Investment treaty arbitration has gone a long way from its first appearance. Since the wave of pr... more Investment treaty arbitration has gone a long way from its first appearance. Since the wave of privatization of public services in many countries, foreign investors have undertaken investments in activities and services that have significant impacts on public interest and effects on the population of the host State as well. Against this backdrop, the one-sided structure of investment treaty obligations burdening, almost exclusively, host States seem to constitute an imbalance at odds with the current State-investor relations. Counterclaims could constitute a useful instrument to address such an imbalance by allowing the introduction of claims against the investor in investment treaty-based arbitration. However, the actual availability of counterclaims to respondent States is not yet warranted. This contribution analyses the various procedural aspects concerning their jurisdictional eligibility or admissibility. In particular, it investigates the legal basis on which a State can file a counterclaim alleging breaches of investor’s obligation. Even though the current state of investment agreements is still lacking solid grounds for identifying investor’s obligations, it is argued that the procedural admissibility and jurisdictional coverage of counterclaims is far less problematic.
[It]: Il contributo analizza il principio dell'immunità giurisdizionale prendendo le mosse dalla ... more [It]: Il contributo analizza il principio dell'immunità giurisdizionale prendendo le mosse dalla sentenza delle Sezioni Unite, del 10 dicembre 2020, n. 28180, focalizzandosi: sull'identificazione degli acta iure imperii in relazione ad attività delegate a soggetti non-statali; e sul rapporto tra immunità, interpretazione restrittiva e controlimiti. L'analisi mette in relazione la sentenza delle Sezioni Unite con l'antecedente pronuncia della Corte di giustizia dell'UE (C-641/18) per vagliare un potenziale consolidamento di una mutata opinio iuris relativa al principio di diritto internazionale consuetudinario. Abstract [En]: The contribution analyzes the principle of immunity drawing from the ruling of the Sezioni Unite, of 10 December 2020, n. 28180. The analysis focuses on: the identification of acta iure imperii in situations where delegated non-state actors are involved; and on the relationship between immunity, its restrictive interpretation and counter-limits. The work links the ruling of the Sezioni Unite with the previous sentence of the Court of Justice of the EU (C-641/18) to consider a potential consolidation of a mutated opinio iuris relating to the principle of customary international law.
The extension of State immunity to private actors, to whom are delegated functions typically unde... more The extension of State immunity to private actors, to whom are delegated functions typically undertaken by sovereign States, is posing some challenges to the international legal order. The Judgement C-641/18 of the ECJ has intervened on the matter setting important criteria and boundaries to such extension of immunity. However, the importance of this judgement extends beyond the boundaries of immunity as the Court intervened in the, hitherto uncertain, relation between customary international law and the fundamental rights enshrined in the European Charter of Fundamental Rights. This contribution investigates the relevance of the judgement in the configuration of the interaction between these two different sources of law.
The aim of this contribution is to investigate the legal institution of immunity in the context o... more The aim of this contribution is to investigate the legal institution of immunity in the context of today’s international law. This latter has gone through significant processes of transformation that, since the beginning of the twentieth century, witnessed a gradual reshaping of the idea of states as “normal types” of subjects of the international society. The role played by non state actors in the management of international affairs has grown, and states are increasingly delegating some of their functions to private operators. Against this backdrop, this contribution investigates how immunity should be framed with reference to private actors exercising public authority. The analysis will introduce the concept of delegation of public authority, in the context of hybridisation between public and private. It will then focus on the content of the activity as a paradigm to guide the extension of state immunity, through a presumption of non applicability. The analysis of some relevant national case-law, and of a pending case in front of the ECJ will serve as support of the analysis for testing its contentions.
[En]: This contribution investigates the legal regime governing water at both the international a... more [En]: This contribution investigates the legal regime governing water at both the international and national levels in order to show how water challenges the prerogative of exclusion characterising the core legal institutions governing water distribution, i.e. sovereignty and ownership. In particular, the work moves from an analysis of the international law principles underpinning water government in relation to sovereignty. It provides, then, an overview of water regulation in Europe in order to show the centrality of the concept of property in different national legal regimes: France, the United Kingdoms, and Italy. Thus, the relation between water and property is investigated in each legal system going beyond the declamatory principles and identifying the operational rules. Finally, the last part shows how water shapes its regulatory framework at the interstate and the national level limiting the power to exclude. The conclusions propose a reflection on the meaning and effects of the elaboration of such complex regimes of water government in both the national and international arena.
