e. bishop-educator and promoter of a “popular” and active dimension of the Counter-reformation; the new Church, with its hierarchical and centralised organisation, aimed not at abusing, but at discipling and supporting Christian people; the clergy, which was spread across the territory through churches, parishes, and monasteries as well as secular confraternities, and which merged into spiritual animation, education and assistance towards the faithful.
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v. 3, n. 1 (2016) by Elisabetta Patrizi
This work focuses on teachers’ memories and intend to dwell on the heuristic potential of this so... more This work focuses on teachers’ memories and intend to dwell on the heuristic potential of this source category, comparing it with the traditional sources of theoretical-regulatory and educational type. After a presentation on the state of art of historical and historical-educational studies on teachers’ memories, it will offer an overview of the different kinds of memories preserved in the centres of documentation and research of historical and educational interest, examining the books and documentary heritage of the Centre for documentation and research on the history of schoolbooks and children’s literature of Macerata University. Finally, through the analysis of a case study, the Memorie (Memoirs) of the teacher and pedagogist Lorenzo Bettini (1855-1917), we will offer an exemplification of a possible integrated use of sources, for a plural reconstruction of teachers’ history.
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Books by Elisabetta Patrizi
A distanza di appena un anno dalla prima, questa nuova edizione dell’opera Silvio Antoniano. Un u... more A distanza di appena un anno dalla prima, questa nuova edizione dell’opera Silvio Antoniano. Un umanista ed educatore nell’età del Rinnovamento cattolico (1540-1603) si presenta ampliata e aggiornata nei contenuti e nella bibliografia. L’opera, articolata in tre volumi, sulla scorta di una ricchissima documentazione archivistica e a stampa, propone un profilo biografico rivisto e aggiornato dell’Antoniano, mettendo in rilievo aspetti e motivi ancora poco indagati del fondamentale ruolo esercitato dall’ecclesiastico romano in campo culturale ed educativo nella Chiesa e nella società post-tridentina a cavallo tra Cinque e Seicento. Particolare attenzione è dedicata, inoltre, alla genesi e alla fortuna del celebre trattato Tre libri dell’educatione christiana dei figliuoli (1584), vero e proprio monumento pedagogico del cattolicesimo post-tridentino, del quale l’Autrice propone una trascrizione integrale della prima edizione, corredandola di un accurato apparato di note che fa luce sulle fonti scritturistiche e letterarie alle quali ha attinto l’Antoniano.
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Papers by Elisabetta Patrizi
The present article focuses on two relevant examples of this literature: the Costituzioni per le monache (Constitutions for Nuns, 1539) by Gian Matteo Giberti and the Ricordi lasciati alle monache (Recollections left to nuns, 1575) by Agostino Valier. The two texts contain very interesting reasons for understanding the pedagogical directions of the time, which are highlighted by the author with specific references to the historical context and thanks to the support of documentary and published sources. These two works were written by two great reformer bishops, and are highly meaningful not only because they complement each other, since both were prepared for the religious women of the diocese of Verona, but mainly because they offer one very vivid insight into the growing importance assigned to the monastic modus vivendi in Sixteenth century Catholic society.
The study of the writing and dissemination of the so-called Artes moriendi has a long tradition, which has its roots in the pioneering researches carried out by Annales historians, who –as we know– have inaugurated a series of studies, which could even have very different approaches and objectives, and which are usually listed under the common label of ‘the history of death’. In particular, the first historians who studied the literature on well dying were Alberto Tenenti, who focused on the phase of the genre origins, and later on Roger Chartier and Daniel Roche, who specifically examined the French context in the modern age. Currently, despite the literal ‘explosion’ of the ‘historiography of death’, recorded since the early Nineties of the last century, the interest for a systematic study of the Artes moriendi –apart from important works such as the one carried out by Fernando Martínez Gil for Spain– is still poorly grown or, at best, as its the case with the Italian context, it is pursued in a circumscribed way, i.e. a latere of researches focusing on other types of sources, such as the wills, or on specific personalities whose literary production includes also a text on ars moriendi.
The project, whose first results are here presented, moves from the premises just called up and involves the fulfilment of the first Italian Repertoire of the Artes moriendi published between the Sixteenth and Eighteenth centuries.
