We analyze several scenarios of transport reforms for the city of Bordeaux (France) using a model... more We analyze several scenarios of transport reforms for the city of Bordeaux (France) using a model that takes into account the interaction between transport and the housing market. We find that road pricing schemes are significantly more effective when they are accompanied by an increase in housing supply in the locations where demand increases. This allows households to reconsider, in the medium and long-terms, their locations' decisions. Our analysis is based on an aggregate model with a nested decision structure, including both transport and housing. We provide a full description of the model structure and the calibration steps and make the source code available for those who wish to analyze other cases.
L’objectif de ce travail est d’evaluer l’impact du peage routier sur la structure de la ville (fo... more L’objectif de ce travail est d’evaluer l’impact du peage routier sur la structure de la ville (forme urbaine), et en particulier le choix de localisation des menages. Nous commencons par explorer la notion d’equilibre urbain et nous developpons ensuite la discussion autour du modele de la ville monocentrique avec prise en compte de la congestion (le rallongement des temps de trajet dus a l’augmentation du nombre de voitures sur les routes). Le texte expose une methode de resolution numerique du modele et illustre la structure de la solution a travers un exemple. Nous considerons ensuite certaines extensions, notamment la prise en compte d’un second mode transport.
Nous etudions la distribution des emplois sur la metropole lilloise afin d'identifier les pri... more Nous etudions la distribution des emplois sur la metropole lilloise afin d'identifier les principaux centres d'affaires et caracteriser la forme urbaine de cette agglomera-tion. Il ne s'agit pas seulement de reperer les communes avec des niveaux d'emplois eleves, mais celles qui exercent aussi une influence significative sur la distribution des emplois. Nos resultats confirment la structure polycentrique de l'agglomeration lilloise et nous trouvons que la commune de Roubaix (parfois accompagnee par Tourcoing) se distingue par une centralite importante. En moyenne, l'eloignement d'un sous-centre d'affaires d'un kilometre diminue la densite d'emploi de pres de 20%. L'identification des sous-centres d'affaires est importante car ces zones d'emploi influencent les deci-sions de localisation des acteurs economiques, et sont donc a prendre en compte dans l'elaboration des politiques urbaines. La difficulte technique consiste a separe...
This document contains two independent parts. The first one develops a model of car ownership and... more This document contains two independent parts. The first one develops a model of car ownership and replacement. The model is then used to describe market equilibrium under monopoly and duopoly. Regulatory issues in the automobile sect or are also discussed, and we show how it is difficult to reduce emissions and stimulate the industry on the basis of intuitive tools, namely taxes on gasoline and scrapping premiums for old cars. The second part is concerned with evolutionary game theory when the players' strategies are reduced to the set of finite automata. We review parts of the literature, and propose a framework for cooperation in the Prisoner's Dilemma. We point out the trade off faced by the theory between the selection of good equilibria and the existence of equilibria, and the impact of delegating the decision procedure to finite automata on the selection of equilibria. Our conclusion is that cooperation may obtain as the result of a long and complex process. The body text is written in english, but a french general introduction and general conclusion are also given.
The paper considers a public transport network without congestion where a fixed number of passeng... more The paper considers a public transport network without congestion where a fixed number of passengers want to go from A to B, from B to C and from A to C via B. We show under what conditions the addition of a new direct line AC, which avoids the use of the AB and BC links, would increase total user and operator costs. This paradox can be relevant for any network where the additional line AC is operated by an operator other than that of the AB and BC lines. The line (AC) can be either a new air transport link competing with an existing High Speed Rail (HSR) network or an HSR link or direct bus line that bypasses a local train network. Our result raises serious concerns with respect to the decentralized management of transit systems.
