I am working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Education, University of Loralai, Balochistan, Pakistan. I am an HEC approved supervisor. I have published dozen of papers in national and international journals on various topics of teacher education. Supervisors: Supervisor
This study aims to analyze the relationship between mindfulness, environmental satisfaction, and ... more This study aims to analyze the relationship between mindfulness, environmental satisfaction, and environmental identity of adults. A sample of 367 adults was recruited using convenient sampling, and data were collected through online surveys. A quantitative analysis was carried out with SMART PLS-SEM to explore the structural relationships between these variables. The results demonstrated that mindfulness is significantly correlated with both environmental satisfaction and environmental identity, with environmental identity serving as a significant mediator between mindfulness and environmental satisfaction. These findings suggest that individuals with higher levels of mindfulness tend to have greater environmental satisfaction and a more robust environmental identity. The study highlights the importance of mindfulness in promoting environmental responsibility and suggests that mindfulness can enhance adults' affinity with nature and pro-environmental behaviors. This research contributes to the current understanding of the psychological determinants of environmental attitudes and behaviors, offering valuable insights for policymakers and practitioners aiming to foster environmental actions.
TURKISH PSYCHOLOGICAL COUNSELING AND GUIDANCE JOURNAL, 2024
Academia in college is different from high school because college students will meet people who h... more Academia in college is different from high school because college students will meet people who have different cultures, personalities, points of view, and interests. Personal adjustments are essential for these college students in this different scenario. Not only can it boost social interaction but it will help how to be persistent and resilient in their academic life. Failure in developing personal adjustments could turn the college students into anxiety in their social interaction which the freshman students may encounter when they face the changes in their environment and culture. An attempt to increase personal adjustment and decrease social anxiety through Motivational Enhancement Therapy (MET) is possible. There are five stages used in MET, that are pre-contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance. This study used an experimental method with one group of pretest and post-test design which included 100 freshman college students. This research aims to know the effect of MET treatment to reduce social anxiety and increase personal adjustment in freshman college students in Indonesia. The instruments are the Social Anxiety Scale (La Greca & Lopez, 1998) consisting of 18 items, and the adjustment scale (Haber & Runyon, 1984) consisting of 25 items. The analysis in this study is a paired sample t-test that examines decrease in social anxiety and increase in personal adjustment before and after being given MET treatment. The results revealed that MET significantly reduced social anxiety and increased personal adjustment in freshman college students in Indonesia. The results have been discussed and recommendations are given.
Qlantic Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2024
Recent research has proposed different factorial models, including three factorial designs, a uni... more Recent research has proposed different factorial models, including three factorial designs, a unifactorial, bi-factorial, and bi-factorial with a general factor (Valdés García et al., 2022). Strong positive correlations have been found between the scores of RSES and other measures examining the self-esteem construct, proving correlations between RSES scores and scores of other
Journal of Educational Psychology and Pedagogical Sciences (JEPPS), 2024
Cultivation theory posits that heavy exposure to violent media content can lead to increased aggr... more Cultivation theory posits that heavy exposure to violent media content can lead to increased aggressive behavior, as well as heightened anxiety and fear regarding personal safety, particularly among young people. This study investigates these effects by focusing on the impact of violent TV news on sensitization, insecurity, mistrust, and fear among Pakistani youth. Adopting a quantitative approach with a cross-sectional research design, data was collected from 518 students (both male and female) across 12 public sector universities in Pakistan. The findings support the tenets of Cultivation Theory, showing that exposure to violent TV news sensitizes youth and cultivates a perception of an unsafe world. Additionally, the study identifies a significant rise in anxiety, depression, fear, mistrust, and insecurity among university students, with female participants exhibiting greater sensitivity to these effects than their male counterparts. These results underscore the critical need for awareness and intervention strategies to mitigate the negative psychological impacts of violent media content on young individuals.
Learning strategies have been critical due to a large body of evidence verifying their associatio... more Learning strategies have been critical due to a large body of evidence verifying their association with various outcomes such as academic success, creativity, critical thinking, life satisfaction, self-efficacy, metacognitive awareness, emotional intelligence, and student motivation. Therefore, identifying better learning strategies can benefit students and teachers. Learning strategies have been widely examined on several scales, among which the ACRA brief scale for university students is the most popular, especially in Spain. In Pakistan, validation of the ACRA scale is important so that indigenous researchers can use it according to their context and culture. The present study examined the factor structure of the ACRA brief scale using a cross-validation approach that involves an exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis in a sample of 951(M = 533, F = 417) students from Pakistani Universities. The results proposed a 17-item version with three factors: micro-strategies, keys for memory and metacognition, and emotional-social support with satisfactory psychometric properties. Furthermore, the key for memory and metacognition factors is significantly associated with the CGPA of students and is higher in women than in men; however, the effect sizes of these findings are small. The validated version of the brief ACRA scale can be used to assess the learning strategies. In addition, it is suggested that national researchers and MS and Ph.D. students can use the validated scale version in their research studies, including project papers, theses, and dissertations. Directly teaching students about the techniques and benefits of learning strategies can help them overcome their hesitation.
