Books by Massimo Zaccaria
Viella, 2024
Nella storia della Prima guerra mondiale, e poi in quella della Conferenza della pace di Parigi, ... more Nella storia della Prima guerra mondiale, e poi in quella della Conferenza della pace di Parigi, l’Africa non ha quasi spazio e a stento vi sarebbe entrata se non fosse stato per le operazioni del generale Paul Emil von Lettow-Vorbeck e delle sue truppe nell’Africa orientale.
Attraverso il caso di tre delegazioni che, nella primavera del 1919, il governo etiopico inviò in Europa e negli Stati Uniti, questo volume offre una nuova interpretazione dell’impatto della Grande guerra sull’Etiopia e sui paesi vicini. Sulla base di un’ampia documentazione d’archivio e iconografica, l’autore ricostruisce la vicenda di queste tre missioni inserendola nel contesto storico, ne ripercorre le tappe e si interroga sui suoi veri obiettivi.
Ne emerge l’immagine di un paese determinato a salvaguardare a ogni costo la propria indipendenza e deciso a rispondere colpo su colpo alle manovre dell’Italia che, a partire dal 1917, aveva cominciato a premere per ridefinire gli equilibri politici del Corno d’Africa con l’obiettivo di porre l’Etiopia sotto il suo esclusivo controllo.
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Libia 1911-1912. Colonialismo e collezionismo, 2022
Catalogo della mostra 15 ottobre - 10 dicembre 2022 - Museo Civico del Risorgimento, Bologna.
... more Catalogo della mostra 15 ottobre - 10 dicembre 2022 - Museo Civico del Risorgimento, Bologna.
L’esposizione Libia 1911-1912. Colonialismo e collezionismo, consente di entrare in contatto con vicende belliche che determinarono l’espansione coloniale italiana fino alla fine della Seconda Guerra Mondiale e permette di conoscere le traiettorie del collezionismo coloniale in Italia e in Europa, con riferimento specifico al contributo di cittadini bolognesi. La raccolta libica della Croce Rossa di Bologna, conservata presso il Museo Civico del Risorgimento cittadino e riscoperta nell’ultimo scorcio del Ventesimo secolo, recupera la memoria della guerra italo-turca, un importante episodio del colonialismo italiano postunitario in Africa. Fotografie e oggetti raccolti in Libia dai membri della 47° Ambulanza e conservate in altre raccolte documentarie del Museo del Risorgimento, raccontano le caratteristiche peculiari del collezionismo coloniale. Con riferimento al più ampio contesto della penetrazione europea nell’Africa settentrionale, l’allestimento è arricchito dai materiali della collezione di Carlo Mazzetti, bolognese che visse per oltre cinquant’anni in Egitto a partire dal 1849 e che inviò nella città natale oggetti prelevati dai campi di battaglia delle guerre anglo-egiziana e anglo-mahdista. Il patrimonio donato da Mazzetti, oggi conservato nei depositi del Museo Civico Medievale e in mostra fin dall’allestimento del Museo Civico di Bologna deciso nel 1881, fu confermato nei suoi successivi adattamenti, risalenti all’inizio del XX secolo, quando una vetrina dedicata alle guerre coloniali in Egitto fu aggiunta all’esposizione. Le raccolte, messe tra loro in dialogo nel contesto della mostra Libia 1911-1912, riportano alla luce documenti eccezionali mai pubblicati prima, utili per arricchire la conoscenza storica degli eventi storici che hanno contraddistinto l’espansione coloniale europea nell’Africa settentrionale.
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https://books.openedition.org/cfee/1024
For a long time now it has been common understanding tha... more https://books.openedition.org/cfee/1024
For a long time now it has been common understanding that Africa played only a marginal role in the First World War. Its reduced theatre of operations appeared irrelevant to the strategic balance of the major powers. This volume is a contribution to the growing body of historical literature that explores the global and social history of the First World War. It questions the supposedly marginal role of Africa during the Great War with a special focus on Northeast Africa. In fact, between 1911 and 1924 a series of influential political and social upheavals took place in the vast expanse between Tripoli and Addis Ababa. The First World War was to profoundly change the local balance of power.
This volume consists of fifteen chapters divided into three sections. The essays examine the social, political and operational course of the war and assess its consequences in a region straddling Africa and the Middle East. The relationship between local events and global processes is explored, together with the regional protagonists and their agency. Contrary to the myth still prevailing, the First World War did have both immediate and long-term effects on the region. This edited book highlights some of the significant aspects associated with it.