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
We extend a multimodal transport model to simulate an increase of the market share of electric ve... more We extend a multimodal transport model to simulate an increase of the market share of electric vehicles. The model, which is described in detail in Kilani et al. (Sustainability 14(3):1535, 2022), covers the north of France and includes both urban and intercity trips. It is a multi-agents simulation based on the MATsim framework and calibrated on observed traffic flows. We find that the emissions of pollutant gases decrease in comparable proportion to the market share of the electric vehicles. When only users with shorter trips switch to electric vehicles, the impact is limited and demand for charging stations is small since most users will charge by night at home. When the government is able to target users with longer trips, the impact can be higher by more than a factor of two. But, in this case, our model shows that it is important to increase the number of charging stations with an optimized deployment for their accessibility. Keywords Transport modeling and simulation • Electric vehicles • Deployment of charging stations • Local pollution • North of France • Spatial distribution • Decision support • CO 2 emissions Daniel De Wolf, Ngagne Diop, and Moez Kilani have contributed equally to this work.
We developed a passenger transport model for the North of France and used it to discuss the impac... more We developed a passenger transport model for the North of France and used it to discuss the impacts of some policies focusing on the limitations of polluting gas emissions and congestion. The model is calibrated for the North of France and includes both urban and intercity trips. Four transport modes are considered: walking, biking, public transport and private cars. To some extent, the combination of these modes is possible. The model is calibrated to match mode shares and the dynamic of congestion along a full day. The simulations are conducted within the MATSim framework. We evaluate the impacts, on traffic flows and polluting gas emissions, of two pricing reforms: free public transport and road pricing in city center of Lille (the main metropolitan area in the study region). Free public transport yields a significant modal shift towards public transport, resulting in a reduction in the usage of private cars. The road pricing scheme we have considered results in similar impacts b...
We propose a method to compute an equilibrium solution for the monocentric city model with traffi... more We propose a method to compute an equilibrium solution for the monocentric city model with traffic congestion, and to quantify the impact of cordon tolls on social surplus. The focus of this paper is on the comparison of road pricing of one and two cordons, with the no toll and first-best situations as benchmarks. We find that a one-cordon toll yields a social efficiency of 63 % with respect to first-best, and that an optimal two-cordon toll increases the efficiency to 73%. Both policies have a positive impact on CO2 emissions because they reduce the average length of trips and reduce the road size.
We analyze several scenarios of transport reforms for the city of Bordeaux (France) using a model... more We analyze several scenarios of transport reforms for the city of Bordeaux (France) using a model that takes into account the interaction between transport and the housing market. We find that road pricing schemes are significantly more effective when they are accompanied by an increase in housing supply in the locations where demand increases. This allows households to reconsider, in the medium and long-terms, their locations' decisions. Our analysis is based on an aggregate model with a nested decision structure, including both transport and housing. We provide a full description of the model structure and the calibration steps and make the source code available for those who wish to analyze other cases.
L’objectif de ce travail est d’evaluer l’impact du peage routier sur la structure de la ville (fo... more L’objectif de ce travail est d’evaluer l’impact du peage routier sur la structure de la ville (forme urbaine), et en particulier le choix de localisation des menages. Nous commencons par explorer la notion d’equilibre urbain et nous developpons ensuite la discussion autour du modele de la ville monocentrique avec prise en compte de la congestion (le rallongement des temps de trajet dus a l’augmentation du nombre de voitures sur les routes). Le texte expose une methode de resolution numerique du modele et illustre la structure de la solution a travers un exemple. Nous considerons ensuite certaines extensions, notamment la prise en compte d’un second mode transport.
Nous etudions la distribution des emplois sur la metropole lilloise afin d'identifier les pri... more Nous etudions la distribution des emplois sur la metropole lilloise afin d'identifier les principaux centres d'affaires et caracteriser la forme urbaine de cette agglomera-tion. Il ne s'agit pas seulement de reperer les communes avec des niveaux d'emplois eleves, mais celles qui exercent aussi une influence significative sur la distribution des emplois. Nos resultats confirment la structure polycentrique de l'agglomeration lilloise et nous trouvons que la commune de Roubaix (parfois accompagnee par Tourcoing) se distingue par une centralite importante. En moyenne, l'eloignement d'un sous-centre d'affaires d'un kilometre diminue la densite d'emploi de pres de 20%. L'identification des sous-centres d'affaires est importante car ces zones d'emploi influencent les deci-sions de localisation des acteurs economiques, et sont donc a prendre en compte dans l'elaboration des politiques urbaines. La difficulte technique consiste a separe...
