Associate Professor of International Law. Qualified as Full Professor of International Law. Member of the Doctoral Board in International and European Union Law at Sapienza University of Rome. Fulbright Visiting Scholar at Temple University of Philadelphia (2023). Visiting Professor at Ala-Too University of Bishkek (2023) and Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (2022). Visiting Fellow at the University of Cambridge (2015). DAAD Fellow at the Max Planck Institute for Comparative Public Law and International Law (2007). PhD in International and European Union Law from Sapienza University of Rome (2007). Co-editor of the International Law Section of "Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani"; member of the editorial board of "QIL – Questions of International Law" and of "European Papers – A Journal on Law and Integration"; member of the editorial staff of "Diritti umani e diritto internazionale" and of "La Comunità Internazionale". Member of the Italian delegation to the Public International Law Working Group (COJUR) of the Council of the European Union and its International Criminal Court Sub-area (COJUR-ICC). Lawyer at the Rome Bar (2008). Author and co-editor of books and articles on various topics, notably in the fields of international criminal justice, law of international organizations, law of international responsibility, international security law, international treaty law, Court of Justice of European Union. Address: La Sapienza University of Rome Faculty of Law P.le Aldo Moro, 5 Rome, Italy
The need to regulate the potential for concurrent jurisdiction among States interested in prosecu... more The need to regulate the potential for concurrent jurisdiction among States interested in prosecuting international crimes – such as genocide, crime against humanity, war crimes, and torture – might be satisfied by relying on the concept of erga omnes obligations. This concept is intended to protect fundamental community values by way of individual State action. The same values are undermined by international crimes. One of the means of erga omnes obligations enforcement is substitution between States less and less linked to a certain breach of community interests. It seems that contemporary international law is gradually coming to terms with this solution even in the field of international criminal justice. In fact, both in the relationship among States inter se and between States and international criminal tribunals, international law seems to distinguish primary from secondary claims to jurisdiction over international crimes and set the legal requirements for substitution among them. Within each class of relationship these requirements seem identical. However, they require further clarification in practice.
This article aims to verify whether, and to what extent, the practice of the last twenty years re... more This article aims to verify whether, and to what extent, the practice of the last twenty years reflects the theoretical premises usually associated to international criminal justice, as a set of institutions and norms not only intended to prosecute international crimes, but also to enforce international rules prohibiting the use of force and, as a result, maintain or restore international peace and security. To this end, a series of elements need to be taken into account. Drawing from the results achieved by the papers published in this Special Section and focusing on some of the most complex and recent criminal situations, the article argues that the less the judicial action had been interna- tionalized, the more it seemed able to contribute, within the State where it took place, at least to the maintenance of peaceful conditions achieved by other means.
In the Abdulrahim judgment of 28 May 2013, the European Court of Justice (ECJ) set aside the orde... more In the Abdulrahim judgment of 28 May 2013, the European Court of Justice (ECJ) set aside the order of the General Court of the European Union (GC) of 28 February 2012, by which the GC held that there was no longer any need to adjudicate on the action which the applicant had brought, under Article 263 TFEU, seeking annulment of Council Regulation No. 881/2002, or of Commission Regulation No. 1330/2008 which added his name to the list of persons whose funds and other economic resources must be frozen under Regulation No. 881/2002, because during the proceedings his name was removed from that list by Commission Regulation No. 36/2011. The ECJ referred the case back to the GC for it to rule again on the action for annulment. The Abdulrahim judgment stresses the distinction between the repeal of an act of a EU institution and a judgment annulling such an act, as far as the legal effects of these two remedies are concerned. It emphasizes the need to rehabilitate the applicant’s reputation, thus providing for reparation for the non-material harm which he had suffered by reason of his inclusion on the above list. According to the ECJ, this effect stems from the judgment annulling the contested act, to the extent that judgment recognizes the alleged illegality. It seems that the ECJ intended to implement the EU non-contractual liability for illegal acts, under Articles 268 TFEU and 340 TFEU, and to afford just satisfaction. The typical purposes of claims for damages were thus drawn to the field of actions for annulment. The Abdulrahim judgment reveals the ECJ’s need to guarantee the most broad and effective judicial protection for natural persons against EU acts violating individual legal positions under EU Law.