Objectives: Negative attitudes toward polio vaccination in Pakistan are threatening the global po... more Objectives: Negative attitudes toward polio vaccination in Pakistan are threatening the global polio eradication efforts by encouraging vaccine refusals and attacks on polio workers. The present research explored the underlying dimensions of these attitudes and their correlates: Uncertainty and belief in conspiracy theories. Methods: This research began with the development of an item pool generated with the help of an open-ended survey of university students (n = 44). Face and content validity assessment by subject experts (n = 9) led to an initial version of the attitude toward polio vaccination scale (ATPVS). This scale was administered to a sample of Pakistani adults (n = 620) through two means: Paper-and-pencil survey and an online survey. Results: Exploratory factor analysis on one-half of the sample (n = 310) suggested a factor structure consisting of two internally consistent factors: Scepticism and Advocacy. On second half of the sample (n = 310), confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the two-factor structure of this scale. Hypothesis testing for convergent validity on the total sample (n = 620) revealed that self-uncertainty was positively related to scepticism and negatively related to advocacy. Whereas conspiracy mentality was positively associated with both of these components which indicates an understudied aspect of this construct related to concern for social welfare. Conclusion: Scepticism and advocacy of the polio vaccination campaign represent attitudes toward polio vaccination in Pakistan with self-uncertainty and conspiracy mentality being their significant correlates. Capitalizing on these variables in designing a vaccination promotion campaign may yield benefits.
Qlantic Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2024
The purpose of the study was to explore the characteristics of the concrete operational stage amo... more The purpose of the study was to explore the characteristics of the concrete operational stage among primary school students in Loralai. All the students studying in classes 3rd, 4th, 5th, and 6th at Government Girls High School Muhallah Kudezai comprise the population of the study. The total number of students was 223. Out of the total population, 187 students were randomly selected from the sampled school. An activity sheet based on six characteristics of Jean Piaget's cognitive development theory was constructed. The collected data were analyzed with the help of percentages. The findings of the study concluded that the students in Grades III, IV, V, and VI possess the characteristics of conservation, classification, transitivity, reversibility, seriation and decentration.
This study explored the influence of the parenting styles of the parents on the behavior of the c... more This study explored the influence of the parenting styles of the parents on the behavior of the children from southern Punjab, Pakistan, through a qualitative research design. A purposive sampling technique was used, and a semi-structured interview protocol was developed for data collection. The five parents (mothers) whose parenting styles had to be measured were from different backgrounds and socioeconomic statuses. The participants were approached through personal sources and contacts after complying with the complete research ethics. The validity of the instrument was examined through the expert opinion (N = 03), while the reliability of the instrument was assured through the extensive literature that addressed parenting styles. The data were analyzed through thematic analysis by finding three major themes that emerged from the categories of interviews, which are parents' behavior, ineffective parenting, and reasons for leaving educational institutes. The findings of the study revealed that authoritative and permissive parenting styles are used by most parents (mothers). Additionally, this study concluded that delinquent behaviors in children are a result of various factors of domestic life, e.g., false beliefs of the parents, low self-esteem of the children, mystification by parents, and communication gaps between parents and the children. The study recommends that regular training for parents on improving the quality of positive parenting styles should be conducted through the collaboration of public and private partnerships. Moreover, community-based rehabilitation centres must be established to raise awareness of parenting styles.
Background: School leadership (SL) is essential to the overall growth of the school setup, especi... more Background: School leadership (SL) is essential to the overall growth of the school setup, especially in the improvement of the teachers' pedagogical competence (TPC). The quality of TPC was not up to the mark hence it was expected that SL may help teachers to improve their TPC. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to design and evaluate the content validity (CV) of a school leadership scale (SLS) to improve teachers' pedagogical competence (TPC) using the content validity ratio (CVR), content validity index (CVI), and modified kappa (k*). Methods: The SLS-TPC used the three-stage procedure outlined by Almanasreh, Moles, and Chen (2018). Thirty-six (36) items were developed after reviewing the literature. The researcher consulted ten experts to establish content validity using the approaches of Lawshe (1975), Yusoff (2019), and Polit et al. (2007). CVR was computed using a three-point scale, whereas CVI was determined using a four-point scale. Items with low CVR (<0.62) and low I-CVI (<0.78) were not considered. Results: The instrument consisted of 4 constructs: (1) the role of secondary school head as a transformational leader (TL), (2) the role of secondary school head as an instructional leader (IL), (3) the role of secondary school head as a distributed leader (DL), and (4) the role of secondary school head as an authentic leader (AL). After evaluation, thirty-two (32) items remained on the scale. The values for CVR ranged from .80 to 1 and for I-CVI values varied from .90 to 1. The value of S-CVI/Ave was .96, whereas k* varied from .90 to 1. All of these values confirmed the excellent content validity. Conclusion: The newly developed school leadership scale for TPC (SLS-TPC) had acceptable CVR, CVI, and k*.