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Conferences and Events by Massimo Zaccaria
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For a long time now it has been common understanding that Africa played only a marginal role in... more For a long time now it has been common understanding that Africa played only a marginal role in the First World War. Its reduced theatre of operations appeared irrelevant to the strategic balance of the major powers. This volume is a contribution to the growing body of historical literature that explores the global and social history of the First World War. It questions the supposedly marginal role of Africa during the Great War with a special focus on Northeast Africa. In fact, between 1911 and 1924 a series of influential political and social upheavals took place in the vast expanse between Tripoli and Addis Ababa. The First World War was to profoundly change the local balance of power.
This volume consists of fifteen chapters divided into three sections. The essays examine the social, political and operational course of the war and assess its consequences in a region straddling Africa and the Middle East. The relationship between local events and global processes is explored, together with the regional protagonists and their agency. Contrary to the myth still prevailing, the First World War did have both immediate and long-term effects on the region. This book highlights some of the significant aspects associated with it.
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International conference, Addis Ababa University (Ethiopia) / September 30th-October 1st 2016
De... more International conference, Addis Ababa University (Ethiopia) / September 30th-October 1st 2016
Deadline for the call for abstracts: January 29th 2016 Deadline for full selected papers: July 4th 2016
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International Workshop on WWI in Italian Colonies
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Articles by Massimo Zaccaria
First World War Studies, 2024
This article investigates the economic and social situation of Eritrea from 1914 to 1922. Despite... more This article investigates the economic and social situation of Eritrea from 1914 to 1922. Despite its distance from the battlefields, the impact that the Great War had on the country was significant. In addition to the troops sent to Libya, all available resources were sacrificed for the war effort. In this period the population had to deal with a marked deterioration in living conditions, and the war years passed amidst famine, shortages and dramatic price increases. Once the conflict ended, the negative spiral, instead of easing, worsened, plunging Eritrea into an even deeper economic crisis. Among the consequences of this situation was a rapid embrace of fascism among the settlers of Eritrea.
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The Journal of North African Studies, 2024
This article examines the relationship between the Italo-Ottoman War of 1911–1912 and the Red Sea... more This article examines the relationship between the Italo-Ottoman War of 1911–1912 and the Red Sea region. Italy, having failed to obtain a decisive victory in battle, decided in late 1911 to pressure the Ottoman Empire by extending the conflict to the Eastern Mediterranean and the Red Sea. While scholars have focused mainly on the conquest of Rhodes and the Dodecanese islands, this article maintains that greater attention needs to be paid to the involvement of the Red Sea area in operations in Libya. It was from this region that the tens of thousands of askaris were recruited, contributing over the years to shifting the balance in combat, and it was also from this region that attempts were made to get the support of some brotherhoods linked to the teachings of Sheykh Aḥmad Ibn Idrīs in a vain attempt to convince the Sanūsī order to de-escalate resistance. Consequently, this work looks at the Italian-Ottoman War also from the angle of its intense, dynamic link with the Red Sea region.
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Northeast African Studies, 2022
When faced with the problem of setting up their colonial troops in Somalia, the Italians adopted ... more When faced with the problem of setting up their colonial troops in Somalia, the Italians adopted a rigid quota system. According to the Regulations of the Royal Colonial Corps of Somalia of 1906, only 10 percent of the available positions were reserved for Somalis. Another 20 percent of the troops was reserved for "people of other races," whereas the remaining 70 percent had to be made up of "Arab" soldiers from Yemen and the southern part of the Arabian Peninsula. When other colonial armies, in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, were unable to reach such percentages, they filled the gaps in their ranks with a large number of "foreigners." This article looks at why this situation arose and how these men were recruited, investigating the world of transnational enlistment in an area stretching from Benadir to the southern Red Sea. The phenomenon is analyzed through the prism of labor and mobility history, two approaches that allow us to grasp aspects and characteristics that military history alone would be hard-pressed to bring to light. The article argues that for many men, being a
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Northeast African Studies, 2022
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Ordinary Sudan, 1504–2019: From Social History to Politics from Below, edited by Elena Vezzadini, Iris Seri-Hersch, Lucie Revilla, Anaël Poussier and Mahassin Abdul Jalil, Berlin-Boston, De Gruyter, 2023, vol. I, 237-264, 2023
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in Luca Villa (a cura di), Libia 1911-1912. Colonialismo e collezionismo, Bologna, Pàtron, 2022, 91-94, 2022
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Books by Massimo Zaccaria
Attraverso il caso di tre delegazioni che, nella primavera del 1919, il governo etiopico inviò in Europa e negli Stati Uniti, questo volume offre una nuova interpretazione dell’impatto della Grande guerra sull’Etiopia e sui paesi vicini. Sulla base di un’ampia documentazione d’archivio e iconografica, l’autore ricostruisce la vicenda di queste tre missioni inserendola nel contesto storico, ne ripercorre le tappe e si interroga sui suoi veri obiettivi.