On 20 July 2012 the International Court of Justice settled the dispute between Belgium and Senega... more On 20 July 2012 the International Court of Justice settled the dispute between Belgium and Senegal on the extent, scope and implementation of the principle aut dedere aut judicare under the Convention against Torture. Its legal finding concerning extradition to the requesting State Party, as an option offered by the Convention to the custodial State in order to relieve itself of its obligation to submit case for prosecution, is not convincing. The emerging concept of ‘conditional’ universal jurisdiction over international crimes, including torture, as it has been shaped by the principle of subsidiarity and supported by legislative and judicial practice, triggered the process of crystallisation of the obligation, incumbent on the State in whose territory the suspect is present, to examine extradition requests in light of certain factors. These include the willingness and ability of national or territorial States to investigate and prosecute the alleged torturer, in accordance with minimum standards of due process. It reflects the logic of substitution of the custodial State for States more directly affected by the offence, which is typical to the protection of international community values.
... pag. 427 2. Le finalità «dichiarate» della partecipazione dell'ONU alla formazione e all... more ... pag. 427 2. Le finalità «dichiarate» della partecipazione dell'ONU alla formazione e alla gestione dei tribunali penali misti: effettiva celebrazione di procedimenti penali a carico dei presunti autori di crimina iuris gentium in conformità agli standards minimi del giusto processo e ...
In the Ayyash Decisions on jurisdiction and legality, the Special Tribunal for Lebanon (STL) decl... more In the Ayyash Decisions on jurisdiction and legality, the Special Tribunal for Lebanon (STL) declined to review the lawfulness of its establishment by UN Security Council Resolution 1757 (2007). This essay aims to identify the consequences of that ruling in regard to the STL’s legal nature and its relationship with the United Nations. The abandonment of the trend to judicially assess the validity of Security Council Chapter VII Resolutions – which was begun by the ICTY with the Tadić case, and which was recently followed by the STL itself in El-Sayed and by other international and national courts outside of the UN system – seems to limit the independence of the STL and to absorb it, to a certain extent, within the UN institutional framework. In the light of the Ayyash Decisions, it becomes even harder to see the STL as a mixed or as a national court. Contrary to its legal reasoning, some of its features may lead us to consider it a Security Council subsidiary organ or, at least, as a body under the Council’s authority. However, one may question that categorization when turning to the problem concerning the legal status of the STL’s judicial activity.
... pag. 427 2. Le finalità «dichiarate» della partecipazione dell'ONU alla formazione e all... more ... pag. 427 2. Le finalità «dichiarate» della partecipazione dell'ONU alla formazione e alla gestione dei tribunali penali misti: effettiva celebrazione di procedimenti penali a carico dei presunti autori di crimina iuris gentium in conformità agli standards minimi del giusto processo e ...
International criminal justice, as it has been conceived and developed in the nine-teenth century... more International criminal justice, as it has been conceived and developed in the nine-teenth century, aims to prevent and repress grave breaches of fundamental values of the international community as a whole. Nonetheless, it is disputed whether international criminal justice could be understood beyond its inherent criminal and procedural features. In particular, the question might arise on whether international criminal justice may be per- ceived as an instrument for enforcing primary international rules not criminal in nature; namely, as an instrument of international law intended to maintain or restore international peace and security. n light of the foregoing, the debate launched in this Special Section of Diritti umani e diritto internazionale aims to verify whether, and to what extent, the practice of the last two decades has implemented the said theoretical premises of international criminal justice. Symposium: - Emanuele Cimiotta, Gabriele Della Morte, "Introduction", in Diritti Umani e Diritto internazionale, 2016, n. 2, p. 361 ss.; - Maurizio Arcari, "A Vetoed International Criminal Justice? Cursory Remarks on the Current Relationship Between the UN Security Council and International Criminal Courts and Tribunals", in Diritti Umani e Diritto internazionale, 2016, n. 2, p. 363 ss.; - Frédéric Mégret, Nidal Nabil Jurdi, "The International Criminal Court, the. 