Metacognition is changing, interpreting, and managing one's ideas and thoughts. Rumination and de... more Metacognition is changing, interpreting, and managing one's ideas and thoughts. Rumination and depression are predicted by having specific problematic metacognitive beliefs. The focus of this study was to explore rumination's mediating role in the association between metacognition and interpersonal sensitivity. It included 304 participants selected through convenient sampling from different cities in Punjab, Pakistan. A total of 304 participants were from various schools, colleges, universities, training centers, and Academies of Malakwal, Sargodha, Lahore, Faisalabad, Phalia, and Islamabad. Three scales have been demonstrated to test the hypotheses: Metacognitive Self-Assessment Scale, Ruminative Response Scale, and Interpersonal Sensitivity Measure. Findings suggest a significant positive relationship between interpersonal sensitivity and metacognition. Rumination partially mediated the association between metacognition and interpersonal sensitivity. Various patterns of correlations that surfaced throughout this investigation are thought to have significant practical relevance. Future studies should go deeper into the connection between these constructs.
The study explored the differences in preferred learning strategies according to students' academ... more The study explored the differences in preferred learning strategies according to students' academic achievement, age, area, and gender among the university students of various departments of the University of Loralai, Balochistan. A survey research method was used to conduct this study. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to determine the differences in the learning strategies as per academic achievement, area, age, and gender of an aforesaid sample. A convenient sample (N = 396) of students (M= 237, F= 159) from various departments of the University of Loralai, Balochistan was taken. For data collection, a reliable measure of 17 items (3 factors) was used. The construct validity of the measure, which was obtained by EFA & CFA, was considered from the prior research led in Spain and KSA. Results revealed that all learning strategies were used but among these, the ESS (emotional social support) learning strategy was the most favored one while the MLS (microlearning strategy) was the least favored one. Males and females were found to have significant differences in using the overall learning strategies. Age groups were also found to have significant differences in using the KMMC strategy, ESS strategy, and overall LS. Limitations and recommendations were enlisted for future studies.
Male and female students’ choices always matter when it comes to the selection of any profession ... more Male and female students’ choices always matter when it comes to the selection of any profession or any kind of strategy that is why our study is of supreme importance. This study was conducted to make sure that male students select different learning strategies for their lecture than female students and vice versa. The study was conducted in the Department of Education at the University of Loralai in Balochistan. It was a descriptive (a type of quantitative) research design for which participants were randomly selected through a simple random selection technique. For gender-wise comparison, 101 were male while 56 were female students who filled out and returned the questionnaires. The scale adopted by us from Jimenez et al. (2018) had 17 items in total which were spread in three dimensions i.e., micro-learning strategy (MLS; 05 items; α=0.83), keys for memory and metacognition learning strategy (KMMLS; 05 items; α= 0.65) and emotional social support learning strategy (ESSLS; 07 ite...
This study portrayed Islamia College Peshawar (ICP) as an icon in academia and research since 200... more This study portrayed Islamia College Peshawar (ICP) as an icon in academia and research since 2008, when it was upgraded from a college to a university. The study is based on quantitative cum qualitative research. The faculty of Islamia College Peshawar was taken as the population for whom a self-structured questionnaire was used to collect the data. SPSS software was used to give the results in the form of median and Chi-square tests because of the non-parametric data. The outcomes demonstrated that Islamia College Peshawar's performance has improved over time. ICP, which is also a university, has positioned itself at 34 of the nation's 73 universities, according to the HEC rating for 2015. Through a provincial assembly resolution, the college was granted university status in the year 2008. In the past twelve years of its upgrading, the institution has produced more than 1000 M.Phil. scholars and about 80 Ph.D. candidates. The findings further demonstrated that Islamia College Peshawar not only supports the local research culture but also upholds Pashtun history and its prior notoriety. Moreover, results revealed that Islamia College Peshawar faculty is satisfied with its upgradation status from college to university; they conduct different workshops/ seminars in their respective field of research and integrate their instruction with modern ICT in the classrooms. Results have been discussed, and limitations are given for future researchers.