Abstract [It]: Il contributo analizza il regime giuridico di governo delle risorse idriche tanto nella loro dimensione nazionale (interna) quanto in quella internazionale (esterna). L analisi mostra come l acqua limiti la portata operativa del potere di esclusione caratterizzante i principali istituti giuridici che sovrintendono al suo governo: la proprietà e la sovranità. In particolare, questo lavoro prende le mosse da un analisi dei principi di diritto internazionale concernenti il governo dell acqua in rapporto alla sovranità. Successivamente, viene proposta una panoramica della regolamentazione dei servizi idrici in Europa al fine di mostrare la centralità dell istituto della proprietà nei diversi regimi giuridici nazionali esaminati: Francia, Regno Unito e Italia. Sulla base di questa comparazione, il rapporto tra acqua e proprietà viene approfondito in ciascun ordinamento giuridico superando i principi declamatori e identificando le regole operative. Infine, l ultima parte mostra il potenziale della risorsa idrica, quale oggetto di regolamentazione, di modellare gli istituti giuridici ad essa applicati a livello interstatale e nazionale limitandone il potere di esclusione. Le conclusioni propongono una riflessione sul significato e sugli effetti dello sviluppo di questi regimi di governo delle acque.
Since the adoption of the United Nations Resolution that, on July 2010, recognized access to cle... more Since the adoption of the United Nations Resolution that, on July 2010, recognized access to clean water as a human right, we have been witnessing a slow but steady raise of social and political fervor in a number of European Union Member States – as well as before the European institutions – on the matter. Many local, national and transnational movements appeared on the continent forcing both European institutions and governments of the Member States to engage in a debate on water management and the need for a formal recognition of the human right to water. This contribution aims to investigate the reasons and the consequences of the exclusion of bottled water production and exploitation from the aforementioned debate. More specifically, it intends to unveil the tight relation of the phenomenon of bottled water production vis-à-vis equality in access to water. It scrutinizes, the role the phenomenon “bottled water” plays in the path towards the implementation of the human right of access to water.
Il contributo si propone di affrontare una problematica tipica dei sistemi giuridici di matrice o... more Il contributo si propone di affrontare una problematica tipica dei sistemi giuridici di matrice occidentale: la tutela di beni e interessi ad appartenen- za super-individuale. L’intenzione è mettere in luce, da un lato, l’esistenza di tali beni, e il loro parziale riconoscimento, all’interno degli ordinamenti nazionali e, dall’altro lato, la mancanza strutturale di rimedi per la loro tu- tela derivante da una architettura del sistema rimediale interamente fonda- ta sulla dimensione individuale. Lo scopo è quello di far emergere lo sfasa- mento tra l’esistenza di situazioni giuridiche super-individuali e la struttura dei rimedi esistenti, basati sulla titolarità individuale.
The work compares two apparently different legal frameworks governing bottled water to highlight ... more The work compares two apparently different legal frameworks governing bottled water to highlight the underlying convergence of their rhetorical underpinnings. In particular, it looks at the law regulating the exploitation of water destined to bottling in India and Italy. Through these two examples this work wants to show how in both countries, which may serve as, respectively, a Global South and a Global North examples as to their position in the worldwide allocation of economic wealth and labour, the regulations treat water as a commodity focusing on the aspects concerning its commercialization by private companies.