'Arab Spring' and and Its Aftermath", in Diritti Umani e Diritto internazionale, 2016, n. 2, pp. 375 ss.; - Beatrice I. Bonafè, "Sentencing Practice and the Contribution of International Criminal Tribunals to the Maintenance of Peace" , in Diritti umani e Diritto internazionale, 2017. n. 1, pp. 101 ss.; - Valentina Azarova, Triestino Mariniello, "Why the ICC Needs a ’Palestine Situation’ (More than Palestine Needs the ICC): On the Court’s Potential Role(s) in the Israeli-Palestinian Context", in Diritti umani e Diritto internazionale, 2017. n. 1, pp. 115 ss.; - Andrea Spagnolo, "The Criminalization of Attacks Against Peace- keepers in the Light of the Function of International Criminal Justice to Maintain Peace", in Diritti umani e Diritto internazionale, 2017. n. 1, pp. 151 ss. - Harmen van der Wilt, "No Peace Without Justice or No Justice Without Peace?' Some Reflections on a Complex Relationship", in Diritti umani e Diritto internazionale, 2017. n. 2, pp. 435 ss.; - Emanuele Cimiotta, "Giustizia penale internazionale e mantenimento della pace: qualche riflessione conclusiva", in Diritti umani e Diritto internazionale, 2017. n. 2, pp. 447 ss.
The Law and Practice of International Courts and Tribunals, 2020
In recent times, claims concerning violations of the International Convention on the Elimination ... more In recent times, claims concerning violations of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination have been brought by States parties to the Convention to the attention of the International Court of Justice, and, for the first time in the course of United Nations human rights treaty bodies, to the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination. Relations between the different mechanisms of the sophisticated compliance control system set up by the Convention have been put to the test. In particular, the Qatar v. United Arab Emirates case raises the complex issue of parallel proceedings which, in the author’s opinion, can be dealt with by solutions offered by the Convention itself, rather than by the lis pendens principle.
Per diverse ragioni, l'attuale legislazione italiana si rivela inadeguata a reprimere il traffico... more Per diverse ragioni, l'attuale legislazione italiana si rivela inadeguata a reprimere il traffico di migranti nel Mar Mediterraneo. Secondo un gruppo di lavoro dell'Università degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza", sarebbero necessarie alcune modifiche. Il nostro Paese dovrebbe introdurre una incriminazione specifica del traffico di migranti, e potrebbe altresì prevedere queste condotte tra i crimini contro l'umanità. Inoltre, l'Italia dovrebbe affermare la propria giurisdizione su tali reati nei casi in cui il presunto colpevole o la vittima si trovino nel suo territorio e l'estradizione non sia richiesta o concessa. Tali modifiche garantirebbero una adeguata protezione penale alla vita e alla incolumità personale dei migranti, e assicurerebbero l'esercizio della giurisdizione italiana anche rispetto a traffici consumati all'estero o in alto mare. For a number of reasons, the existing Italian criminal and procedural legislation proves to be inadequate to suppress the smuggling of migrants in the Mediterranean Sea. According to the working group set up at Sapienza University of Rome, a few amendments are needed. Italy should ensure that smuggling of migrants is an offence under its criminal law and a crime against humanity. Moreover, it should establish its jurisdiction over such offences in cases where the alleged offender or the victim is present in its territory and the extradition is not sought or granted. This will work to protect life and personal safety as legal values and extend the Italian jurisdiction over smugglers who act abroad or in the high sea. Sommario 1. Le ragioni della proposta.-2. Lo smuggling come fattispecie autonoma di reato.-2.1. (Segue) e come crimine contro l'umanità.-3. La proposta.-4.1. «Traffico di migranti».-4.2. «Favoreggiamento all'ingresso illegale nel territorio dello Stato».-4.3. «Crimini contro l'umanità».-4.4. Il problema della giurisdizione.-4.5. Il criterio della presenza del reo o della vittima nel territorio dello Stato.