Ne emerge l’immagine di un paese determinato a salvaguardare a ogni costo la propria indipendenza e deciso a rispondere colpo su colpo alle manovre dell’Italia che, a partire dal 1917, aveva cominciato a premere per ridefinire gli equilibri politici del Corno d’Africa con l’obiettivo di porre l’Etiopia sotto il suo esclusivo controllo.
L’esposizione Libia 1911-1912. Colonialismo e collezionismo, consente di entrare in contatto con vicende belliche che determinarono l’espansione coloniale italiana fino alla fine della Seconda Guerra Mondiale e permette di conoscere le traiettorie del collezionismo coloniale in Italia e in Europa, con riferimento specifico al contributo di cittadini bolognesi. La raccolta libica della Croce Rossa di Bologna, conservata presso il Museo Civico del Risorgimento cittadino e riscoperta nell’ultimo scorcio del Ventesimo secolo, recupera la memoria della guerra italo-turca, un importante episodio del colonialismo italiano postunitario in Africa. Fotografie e oggetti raccolti in Libia dai membri della 47° Ambulanza e conservate in altre raccolte documentarie del Museo del Risorgimento, raccontano le caratteristiche peculiari del collezionismo coloniale. Con riferimento al più ampio contesto della penetrazione europea nell’Africa settentrionale, l’allestimento è arricchito dai materiali della collezione di Carlo Mazzetti, bolognese che visse per oltre cinquant’anni in Egitto a partire dal 1849 e che inviò nella città natale oggetti prelevati dai campi di battaglia delle guerre anglo-egiziana e anglo-mahdista. Il patrimonio donato da Mazzetti, oggi conservato nei depositi del Museo Civico Medievale e in mostra fin dall’allestimento del Museo Civico di Bologna deciso nel 1881, fu confermato nei suoi successivi adattamenti, risalenti all’inizio del XX secolo, quando una vetrina dedicata alle guerre coloniali in Egitto fu aggiunta all’esposizione. Le raccolte, messe tra loro in dialogo nel contesto della mostra Libia 1911-1912, riportano alla luce documenti eccezionali mai pubblicati prima, utili per arricchire la conoscenza storica degli eventi storici che hanno contraddistinto l’espansione coloniale europea nell’Africa settentrionale.
For a long time now it has been common understanding that Africa played only a marginal role in the First World War. Its reduced theatre of operations appeared irrelevant to the strategic balance of the major powers. This volume is a contribution to the growing body of historical literature that explores the global and social history of the First World War. It questions the supposedly marginal role of Africa during the Great War with a special focus on Northeast Africa. In fact, between 1911 and 1924 a series of influential political and social upheavals took place in the vast expanse between Tripoli and Addis Ababa. The First World War was to profoundly change the local balance of power.
This volume consists of fifteen chapters divided into three sections. The essays examine the social, political and operational course of the war and assess its consequences in a region straddling Africa and the Middle East. The relationship between local events and global processes is explored, together with the regional protagonists and their agency. Contrary to the myth still prevailing, the First World War did have both immediate and long-term effects on the region. This edited book highlights some of the significant aspects associated with it.
Conferences and Events by Massimo Zaccaria
This volume consists of fifteen chapters divided into three sections. The essays examine the social, political and operational course of the war and assess its consequences in a region straddling Africa and the Middle East. The relationship between local events and global processes is explored, together with the regional protagonists and their agency. Contrary to the myth still prevailing, the First World War did have both immediate and long-term effects on the region. This book highlights some of the significant aspects associated with it.
Deadline for the call for abstracts: January 29th 2016 Deadline for full selected papers: July 4th 2016
Articles by Massimo Zaccaria
Attraverso il caso di tre delegazioni che, nella primavera del 1919, il governo etiopico inviò in Europa e negli Stati Uniti, questo volume offre una nuova interpretazione dell’impatto della Grande guerra sull’Etiopia e sui paesi vicini. Sulla base di un’ampia documentazione d’archivio e iconografica, l’autore ricostruisce la vicenda di queste tre missioni inserendola nel contesto storico, ne ripercorre le tappe e si interroga sui suoi veri obiettivi.
Ne emerge l’immagine di un paese determinato a salvaguardare a ogni costo la propria indipendenza e deciso a rispondere colpo su colpo alle manovre dell’Italia che, a partire dal 1917, aveva cominciato a premere per ridefinire gli equilibri politici del Corno d’Africa con l’obiettivo di porre l’Etiopia sotto il suo esclusivo controllo.