This document contains two independent parts. The first one develops a model of car ownership and... more This document contains two independent parts. The first one develops a model of car ownership and replacement. The model is then used to describe market equilibrium under monopoly and duopoly. Regulatory issues in the automobile sect or are also discussed, and we show how it is difficult to reduce emissions and stimulate the industry on the basis of intuitive tools, namely taxes on gasoline and scrapping premiums for old cars. The second part is concerned with evolutionary game theory when the players' strategies are reduced to the set of finite automata. We review parts of the literature, and propose a framework for cooperation in the Prisoner's Dilemma. We point out the trade off faced by the theory between the selection of good equilibria and the existence of equilibria, and the impact of delegating the decision procedure to finite automata on the selection of equilibria. Our conclusion is that cooperation may obtain as the result of a long and complex process. The body text is written in english, but a french general introduction and general conclusion are also given.
The paper considers a public transport network without congestion where a fixed number of passeng... more The paper considers a public transport network without congestion where a fixed number of passengers want to go from A to B, from B to C and from A to C via B. We show under what conditions the addition of a new direct line AC, which avoids the use of the AB and BC links, would increase total user and operator costs. This paradox can be relevant for any network where the additional line AC is operated by an operator other than that of the AB and BC lines. The line (AC) can be either a new air transport link competing with an existing High Speed Rail (HSR) network or an HSR link or direct bus line that bypasses a local train network. Our result raises serious concerns with respect to the decentralized management of transit systems.
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
We extend a multimodal transport model to simulate an increase of the market share of electric ve... more We extend a multimodal transport model to simulate an increase of the market share of electric vehicles. The model, which is described in detail in Kilani et al. (Sustainability 14(3):1535, 2022), covers the north of France and includes both urban and intercity trips. It is a multi-agents simulation based on the MATsim framework and calibrated on observed traffic flows. We find that the emissions of pollutant gases decrease in comparable proportion to the market share of the electric vehicles. When only users with shorter trips switch to electric vehicles, the impact is limited and demand for charging stations is small since most users will charge by night at home. When the government is able to target users with longer trips, the impact can be higher by more than a factor of two. But, in this case, our model shows that it is important to increase the number of charging stations with an optimized deployment for their accessibility. Keywords Transport modeling and simulation • Electric vehicles • Deployment of charging stations • Local pollution • North of France • Spatial distribution • Decision support • CO 2 emissions Daniel De Wolf, Ngagne Diop, and Moez Kilani have contributed equally to this work.
We developed a passenger transport model for the North of France and used it to discuss the impac... more We developed a passenger transport model for the North of France and used it to discuss the impacts of some policies focusing on the limitations of polluting gas emissions and congestion. The model is calibrated for the North of France and includes both urban and intercity trips. Four transport modes are considered: walking, biking, public transport and private cars. To some extent, the combination of these modes is possible. The model is calibrated to match mode shares and the dynamic of congestion along a full day. The simulations are conducted within the MATSim framework. We evaluate the impacts, on traffic flows and polluting gas emissions, of two pricing reforms: free public transport and road pricing in city center of Lille (the main metropolitan area in the study region). Free public transport yields a significant modal shift towards public transport, resulting in a reduction in the usage of private cars. The road pricing scheme we have considered results in similar impacts b...
We propose a method to compute an equilibrium solution for the monocentric city model with traffi... more We propose a method to compute an equilibrium solution for the monocentric city model with traffic congestion, and to quantify the impact of cordon tolls on social surplus. The focus of this paper is on the comparison of road pricing of one and two cordons, with the no toll and first-best situations as benchmarks. We find that a one-cordon toll yields a social efficiency of 63 % with respect to first-best, and that an optimal two-cordon toll increases the efficiency to 73%. Both policies have a positive impact on CO2 emissions because they reduce the average length of trips and reduce the road size.
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