Per diverse ragioni, l'attuale legislazione italiana si rivela inadeguata a reprimere il traffico... more Per diverse ragioni, l'attuale legislazione italiana si rivela inadeguata a reprimere il traffico di migranti nel Mar Mediterraneo. Secondo un gruppo di lavoro dell'Università degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza", sarebbero necessarie alcune modifiche. Il nostro Paese dovrebbe introdurre una incriminazione specifica del traffico di migranti, e potrebbe altresì prevedere queste condotte tra i crimini contro l'umanità. Inoltre, l'Italia dovrebbe affermare la propria giurisdizione su tali reati nei casi in cui il presunto colpevole o la vittima si trovino nel suo territorio e l'estradizione non sia richiesta o concessa. Tali modifiche garantirebbero una adeguata protezione penale alla vita e alla incolumità personale dei migranti, e assicurerebbero l'esercizio della giurisdizione italiana anche rispetto a traffici consumati all'estero o in alto mare. For a number of reasons, the existing Italian criminal and procedural legislation proves to be inadequate to suppress the smuggling of migrants in the Mediterranean Sea. According to the working group set up at Sapienza University of Rome, a few amendments are needed. Italy should ensure that smuggling of migrants is an offence under its criminal law and a crime against humanity. Moreover, it should establish its jurisdiction over such offences in cases where the alleged offender or the victim is present in its territory and the extradition is not sought or granted. This will work to protect life and personal safety as legal values and extend the Italian jurisdiction over smugglers who act abroad or in the high sea. Sommario 1. Le ragioni della proposta.-2. Lo smuggling come fattispecie autonoma di reato.-2.1. (Segue) e come crimine contro l'umanità.-3. La proposta.-4.1. «Traffico di migranti».-4.2. «Favoreggiamento all'ingresso illegale nel territorio dello Stato».-4.3. «Crimini contro l'umanità».-4.4. Il problema della giurisdizione.-4.5. Il criterio della presenza del reo o della vittima nel territorio dello Stato.
The Extraordinary African Chambers were opened in Dakar, Senegal, on 8 February 2013 and mandated... more The Extraordinary African Chambers were opened in Dakar, Senegal, on 8 February 2013 and mandated to prosecute Chad’s former Head of State, Hissène Habré, for the international crimes committed in Chad from 7 June 1982 to 1 December 1990.
The need to regulate the potential for concurrent jurisdiction among States interested in prosecu... more The need to regulate the potential for concurrent jurisdiction among States interested in prosecuting international crimes – such as genocide, crime against humanity, war crimes, and torture – might be satisfied by relying on the concept of erga omnes obligations. This concept is intended to protect fundamental community values by way of individual State action. The same values are undermined by international crimes. One of the means of erga omnes obligations enforcement is substitution between States less and less linked to a certain breach of community interests. It seems that contemporary international law is gradually coming to terms with this solution even in the field of international criminal justice. In fact, both in the relationship among States inter se and between States and international criminal tribunals, international law seems to distinguish primary from secondary claims to jurisdiction over international crimes and set the legal requirements for substitution among them. Within each class of relationship these requirements seem identical. However, they require further clarification in practice.
This article aims to verify whether, and to what extent, the practice of the last twenty years re... more This article aims to verify whether, and to what extent, the practice of the last twenty years reflects the theoretical premises usually associated to international criminal justice, as a set of institutions and norms not only intended to prosecute international crimes, but also to enforce international rules prohibiting the use of force and, as a result, maintain or restore international peace and security. To this end, a series of elements need to be taken into account. Drawing from the results achieved by the papers published in this Special Section and focusing on some of the most complex and recent criminal situations, the article argues that the less the judicial action had been interna- tionalized, the more it seemed able to contribute, within the State where it took place, at least to the maintenance of peaceful conditions achieved by other means.