L’esposizione Libia 1911-1912. Colonialismo e collezionismo, consente di entrare in contatto con vicende belliche che determinarono l’espansione coloniale italiana fino alla fine della Seconda Guerra Mondiale e permette di conoscere le traiettorie del collezionismo coloniale in Italia e in Europa, con riferimento specifico al contributo di cittadini bolognesi. La raccolta libica della Croce Rossa di Bologna, conservata presso il Museo Civico del Risorgimento cittadino e riscoperta nell’ultimo scorcio del Ventesimo secolo, recupera la memoria della guerra italo-turca, un importante episodio del colonialismo italiano postunitario in Africa. Fotografie e oggetti raccolti in Libia dai membri della 47° Ambulanza e conservate in altre raccolte documentarie del Museo del Risorgimento, raccontano le caratteristiche peculiari del collezionismo coloniale. Con riferimento al più ampio contesto della penetrazione europea nell’Africa settentrionale, l’allestimento è arricchito dai materiali della collezione di Carlo Mazzetti, bolognese che visse per oltre cinquant’anni in Egitto a partire dal 1849 e che inviò nella città natale oggetti prelevati dai campi di battaglia delle guerre anglo-egiziana e anglo-mahdista. Il patrimonio donato da Mazzetti, oggi conservato nei depositi del Museo Civico Medievale e in mostra fin dall’allestimento del Museo Civico di Bologna deciso nel 1881, fu confermato nei suoi successivi adattamenti, risalenti all’inizio del XX secolo, quando una vetrina dedicata alle guerre coloniali in Egitto fu aggiunta all’esposizione. Le raccolte, messe tra loro in dialogo nel contesto della mostra Libia 1911-1912, riportano alla luce documenti eccezionali mai pubblicati prima, utili per arricchire la conoscenza storica degli eventi storici che hanno contraddistinto l’espansione coloniale europea nell’Africa settentrionale.
For a long time now it has been common understanding that Africa played only a marginal role in the First World War. Its reduced theatre of operations appeared irrelevant to the strategic balance of the major powers. This volume is a contribution to the growing body of historical literature that explores the global and social history of the First World War. It questions the supposedly marginal role of Africa during the Great War with a special focus on Northeast Africa. In fact, between 1911 and 1924 a series of influential political and social upheavals took place in the vast expanse between Tripoli and Addis Ababa. The First World War was to profoundly change the local balance of power.
This volume consists of fifteen chapters divided into three sections. The essays examine the social, political and operational course of the war and assess its consequences in a region straddling Africa and the Middle East. The relationship between local events and global processes is explored, together with the regional protagonists and their agency. Contrary to the myth still prevailing, the First World War did have both immediate and long-term effects on the region. This edited book highlights some of the significant aspects associated with it.
This volume consists of fifteen chapters divided into three sections. The essays examine the social, political and operational course of the war and assess its consequences in a region straddling Africa and the Middle East. The relationship between local events and global processes is explored, together with the regional protagonists and their agency. Contrary to the myth still prevailing, the First World War did have both immediate and long-term effects on the region. This book highlights some of the significant aspects associated with it.
Deadline for the call for abstracts: January 29th 2016 Deadline for full selected papers: July 4th 2016
the labor to the war effort. This essay explores the effects of this policy in each Italian colony, focusing on the reasons behind the poor results and the reactions of the farmers to these requests.
focusing on the months between 1918 and 1919, when Ethiopia confronted the Italian attempts to impose its hegemony on the Horn of Africa and saw in the League of Nations an effective tool to counter Italian ambitions on the region.
The first part of this article explores the political context in the Horn of Africa during and immediately after the end of the Great War, highlighting the fierce competition between Italy, France, and Great Britain. The second part analyzes the impact on Ethiopia of this complex international situation, focusing on the visit of the American consul of Aden, Addison E. Southard to Addis Ababa in March-April 1919. The article identifies in the sending of three diplomatic missions to Europe, in the spring of 1919, the first Ethiopian attempt to guarantee its territorial integrity by joining the nascent League of Nations, suggesting a more careful reading of Ethiopia’s diplomatic skills and abilities to operate in
the international arena.
Keywords: Ethiopia, Paris Peace Conference, League of Nations, Ethiopian Diplomatic Missions to Europe, 1919.
This article offers an interpretive scheme that stresses the intimate relationship among the Italian colonial possessions in Africa, their status as a system, by moving away from a representation that has always favoured a rigorously individualised treatment of Italy’s colonies. It emphasises three main levels of interconnection: administrative structures, officials and colonial troops. While the first two were also common to other colonial entities, the extreme recourse to the mobility of colonial troops was a distinctive feature of the Italian version and the main factor of interconnection among Italy’s territories.
Our analysis also enables us to better understand the place violence held in Italian colonialism. Along with analyzing the deportations, massacres and use of gas, we must consider the uninterrupted cycle of campaigns that from 1911 to 1941 Italy inflicted on its colonies. For the most part, wars were delegated to colonial troops who for thirty years, moving from one colony to another, made war and violence a fundamental aspect of the Italian colonial experience.