The Italian Repertoire presented here covers a three-century time span (xvi-xviii centuries) and, at the present state of the research, it includes more than 250 titles. This significant corpus of titles has been analysed through a sociological approach, supported by graphics in order to portray the main ‘trends’ of the production and circulation of Artes moriendi in the Italian society in the modern age, to identify the typologies of authors, and to recognise ‘best sellers’, subgenres and specific categories of readers. This analysis is supported by a reflection of contextualisation on ‘well dying’, a theme that in the modern-era Catholic Europe, and especially in the period of maximum development of the literature of preparation for death (second half of the xvi century – xvii century), is treated on the basis of a precise theological conception, i.e. the one elaborated by the Council of Trent, in which pastoral dimension, disciplining and educational action represented an unbreakable unit. The Tridentine theology is, in fact, the breeding ground of this literary genre of long duration. Although over time this literature specialises and differentiates itself according to the recipients and shows significant adjustments of its shape and style to the spirit of its time, it is also true that it always proposes the same ‘pedagogy of death’. We refer to that educational idea which covers the whole life of a person and which passes first and foremost through a series of practices of good Christian life, declined according to patterns and principles defined in their essential shape in the second half of the Sixteenth century. A rich variety of works has been developed along these lines, a long, uninterrupted series of titles where you can easily find out the contact points linking, for example, a great classic of the genre such as the De arte bene moriendi (The art of dying well, 1620) by Cardinal Robert Bellarmine, written between the Sixteenth century and the Seventeenth century, to a milestone of the xviii-century literature on well-dying, such as L’apparecchio alla morte (Preparation for Death, 1758) by St. Alfonso Maria de’ Liguori.
v. 3, n. 1 (2016) by Elisabetta Patrizi
Books by Elisabetta Patrizi
The present article focuses on two relevant examples of this literature: the Costituzioni per le monache (Constitutions for Nuns, 1539) by Gian Matteo Giberti and the Ricordi lasciati alle monache (Recollections left to nuns, 1575) by Agostino Valier. The two texts contain very interesting reasons for understanding the pedagogical directions of the time, which are highlighted by the author with specific references to the historical context and thanks to the support of documentary and published sources. These two works were written by two great reformer bishops, and are highly meaningful not only because they complement each other, since both were prepared for the religious women of the diocese of Verona, but mainly because they offer one very vivid insight into the growing importance assigned to the monastic modus vivendi in Sixteenth century Catholic society.
The study of the writing and dissemination of the so-called Artes moriendi has a long tradition, which has its roots in the pioneering researches carried out by Annales historians, who –as we know– have inaugurated a series of studies, which could even have very different approaches and objectives, and which are usually listed under the common label of ‘the history of death’. In particular, the first historians who studied the literature on well dying were Alberto Tenenti, who focused on the phase of the genre origins, and later on Roger Chartier and Daniel Roche, who specifically examined the French context in the modern age. Currently, despite the literal ‘explosion’ of the ‘historiography of death’, recorded since the early Nineties of the last century, the interest for a systematic study of the Artes moriendi –apart from important works such as the one carried out by Fernando Martínez Gil for Spain– is still poorly grown or, at best, as its the case with the Italian context, it is pursued in a circumscribed way, i.e. a latere of researches focusing on other types of sources, such as the wills, or on specific personalities whose literary production includes also a text on ars moriendi.
The project, whose first results are here presented, moves from the premises just called up and involves the fulfilment of the first Italian Repertoire of the Artes moriendi published between the Sixteenth and Eighteenth centuries.
The Italian Repertoire presented here covers a three-century time span (xvi-xviii centuries) and, at the present state of the research, it includes more than 250 titles. This significant corpus of titles has been analysed through a sociological approach, supported by graphics in order to portray the main ‘trends’ of the production and circulation of Artes moriendi in the Italian society in the modern age, to identify the typologies of authors, and to recognise ‘best sellers’, subgenres and specific categories of readers. This analysis is supported by a reflection of contextualisation on ‘well dying’, a theme that in the modern-era Catholic Europe, and especially in the period of maximum development of the literature of preparation for death (second half of the xvi century – xvii century), is treated on the basis of a precise theological conception, i.e. the one elaborated by the Council of Trent, in which pastoral dimension, disciplining and educational action represented an unbreakable unit. The Tridentine theology is, in fact, the breeding ground of this literary genre of long duration. Although over time this literature specialises and differentiates itself according to the recipients and shows significant adjustments of its shape and style to the spirit of its time, it is also true that it always proposes the same ‘pedagogy of death’. We refer to that educational idea which covers the whole life of a person and which passes first and foremost through a series of practices of good Christian life, declined according to patterns and principles defined in their essential shape in the second half of the Sixteenth century. A rich variety of works has been developed along these lines, a long, uninterrupted series of titles where you can easily find out the contact points linking, for example, a great classic of the genre such as the De arte bene moriendi (The art of dying well, 1620) by Cardinal Robert Bellarmine, written between the Sixteenth century and the Seventeenth century, to a milestone of the xviii-century literature on well-dying, such as L’apparecchio alla morte (Preparation for Death, 1758) by St. Alfonso Maria de’ Liguori.