PERCEPTION LEVEL OF TEACHERS ABOUT THE PROMOTERS TO CREATIVITY IN PAKISTAN, 2021
The main objective of the study was to know the level of perception of teachers about the promote... more The main objective of the study was to know the level of perception of teachers about the promoters that promote creativity among the students. Further, the teachers' level of perception were compared regarding demographic variables of gender, area, and marital status. The design of the study was quantitative in nature and used the survey method to accomplish the above-mentioned objectives. The target population was all the schoolteachers in Pakistan at various levels. For data collection, an online questionnaire on social media platforms (WhatsApp, Emails and Facebook) was uploaded which was filled online by 400 schoolteachers randomly. It must be noted that the original questionnaire was constructed, validated and made reliable by the Sarsani (1999) in India. The original questionnaire had 17 items with 5-point Likert scale but the current researchers just took (adopted) 11 items from the original questionnaire without changing a single word. The current researchers sought the Cronbach Alpha Reliability Coefficient to see if the adopted questionnaire is reliable in Pakistani
Interest is considered a vital element that helps in attaining the educational goals of students.... more Interest is considered a vital element that helps in attaining the educational goals of students. Parents also set some expectations for their children's education and career, which may not always align with their interests; consequently, their educational practice may suffer. In this regard, this study was designed to examine the relationship between students' academic interests in their respective fields and their parental expectations. The nature of the study was descriptive, and the quantitative method was considered appropriate for data collection. By applying a simple random sampling technique, the questionnaires were distributed among 151 students of the Islamia University of Bahawalpur from various departments, and data was analyzed by using several descriptive and inferential statistical tests. The findings revealed that students possess a high academic interest level and showed a significant difference with respect to their gender and departments. Furthermore, parental expectations were negatively correlated with academic interest and higher for male students than female students. Based on the results, the study highly advocates that parents should respect the desires and interests of their children and should treat them equally by understanding their abilities and aptitudes. Besides, teachers should raise awareness among parents regarding the importance of the academic interests of students in their studies.
Purpose of the study: This study finds the barriers responsible for females' low literacy in the ... more Purpose of the study: This study finds the barriers responsible for females' low literacy in the Balochistan province of Pakistan at the primary school level. Methodology: Qualitative research design was applied to this study. Data were collected through the interview tool and were analyzed through a thematic analysis procedure. Results were given in the form of major themes and sub-themes. Main Findings: This study gave 4 major results, which were in the form of four major themes, i.e., lack of basic facilities, lack of qualified teachers, lack of enrolment, and financial constraints. The major themes were categorized into several sub-themes. Applications of this study: This study is beneficial and applicable in Pakistani society. It attracts the attention of the layman and government to focus on female education to make the females literate at the best level. Novelty/Originality of this study: The new aspect of this study was to show the barriers responsible for females' low literacy. It is aware of the readers that lack of basic facilities, lack of qualified teachers, lack of enrolment, and financial constraints are the barriers to females' low literacy. It also advances the existing knowledge and bridges the gap between past and existing knowledge.
The main objective of this study was to explore the factors that promote creativity among the stu... more The main objective of this study was to explore the factors that promote creativity among the students at secondary level. The methodological design of the study was quantitative in nature, which used the exploratory survey because the researchers had to explore the factors that promote the creativity. The target population was all the secondary school teachers from the Pakistan. The researchers uploaded the questionnaire on social media platforms such Facebook and WhatsApp for the online data collection, which was filled by the 467 secondary school teachers randomly. The questionnaire was adopted from the past researcher (Sarsani, 1999), which was reliable and validated in nature. The questionnaire was composed of 11 items, which addressed the factors that promote creativity among the students at the secondary level in Pakistan. Data were analyzed by using the descriptive statistics i.e., frequency, percentage and mean value. The results showed that eight items out of eleven were mostly agreed or strongly agreed upon by the teachers. These eight items got the mean value of 4 or above 4. Further, among these eight items, the item, which got the highest mean value of 4.37, was “building the self-confidence among the students”. Therefore, it is concluded that the highly affecting promoter, which promotes creativity among the students, was “the building of self-confidence among the students”. The results of the study were discussed in light of the past creativity literature. Recommendations were given based on the current study results.
Palarch’s Journal Of Archaeology Of Egypt/Egyptology, 2021
This paper was designed to investigate the Pakistani secondary science teachers’ understanding ab... more This paper was designed to investigate the Pakistani secondary science teachers’ understanding about the definition of creativity. The design of study was qualitative based on grounded theory method. This study recruited 20 (08 males & 12 females) teachers, which wereselected purely based on the purposive sampling technique. All the recruited teachers were from District Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan. The teachers were interviewed through a semi-structured interview guide, and their responses were recorded in the researcher's cell phone through their consent. Data were analyzed according to the coding method of Miles and Huberman (1994). All the interviews were transcribed word by word from which themes were generated. Totally four themes, i.e., newness, new tutoring methods, practicality, and natural/God-gifted phenomenon, were drawn from the interviews. This made the theory of creativity that exclusively grounded in Pakistani context on which an explicit definition of creativity was made.The other astonishing finding that came from this study was that creativity is a multifaceted concept rather than singly defined. So, this paper definedcreativity as newness, new tutoring methods, practicality, and natural/God-gifted phenomenon. Since Pakistani teachers’ definitions of creativity were supported by past literature, therefore, their conception of creativity were referred to as informed views towards creativity. Several limitations of this study have been discussed in last of this article forwhich suggestions have been made for the future researchers when they have to encounter with the concept of creativity.This study contributed to the knowledge in varous areas like context, area of study and in shaping the theory about the definition of creativity.