Investment treaty arbitration has gone a long way from its first appearance. Since the wave of pr... more Investment treaty arbitration has gone a long way from its first appearance. Since the wave of privatization of public services in many countries, foreign investors have undertaken investments in activities and services that have significant impacts on public interest and effects on the population of the host State as well. Against this backdrop, the one-sided structure of investment treaty obligations burdening, almost exclusively, host States seem to constitute an imbalance at odds with the current State-investor relations. Counterclaims could constitute a useful instrument to address such an imbalance by allowing the introduction of claims against the investor in investment treaty-based arbitration. However, the actual availability of counterclaims to respondent States is not yet warranted. This contribution analyses the various procedural aspects concerning their jurisdictional eligibility or admissibility. In particular, it investigates the legal basis on which a State can file a counterclaim alleging breaches of investor’s obligation. Even though the current state of investment agreements is still lacking solid grounds for identifying investor’s obligations, it is argued that the procedural admissibility and jurisdictional coverage of counterclaims is far less problematic.
[It]: Il contributo analizza il principio dell'immunità giurisdizionale prendendo le mosse dalla ... more [It]: Il contributo analizza il principio dell'immunità giurisdizionale prendendo le mosse dalla sentenza delle Sezioni Unite, del 10 dicembre 2020, n. 28180, focalizzandosi: sull'identificazione degli acta iure imperii in relazione ad attività delegate a soggetti non-statali; e sul rapporto tra immunità, interpretazione restrittiva e controlimiti. L'analisi mette in relazione la sentenza delle Sezioni Unite con l'antecedente pronuncia della Corte di giustizia dell'UE (C-641/18) per vagliare un potenziale consolidamento di una mutata opinio iuris relativa al principio di diritto internazionale consuetudinario. Abstract [En]: The contribution analyzes the principle of immunity drawing from the ruling of the Sezioni Unite, of 10 December 2020, n. 28180. The analysis focuses on: the identification of acta iure imperii in situations where delegated non-state actors are involved; and on the relationship between immunity, its restrictive interpretation and counter-limits. The work links the ruling of the Sezioni Unite with the previous sentence of the Court of Justice of the EU (C-641/18) to consider a potential consolidation of a mutated opinio iuris relating to the principle of customary international law.
The extension of State immunity to private actors, to whom are delegated functions typically unde... more The extension of State immunity to private actors, to whom are delegated functions typically undertaken by sovereign States, is posing some challenges to the international legal order. The Judgement C-641/18 of the ECJ has intervened on the matter setting important criteria and boundaries to such extension of immunity. However, the importance of this judgement extends beyond the boundaries of immunity as the Court intervened in the, hitherto uncertain, relation between customary international law and the fundamental rights enshrined in the European Charter of Fundamental Rights. This contribution investigates the relevance of the judgement in the configuration of the interaction between these two different sources of law.
The aim of this contribution is to investigate the legal institution of immunity in the context o... more The aim of this contribution is to investigate the legal institution of immunity in the context of today’s international law. This latter has gone through significant processes of transformation that, since the beginning of the twentieth century, witnessed a gradual reshaping of the idea of states as “normal types” of subjects of the international society. The role played by non state actors in the management of international affairs has grown, and states are increasingly delegating some of their functions to private operators. Against this backdrop, this contribution investigates how immunity should be framed with reference to private actors exercising public authority. The analysis will introduce the concept of delegation of public authority, in the context of hybridisation between public and private. It will then focus on the content of the activity as a paradigm to guide the extension of state immunity, through a presumption of non applicability. The analysis of some relevant national case-law, and of a pending case in front of the ECJ will serve as support of the analysis for testing its contentions.
[En]: This contribution investigates the legal regime governing water at both the international a... more [En]: This contribution investigates the legal regime governing water at both the international and national levels in order to show how water challenges the prerogative of exclusion characterising the core legal institutions governing water distribution, i.e. sovereignty and ownership. In particular, the work moves from an analysis of the international law principles underpinning water government in relation to sovereignty. It provides, then, an overview of water regulation in Europe in order to show the centrality of the concept of property in different national legal regimes: France, the United Kingdoms, and Italy. Thus, the relation between water and property is investigated in each legal system going beyond the declamatory principles and identifying the operational rules. Finally, the last part shows how water shapes its regulatory framework at the interstate and the national level limiting the power to exclude. The conclusions propose a reflection on the meaning and effects of the elaboration of such complex regimes of water government in both the national and international arena.