In the Abdulrahim judgment of 28 May 2013, the European Court of Justice (ECJ) set aside the orde... more In the Abdulrahim judgment of 28 May 2013, the European Court of Justice (ECJ) set aside the order of the General Court of the European Union (GC) of 28 February 2012, by which the GC held that there was no longer any need to adjudicate on the action which the applicant had brought, under Article 263 TFEU, seeking annulment of Council Regulation No. 881/2002, or of Commission Regulation No. 1330/2008 which added his name to the list of persons whose funds and other economic resources must be frozen under Regulation No. 881/2002, because during the proceedings his name was removed from that list by Commission Regulation No. 36/2011. The ECJ referred the case back to the GC for it to rule again on the action for annulment. The Abdulrahim judgment stresses the distinction between the repeal of an act of a EU institution and a judgment annulling such an act, as far as the legal effects of these two remedies are concerned. It emphasizes the need to rehabilitate the applicant’s reputation, thus providing for reparation for the non-material harm which he had suffered by reason of his inclusion on the above list. According to the ECJ, this effect stems from the judgment annulling the contested act, to the extent that judgment recognizes the alleged illegality. It seems that the ECJ intended to implement the EU non-contractual liability for illegal acts, under Articles 268 TFEU and 340 TFEU, and to afford just satisfaction. The typical purposes of claims for damages were thus drawn to the field of actions for annulment. The Abdulrahim judgment reveals the ECJ’s need to guarantee the most broad and effective judicial protection for natural persons against EU acts violating individual legal positions under EU Law.
On 20 July 2012 the International Court of Justice settled the dispute between Belgium and Senega... more On 20 July 2012 the International Court of Justice settled the dispute between Belgium and Senegal on the extent, scope and implementation of the principle aut dedere aut judicare under the Convention against Torture. Its legal finding concerning extradition to the requesting State Party, as an option offered by the Convention to the custodial State in order to relieve itself of its obligation to submit case for prosecution, is not convincing. The emerging concept of ‘conditional’ universal jurisdiction over international crimes, including torture, as it has been shaped by the principle of subsidiarity and supported by legislative and judicial practice, triggered the process of crystallisation of the obligation, incumbent on the State in whose territory the suspect is present, to examine extradition requests in light of certain factors. These include the willingness and ability of national or territorial States to investigate and prosecute the alleged torturer, in accordance with minimum standards of due process. It reflects the logic of substitution of the custodial State for States more directly affected by the offence, which is typical to the protection of international community values.
... pag. 427 2. Le finalità «dichiarate» della partecipazione dell'ONU alla formazione e all... more ... pag. 427 2. Le finalità «dichiarate» della partecipazione dell'ONU alla formazione e alla gestione dei tribunali penali misti: effettiva celebrazione di procedimenti penali a carico dei presunti autori di crimina iuris gentium in conformità agli standards minimi del giusto processo e ...
In the Ayyash Decisions on jurisdiction and legality, the Special Tribunal for Lebanon (STL) decl... more In the Ayyash Decisions on jurisdiction and legality, the Special Tribunal for Lebanon (STL) declined to review the lawfulness of its establishment by UN Security Council Resolution 1757 (2007). This essay aims to identify the consequences of that ruling in regard to the STL’s legal nature and its relationship with the United Nations. The abandonment of the trend to judicially assess the validity of Security Council Chapter VII Resolutions – which was begun by the ICTY with the Tadić case, and which was recently followed by the STL itself in El-Sayed and by other international and national courts outside of the UN system – seems to limit the independence of the STL and to absorb it, to a certain extent, within the UN institutional framework. In the light of the Ayyash Decisions, it becomes even harder to see the STL as a mixed or as a national court. Contrary to its legal reasoning, some of its features may lead us to consider it a Security Council subsidiary organ or, at least, as a body under the Council’s authority. However, one may question that categorization when turning to the problem concerning the legal status of the STL’s judicial activity.
... pag. 427 2. Le finalità «dichiarate» della partecipazione dell'ONU alla formazione e all... more ... pag. 427 2. Le finalità «dichiarate» della partecipazione dell'ONU alla formazione e alla gestione dei tribunali penali misti: effettiva celebrazione di procedimenti penali a carico dei presunti autori di crimina iuris gentium in conformità agli standards minimi del giusto processo e ...