Pakistan Journal of Humanities & Social Sciences Research, 2021
The purpose of this article was to shower light on the quality of life that mostly we expect. Lif... more The purpose of this article was to shower light on the quality of life that mostly we expect. Life quality is determined by two aspects i.e., physiological and psychological aspects. While if a person is addicted to the drugs, then both aspects of his/ her life is deteriorated to the extreme. Due to drug addiction, the negative psychological effects which arises are anxiety, stress, depression, and familial relationships while the negative physiological effects that arise from the drug addiction are weakness, headache, dizziness, and pain in the body, etc. The main objective was to evaluate the quality of life of Diamorphine addicts, behavioral stimulation and inhibition, perceived social competence, and the relationship among these variables; and check differences between drug addicts on these variables based on their belongingness to joint and nuclear family systems. To achieve the objectives, 10 Diamorphine addicts were taken from Azm Drug Rehabilitation center, Sargodha, through purposive sampling. A total number of 10 participants responded to the 26-items quality of life survey (WHO-QOL-BREF), 24-items BAS/BIS (BIS/BAS scale) questionnaire, and 5-items perceived social competence questionnaire (Perceived Social Competence Scale II). Results were analyzed via SPSS version 20. The results showed that all three variables in the study were not associated with each other. Quality of life and social competence correlated -.25 (p = n.s); quality of life and BAS/BIS had .30 (p = n.s); while social competence and BAS/BIS had -.16 (p = n.s). It may be due to the cultural settings of Pakistan. In drug addicts, BAS has high activity, and BIS has low activity. And there is no significant difference in these variables among addicts of the nuclear and joint family system.
This study aims to analyze the relationship between mindfulness, environmental satisfaction, and ... more This study aims to analyze the relationship between mindfulness, environmental satisfaction, and environmental identity of adults. A sample of 367 adults was recruited using convenient sampling, and data were collected through online surveys. A quantitative analysis was carried out with SMART PLS-SEM to explore the structural relationships between these variables. The results demonstrated that mindfulness is significantly correlated with both environmental satisfaction and environmental identity, with environmental identity serving as a significant mediator between mindfulness and environmental satisfaction. These findings suggest that individuals with higher levels of mindfulness tend to have greater environmental satisfaction and a more robust environmental identity. The study highlights the importance of mindfulness in promoting environmental responsibility and suggests that mindfulness can enhance adults' affinity with nature and pro-environmental behaviors. This research contributes to the current understanding of the psychological determinants of environmental attitudes and behaviors, offering valuable insights for policymakers and practitioners aiming to foster environmental actions.
TURKISH PSYCHOLOGICAL COUNSELING AND GUIDANCE JOURNAL, 2024
Academia in college is different from high school because college students will meet people who h... more Academia in college is different from high school because college students will meet people who have different cultures, personalities, points of view, and interests. Personal adjustments are essential for these college students in this different scenario. Not only can it boost social interaction but it will help how to be persistent and resilient in their academic life. Failure in developing personal adjustments could turn the college students into anxiety in their social interaction which the freshman students may encounter when they face the changes in their environment and culture. An attempt to increase personal adjustment and decrease social anxiety through Motivational Enhancement Therapy (MET) is possible. There are five stages used in MET, that are pre-contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance. This study used an experimental method with one group of pretest and post-test design which included 100 freshman college students. This research aims to know the effect of MET treatment to reduce social anxiety and increase personal adjustment in freshman college students in Indonesia. The instruments are the Social Anxiety Scale (La Greca & Lopez, 1998) consisting of 18 items, and the adjustment scale (Haber & Runyon, 1984) consisting of 25 items. The analysis in this study is a paired sample t-test that examines decrease in social anxiety and increase in personal adjustment before and after being given MET treatment. The results revealed that MET significantly reduced social anxiety and increased personal adjustment in freshman college students in Indonesia. The results have been discussed and recommendations are given.