Abstract [It]: Il contributo analizza il regime giuridico di governo delle risorse idriche tanto nella loro dimensione nazionale (interna) quanto in quella internazionale (esterna). L analisi mostra come l acqua limiti la portata operativa del potere di esclusione caratterizzante i principali istituti giuridici che sovrintendono al suo governo: la proprietà e la sovranità. In particolare, questo lavoro prende le mosse da un analisi dei principi di diritto internazionale concernenti il governo dell acqua in rapporto alla sovranità. Successivamente, viene proposta una panoramica della regolamentazione dei servizi idrici in Europa al fine di mostrare la centralità dell istituto della proprietà nei diversi regimi giuridici nazionali esaminati: Francia, Regno Unito e Italia. Sulla base di questa comparazione, il rapporto tra acqua e proprietà viene approfondito in ciascun ordinamento giuridico superando i principi declamatori e identificando le regole operative. Infine, l ultima parte mostra il potenziale della risorsa idrica, quale oggetto di regolamentazione, di modellare gli istituti giuridici ad essa applicati a livello interstatale e nazionale limitandone il potere di esclusione. Le conclusioni propongono una riflessione sul significato e sugli effetti dello sviluppo di questi regimi di governo delle acque.
Since the adoption of the United Nations Resolution that, on July 2010, recognized access to cle... more Since the adoption of the United Nations Resolution that, on July 2010, recognized access to clean water as a human right, we have been witnessing a slow but steady raise of social and political fervor in a number of European Union Member States – as well as before the European institutions – on the matter. Many local, national and transnational movements appeared on the continent forcing both European institutions and governments of the Member States to engage in a debate on water management and the need for a formal recognition of the human right to water. This contribution aims to investigate the reasons and the consequences of the exclusion of bottled water production and exploitation from the aforementioned debate. More specifically, it intends to unveil the tight relation of the phenomenon of bottled water production vis-à-vis equality in access to water. It scrutinizes, the role the phenomenon “bottled water” plays in the path towards the implementation of the human right of access to water.
Il contributo si propone di affrontare una problematica tipica dei sistemi giuridici di matrice o... more Il contributo si propone di affrontare una problematica tipica dei sistemi giuridici di matrice occidentale: la tutela di beni e interessi ad appartenen- za super-individuale. L’intenzione è mettere in luce, da un lato, l’esistenza di tali beni, e il loro parziale riconoscimento, all’interno degli ordinamenti nazionali e, dall’altro lato, la mancanza strutturale di rimedi per la loro tu- tela derivante da una architettura del sistema rimediale interamente fonda- ta sulla dimensione individuale. Lo scopo è quello di far emergere lo sfasa- mento tra l’esistenza di situazioni giuridiche super-individuali e la struttura dei rimedi esistenti, basati sulla titolarità individuale.
The work compares two apparently different legal frameworks governing bottled water to highlight ... more The work compares two apparently different legal frameworks governing bottled water to highlight the underlying convergence of their rhetorical underpinnings. In particular, it looks at the law regulating the exploitation of water destined to bottling in India and Italy. Through these two examples this work wants to show how in both countries, which may serve as, respectively, a Global South and a Global North examples as to their position in the worldwide allocation of economic wealth and labour, the regulations treat water as a commodity focusing on the aspects concerning its commercialization by private companies.
Uploads
Papers by Diego Bonetto
Abstract [En]: The contribution analyzes the principle of immunity drawing from the ruling of the Sezioni Unite, of 10 December 2020, n. 28180. The analysis focuses on: the identification of acta iure imperii in situations where delegated non-state actors are involved; and on the relationship between immunity, its restrictive interpretation and counter-limits. The work links the ruling of the Sezioni Unite with the previous sentence of the Court of Justice of the EU (C-641/18) to consider a potential consolidation of a mutated opinio iuris relating to the principle of customary international law.
Against this backdrop, this contribution investigates how immunity should be framed with reference to private actors exercising public authority. The analysis will introduce the concept of delegation of public authority, in the context of hybridisation between public and private. It will then focus on the content of the activity as a paradigm to guide the extension of state immunity, through a presumption of non applicability. The analysis of some relevant national case-law, and of a pending case in front of the ECJ will serve as support of the analysis for testing its contentions.