International criminal justice, as it has been conceived and developed in the nine-teenth century... more International criminal justice, as it has been conceived and developed in the nine-teenth century, aims to prevent and repress grave breaches of fundamental values of the international community as a whole. Nonetheless, it is disputed whether international criminal justice could be understood beyond its inherent criminal and procedural features. In particular, the question might arise on whether international criminal justice may be per- ceived as an instrument for enforcing primary international rules not criminal in nature; namely, as an instrument of international law intended to maintain or restore international peace and security. n light of the foregoing, the debate launched in this Special Section of Diritti umani e diritto internazionale aims to verify whether, and to what extent, the practice of the last two decades has implemented the said theoretical premises of international criminal justice. Symposium: - Emanuele Cimiotta, Gabriele Della Morte, "Introduction", in Diritti Umani e Diritto internazionale, 2016, n. 2, p. 361 ss.; - Maurizio Arcari, "A Vetoed International Criminal Justice? Cursory Remarks on the Current Relationship Between the UN Security Council and International Criminal Courts and Tribunals", in Diritti Umani e Diritto internazionale, 2016, n. 2, p. 363 ss.; - Frédéric Mégret, Nidal Nabil Jurdi, "The International Criminal Court, the. 'Arab Spring' and and Its Aftermath", in Diritti Umani e Diritto internazionale, 2016, n. 2, pp. 375 ss.; - Beatrice I. Bonafè, "Sentencing Practice and the Contribution of International Criminal Tribunals to the Maintenance of Peace" , in Diritti umani e Diritto internazionale, 2017. n. 1, pp. 101 ss.; - Valentina Azarova, Triestino Mariniello, "Why the ICC Needs a ’Palestine Situation’ (More than Palestine Needs the ICC): On the Court’s Potential Role(s) in the Israeli-Palestinian Context", in Diritti umani e Diritto internazionale, 2017. n. 1, pp. 115 ss.; - Andrea Spagnolo, "The Criminalization of Attacks Against Peace- keepers in the Light of the Function of International Criminal Justice to Maintain Peace", in Diritti umani e Diritto internazionale, 2017. n. 1, pp. 151 ss. - Harmen van der Wilt, "No Peace Without Justice or No Justice Without Peace?' Some Reflections on a Complex Relationship", in Diritti umani e Diritto internazionale, 2017. n. 2, pp. 435 ss.; - Emanuele Cimiotta, "Giustizia penale internazionale e mantenimento della pace: qualche riflessione conclusiva", in Diritti umani e Diritto internazionale, 2017. n. 2, pp. 447 ss.
The Law and Practice of International Courts and Tribunals, 2020
In recent times, claims concerning violations of the International Convention on the Elimination ... more In recent times, claims concerning violations of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination have been brought by States parties to the Convention to the attention of the International Court of Justice, and, for the first time in the course of United Nations human rights treaty bodies, to the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination. Relations between the different mechanisms of the sophisticated compliance control system set up by the Convention have been put to the test. In particular, the Qatar v. United Arab Emirates case raises the complex issue of parallel proceedings which, in the author’s opinion, can be dealt with by solutions offered by the Convention itself, rather than by the lis pendens principle.
Per diverse ragioni, l'attuale legislazione italiana si rivela inadeguata a reprimere il traffico... more Per diverse ragioni, l'attuale legislazione italiana si rivela inadeguata a reprimere il traffico di migranti nel Mar Mediterraneo. Secondo un gruppo di lavoro dell'Università degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza", sarebbero necessarie alcune modifiche. Il nostro Paese dovrebbe introdurre una incriminazione specifica del traffico di migranti, e potrebbe altresì prevedere queste condotte tra i crimini contro l'umanità. Inoltre, l'Italia dovrebbe affermare la propria giurisdizione su tali reati nei casi in cui il presunto colpevole o la vittima si trovino nel suo territorio e l'estradizione non sia richiesta o concessa. Tali modifiche garantirebbero una adeguata protezione penale alla vita e alla incolumità personale dei migranti, e assicurerebbero l'esercizio della giurisdizione italiana anche rispetto a traffici consumati all'estero o in alto mare. For a number of reasons, the existing Italian criminal and procedural legislation proves to be inadequate to suppress the smuggling of migrants in the Mediterranean Sea. According to the working group set up at Sapienza University of Rome, a few amendments are needed. Italy should ensure that smuggling of migrants is an offence under its criminal law and a crime against humanity. Moreover, it should establish its jurisdiction over such offences in cases where the alleged offender or the victim is present in its territory and the extradition is not sought or granted. This will work to protect life and personal safety as legal values and extend the Italian jurisdiction over smugglers who act abroad or in the high sea. Sommario 1. Le ragioni della proposta.-2. Lo smuggling come fattispecie autonoma di reato.-2.1. (Segue) e come crimine contro l'umanità.-3. La proposta.-4.1. «Traffico di migranti».-4.2. «Favoreggiamento all'ingresso illegale nel territorio dello Stato».-4.3. «Crimini contro l'umanità».-4.4. Il problema della giurisdizione.-4.5. Il criterio della presenza del reo o della vittima nel territorio dello Stato.