Qlantic Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2024
Recent research has proposed different factorial models, including three factorial designs, a uni... more Recent research has proposed different factorial models, including three factorial designs, a unifactorial, bi-factorial, and bi-factorial with a general factor (Valdés García et al., 2022). Strong positive correlations have been found between the scores of RSES and other measures examining the self-esteem construct, proving correlations between RSES scores and scores of other
Journal of Educational Psychology and Pedagogical Sciences (JEPPS), 2024
Cultivation theory posits that heavy exposure to violent media content can lead to increased aggr... more Cultivation theory posits that heavy exposure to violent media content can lead to increased aggressive behavior, as well as heightened anxiety and fear regarding personal safety, particularly among young people. This study investigates these effects by focusing on the impact of violent TV news on sensitization, insecurity, mistrust, and fear among Pakistani youth. Adopting a quantitative approach with a cross-sectional research design, data was collected from 518 students (both male and female) across 12 public sector universities in Pakistan. The findings support the tenets of Cultivation Theory, showing that exposure to violent TV news sensitizes youth and cultivates a perception of an unsafe world. Additionally, the study identifies a significant rise in anxiety, depression, fear, mistrust, and insecurity among university students, with female participants exhibiting greater sensitivity to these effects than their male counterparts. These results underscore the critical need for awareness and intervention strategies to mitigate the negative psychological impacts of violent media content on young individuals.
Learning strategies have been critical due to a large body of evidence verifying their associatio... more Learning strategies have been critical due to a large body of evidence verifying their association with various outcomes such as academic success, creativity, critical thinking, life satisfaction, self-efficacy, metacognitive awareness, emotional intelligence, and student motivation. Therefore, identifying better learning strategies can benefit students and teachers. Learning strategies have been widely examined on several scales, among which the ACRA brief scale for university students is the most popular, especially in Spain. In Pakistan, validation of the ACRA scale is important so that indigenous researchers can use it according to their context and culture. The present study examined the factor structure of the ACRA brief scale using a cross-validation approach that involves an exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis in a sample of 951(M = 533, F = 417) students from Pakistani Universities. The results proposed a 17-item version with three factors: micro-strategies, keys for memory and metacognition, and emotional-social support with satisfactory psychometric properties. Furthermore, the key for memory and metacognition factors is significantly associated with the CGPA of students and is higher in women than in men; however, the effect sizes of these findings are small. The validated version of the brief ACRA scale can be used to assess the learning strategies. In addition, it is suggested that national researchers and MS and Ph.D. students can use the validated scale version in their research studies, including project papers, theses, and dissertations. Directly teaching students about the techniques and benefits of learning strategies can help them overcome their hesitation.
Objectives: Negative attitudes toward polio vaccination in Pakistan are threatening the global po... more Objectives: Negative attitudes toward polio vaccination in Pakistan are threatening the global polio eradication efforts by encouraging vaccine refusals and attacks on polio workers. The present research explored the underlying dimensions of these attitudes and their correlates: Uncertainty and belief in conspiracy theories. Methods: This research began with the development of an item pool generated with the help of an open-ended survey of university students (n = 44). Face and content validity assessment by subject experts (n = 9) led to an initial version of the attitude toward polio vaccination scale (ATPVS). This scale was administered to a sample of Pakistani adults (n = 620) through two means: Paper-and-pencil survey and an online survey. Results: Exploratory factor analysis on one-half of the sample (n = 310) suggested a factor structure consisting of two internally consistent factors: Scepticism and Advocacy. On second half of the sample (n = 310), confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the two-factor structure of this scale. Hypothesis testing for convergent validity on the total sample (n = 620) revealed that self-uncertainty was positively related to scepticism and negatively related to advocacy. Whereas conspiracy mentality was positively associated with both of these components which indicates an understudied aspect of this construct related to concern for social welfare. Conclusion: Scepticism and advocacy of the polio vaccination campaign represent attitudes toward polio vaccination in Pakistan with self-uncertainty and conspiracy mentality being their significant correlates. Capitalizing on these variables in designing a vaccination promotion campaign may yield benefits.
Qlantic Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2024
The purpose of the study was to explore the characteristics of the concrete operational stage amo... more The purpose of the study was to explore the characteristics of the concrete operational stage among primary school students in Loralai. All the students studying in classes 3rd, 4th, 5th, and 6th at Government Girls High School Muhallah Kudezai comprise the population of the study. The total number of students was 223. Out of the total population, 187 students were randomly selected from the sampled school. An activity sheet based on six characteristics of Jean Piaget's cognitive development theory was constructed. The collected data were analyzed with the help of percentages. The findings of the study concluded that the students in Grades III, IV, V, and VI possess the characteristics of conservation, classification, transitivity, reversibility, seriation and decentration.