Abstract [It]: Il contributo analizza il regime giuridico di governo delle risorse idriche tanto nella loro dimensione nazionale (interna) quanto in quella internazionale (esterna). L analisi mostra come l acqua limiti la portata operativa del potere di esclusione caratterizzante i principali istituti giuridici che sovrintendono al suo governo: la proprietà e la sovranità. In particolare, questo lavoro prende le mosse da un analisi dei principi di diritto internazionale concernenti il governo dell acqua in rapporto alla sovranità. Successivamente, viene proposta una panoramica della regolamentazione dei servizi idrici in Europa al fine di mostrare la centralità dell istituto della proprietà nei diversi regimi giuridici nazionali esaminati: Francia, Regno Unito e Italia. Sulla base di questa comparazione, il rapporto tra acqua e proprietà viene approfondito in ciascun ordinamento giuridico superando i principi declamatori e identificando le regole operative. Infine, l ultima parte mostra il potenziale della risorsa idrica, quale oggetto di regolamentazione, di modellare gli istituti giuridici ad essa applicati a livello interstatale e nazionale limitandone il potere di esclusione. Le conclusioni propongono una riflessione sul significato e sugli effetti dello sviluppo di questi regimi di governo delle acque.
This contribution aims to investigate the reasons and the consequences of the exclusion of bottled water production and exploitation from the aforementioned debate. More specifically, it intends to unveil the tight relation of the phenomenon of bottled water production vis-à-vis equality in access to water. It scrutinizes, the role the phenomenon “bottled water” plays in the path towards the implementation of the human right of access to water.
Books by Diego Bonetto
Abstract [En]: The contribution analyzes the principle of immunity drawing from the ruling of the Sezioni Unite, of 10 December 2020, n. 28180. The analysis focuses on: the identification of acta iure imperii in situations where delegated non-state actors are involved; and on the relationship between immunity, its restrictive interpretation and counter-limits. The work links the ruling of the Sezioni Unite with the previous sentence of the Court of Justice of the EU (C-641/18) to consider a potential consolidation of a mutated opinio iuris relating to the principle of customary international law.
Against this backdrop, this contribution investigates how immunity should be framed with reference to private actors exercising public authority. The analysis will introduce the concept of delegation of public authority, in the context of hybridisation between public and private. It will then focus on the content of the activity as a paradigm to guide the extension of state immunity, through a presumption of non applicability. The analysis of some relevant national case-law, and of a pending case in front of the ECJ will serve as support of the analysis for testing its contentions.
Abstract [It]: Il contributo analizza il regime giuridico di governo delle risorse idriche tanto nella loro dimensione nazionale (interna) quanto in quella internazionale (esterna). L analisi mostra come l acqua limiti la portata operativa del potere di esclusione caratterizzante i principali istituti giuridici che sovrintendono al suo governo: la proprietà e la sovranità. In particolare, questo lavoro prende le mosse da un analisi dei principi di diritto internazionale concernenti il governo dell acqua in rapporto alla sovranità. Successivamente, viene proposta una panoramica della regolamentazione dei servizi idrici in Europa al fine di mostrare la centralità dell istituto della proprietà nei diversi regimi giuridici nazionali esaminati: Francia, Regno Unito e Italia. Sulla base di questa comparazione, il rapporto tra acqua e proprietà viene approfondito in ciascun ordinamento giuridico superando i principi declamatori e identificando le regole operative. Infine, l ultima parte mostra il potenziale della risorsa idrica, quale oggetto di regolamentazione, di modellare gli istituti giuridici ad essa applicati a livello interstatale e nazionale limitandone il potere di esclusione. Le conclusioni propongono una riflessione sul significato e sugli effetti dello sviluppo di questi regimi di governo delle acque.
This contribution aims to investigate the reasons and the consequences of the exclusion of bottled water production and exploitation from the aforementioned debate. More specifically, it intends to unveil the tight relation of the phenomenon of bottled water production vis-à-vis equality in access to water. It scrutinizes, the role the phenomenon “bottled water” plays in the path towards the implementation of the human right of access to water.