Per diverse ragioni, l'attuale legislazione italiana si rivela inadeguata a reprimere il traffico... more Per diverse ragioni, l'attuale legislazione italiana si rivela inadeguata a reprimere il traffico di migranti nel Mar Mediterraneo. Secondo un gruppo di lavoro dell'Università degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza", sarebbero necessarie alcune modifiche. Il nostro Paese dovrebbe introdurre una incriminazione specifica del traffico di migranti, e potrebbe altresì prevedere queste condotte tra i crimini contro l'umanità. Inoltre, l'Italia dovrebbe affermare la propria giurisdizione su tali reati nei casi in cui il presunto colpevole o la vittima si trovino nel suo territorio e l'estradizione non sia richiesta o concessa. Tali modifiche garantirebbero una adeguata protezione penale alla vita e alla incolumità personale dei migranti, e assicurerebbero l'esercizio della giurisdizione italiana anche rispetto a traffici consumati all'estero o in alto mare. For a number of reasons, the existing Italian criminal and procedural legislation proves to be inadequate to suppress the smuggling of migrants in the Mediterranean Sea. According to the working group set up at Sapienza University of Rome, a few amendments are needed. Italy should ensure that smuggling of migrants is an offence under its criminal law and a crime against humanity. Moreover, it should establish its jurisdiction over such offences in cases where the alleged offender or the victim is present in its territory and the extradition is not sought or granted. This will work to protect life and personal safety as legal values and extend the Italian jurisdiction over smugglers who act abroad or in the high sea. Sommario 1. Le ragioni della proposta.-2. Lo smuggling come fattispecie autonoma di reato.-2.1. (Segue) e come crimine contro l'umanità.-3. La proposta.-4.1. «Traffico di migranti».-4.2. «Favoreggiamento all'ingresso illegale nel territorio dello Stato».-4.3. «Crimini contro l'umanità».-4.4. Il problema della giurisdizione.-4.5. Il criterio della presenza del reo o della vittima nel territorio dello Stato.
The Extraordinary African Chambers were opened in Dakar, Senegal, on 8 February 2013 and mandated... more The Extraordinary African Chambers were opened in Dakar, Senegal, on 8 February 2013 and mandated to prosecute Chad’s former Head of State, Hissène Habré, for the international crimes committed in Chad from 7 June 1982 to 1 December 1990.
The book seeks to demonstrate that mixed criminal tribunals (Special Court for Sierra Leone, Camb... more The book seeks to demonstrate that mixed criminal tribunals (Special Court for Sierra Leone, Cambodian Extraordinary Chambers, Special Panels for Serious Crimes in East Timor and Regulations 64 Panels in Kosovo) share two fundamental elements. Formally, they are judicial organs internal to the territorial State. Substantially, they exercise a specific function within the international legal system (as they are aimed at protecting essential values of the international community as a whole, both in an effective and a preventive way), being linked to national reconciliation processes and post-conflict peace-building activities undertaken by the UN in the territories where they are established.
The Achmea case has generated much controversy and fierce criticism from investment lawyers and i... more The Achmea case has generated much controversy and fierce criticism from investment lawyers and international law specialists. This Special Section takes such reaction as an invitation to investigate the premises and the impressive set of consequences inferred from the judgment, both for investment arbitration and the European integration process. But the Achmea judgment is not only about how EU law interacts with international investment law. The Court of Justice also deals with the constitutional foundations of the EU integration and strives to protect the European model of justice, organized as a system, from disintegrative forces.
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