This study explored the influence of the parenting styles of the parents on the behavior of the c... more This study explored the influence of the parenting styles of the parents on the behavior of the children from southern Punjab, Pakistan, through a qualitative research design. A purposive sampling technique was used, and a semi-structured interview protocol was developed for data collection. The five parents (mothers) whose parenting styles had to be measured were from different backgrounds and socioeconomic statuses. The participants were approached through personal sources and contacts after complying with the complete research ethics. The validity of the instrument was examined through the expert opinion (N = 03), while the reliability of the instrument was assured through the extensive literature that addressed parenting styles. The data were analyzed through thematic analysis by finding three major themes that emerged from the categories of interviews, which are parents' behavior, ineffective parenting, and reasons for leaving educational institutes. The findings of the study revealed that authoritative and permissive parenting styles are used by most parents (mothers). Additionally, this study concluded that delinquent behaviors in children are a result of various factors of domestic life, e.g., false beliefs of the parents, low self-esteem of the children, mystification by parents, and communication gaps between parents and the children. The study recommends that regular training for parents on improving the quality of positive parenting styles should be conducted through the collaboration of public and private partnerships. Moreover, community-based rehabilitation centres must be established to raise awareness of parenting styles.
Background: School leadership (SL) is essential to the overall growth of the school setup, especi... more Background: School leadership (SL) is essential to the overall growth of the school setup, especially in the improvement of the teachers' pedagogical competence (TPC). The quality of TPC was not up to the mark hence it was expected that SL may help teachers to improve their TPC. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to design and evaluate the content validity (CV) of a school leadership scale (SLS) to improve teachers' pedagogical competence (TPC) using the content validity ratio (CVR), content validity index (CVI), and modified kappa (k*). Methods: The SLS-TPC used the three-stage procedure outlined by Almanasreh, Moles, and Chen (2018). Thirty-six (36) items were developed after reviewing the literature. The researcher consulted ten experts to establish content validity using the approaches of Lawshe (1975), Yusoff (2019), and Polit et al. (2007). CVR was computed using a three-point scale, whereas CVI was determined using a four-point scale. Items with low CVR (<0.62) and low I-CVI (<0.78) were not considered. Results: The instrument consisted of 4 constructs: (1) the role of secondary school head as a transformational leader (TL), (2) the role of secondary school head as an instructional leader (IL), (3) the role of secondary school head as a distributed leader (DL), and (4) the role of secondary school head as an authentic leader (AL). After evaluation, thirty-two (32) items remained on the scale. The values for CVR ranged from .80 to 1 and for I-CVI values varied from .90 to 1. The value of S-CVI/Ave was .96, whereas k* varied from .90 to 1. All of these values confirmed the excellent content validity. Conclusion: The newly developed school leadership scale for TPC (SLS-TPC) had acceptable CVR, CVI, and k*.
Metacognition is changing, interpreting, and managing one's ideas and thoughts. Rumination and de... more Metacognition is changing, interpreting, and managing one's ideas and thoughts. Rumination and depression are predicted by having specific problematic metacognitive beliefs. The focus of this study was to explore rumination's mediating role in the association between metacognition and interpersonal sensitivity. It included 304 participants selected through convenient sampling from different cities in Punjab, Pakistan. A total of 304 participants were from various schools, colleges, universities, training centers, and Academies of Malakwal, Sargodha, Lahore, Faisalabad, Phalia, and Islamabad. Three scales have been demonstrated to test the hypotheses: Metacognitive Self-Assessment Scale, Ruminative Response Scale, and Interpersonal Sensitivity Measure. Findings suggest a significant positive relationship between interpersonal sensitivity and metacognition. Rumination partially mediated the association between metacognition and interpersonal sensitivity. Various patterns of correlations that surfaced throughout this investigation are thought to have significant practical relevance. Future studies should go deeper into the connection between these constructs.
The study explored the differences in preferred learning strategies according to students' academ... more The study explored the differences in preferred learning strategies according to students' academic achievement, age, area, and gender among the university students of various departments of the University of Loralai, Balochistan. A survey research method was used to conduct this study. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to determine the differences in the learning strategies as per academic achievement, area, age, and gender of an aforesaid sample. A convenient sample (N = 396) of students (M= 237, F= 159) from various departments of the University of Loralai, Balochistan was taken. For data collection, a reliable measure of 17 items (3 factors) was used. The construct validity of the measure, which was obtained by EFA & CFA, was considered from the prior research led in Spain and KSA. Results revealed that all learning strategies were used but among these, the ESS (emotional social support) learning strategy was the most favored one while the MLS (microlearning strategy) was the least favored one. Males and females were found to have significant differences in using the overall learning strategies. Age groups were also found to have significant differences in using the KMMC strategy, ESS strategy, and overall LS. Limitations and recommendations were enlisted for future studies.
Male and female students’ choices always matter when it comes to the selection of any profession ... more Male and female students’ choices always matter when it comes to the selection of any profession or any kind of strategy that is why our study is of supreme importance. This study was conducted to make sure that male students select different learning strategies for their lecture than female students and vice versa. The study was conducted in the Department of Education at the University of Loralai in Balochistan. It was a descriptive (a type of quantitative) research design for which participants were randomly selected through a simple random selection technique. For gender-wise comparison, 101 were male while 56 were female students who filled out and returned the questionnaires. The scale adopted by us from Jimenez et al. (2018) had 17 items in total which were spread in three dimensions i.e., micro-learning strategy (MLS; 05 items; α=0.83), keys for memory and metacognition learning strategy (KMMLS; 05 items; α= 0.65) and emotional social support learning strategy (ESSLS; 07 ite...
This study portrayed Islamia College Peshawar (ICP) as an icon in academia and research since 200... more This study portrayed Islamia College Peshawar (ICP) as an icon in academia and research since 2008, when it was upgraded from a college to a university. The study is based on quantitative cum qualitative research. The faculty of Islamia College Peshawar was taken as the population for whom a self-structured questionnaire was used to collect the data. SPSS software was used to give the results in the form of median and Chi-square tests because of the non-parametric data. The outcomes demonstrated that Islamia College Peshawar's performance has improved over time. ICP, which is also a university, has positioned itself at 34 of the nation's 73 universities, according to the HEC rating for 2015. Through a provincial assembly resolution, the college was granted university status in the year 2008. In the past twelve years of its upgrading, the institution has produced more than 1000 M.Phil. scholars and about 80 Ph.D. candidates. The findings further demonstrated that Islamia College Peshawar not only supports the local research culture but also upholds Pashtun history and its prior notoriety. Moreover, results revealed that Islamia College Peshawar faculty is satisfied with its upgradation status from college to university; they conduct different workshops/ seminars in their respective field of research and integrate their instruction with modern ICT in the classrooms. Results have been discussed, and limitations are given for future researchers.
PERCEPTION LEVEL OF TEACHERS ABOUT THE PROMOTERS TO CREATIVITY IN PAKISTAN, 2021
The main objective of the study was to know the level of perception of teachers about the promote... more The main objective of the study was to know the level of perception of teachers about the promoters that promote creativity among the students. Further, the teachers' level of perception were compared regarding demographic variables of gender, area, and marital status. The design of the study was quantitative in nature and used the survey method to accomplish the above-mentioned objectives. The target population was all the schoolteachers in Pakistan at various levels. For data collection, an online questionnaire on social media platforms (WhatsApp, Emails and Facebook) was uploaded which was filled online by 400 schoolteachers randomly. It must be noted that the original questionnaire was constructed, validated and made reliable by the Sarsani (1999) in India. The original questionnaire had 17 items with 5-point Likert scale but the current researchers just took (adopted) 11 items from the original questionnaire without changing a single word. The current researchers sought the Cronbach Alpha Reliability Coefficient to see if the adopted questionnaire is reliable in Pakistani
Interest is considered a vital element that helps in attaining the educational goals of students.... more Interest is considered a vital element that helps in attaining the educational goals of students. Parents also set some expectations for their children's education and career, which may not always align with their interests; consequently, their educational practice may suffer. In this regard, this study was designed to examine the relationship between students' academic interests in their respective fields and their parental expectations. The nature of the study was descriptive, and the quantitative method was considered appropriate for data collection. By applying a simple random sampling technique, the questionnaires were distributed among 151 students of the Islamia University of Bahawalpur from various departments, and data was analyzed by using several descriptive and inferential statistical tests. The findings revealed that students possess a high academic interest level and showed a significant difference with respect to their gender and departments. Furthermore, parental expectations were negatively correlated with academic interest and higher for male students than female students. Based on the results, the study highly advocates that parents should respect the desires and interests of their children and should treat them equally by understanding their abilities and aptitudes. Besides, teachers should raise awareness among parents regarding the importance of the academic interests of students in their studies.
Purpose of the study: This study finds the barriers responsible for females' low literacy in the ... more Purpose of the study: This study finds the barriers responsible for females' low literacy in the Balochistan province of Pakistan at the primary school level. Methodology: Qualitative research design was applied to this study. Data were collected through the interview tool and were analyzed through a thematic analysis procedure. Results were given in the form of major themes and sub-themes. Main Findings: This study gave 4 major results, which were in the form of four major themes, i.e., lack of basic facilities, lack of qualified teachers, lack of enrolment, and financial constraints. The major themes were categorized into several sub-themes. Applications of this study: This study is beneficial and applicable in Pakistani society. It attracts the attention of the layman and government to focus on female education to make the females literate at the best level. Novelty/Originality of this study: The new aspect of this study was to show the barriers responsible for females' low literacy. It is aware of the readers that lack of basic facilities, lack of qualified teachers, lack of enrolment, and financial constraints are the barriers to females' low literacy. It also advances the existing knowledge and bridges the gap between past and existing knowledge.
The main objective of this study was to explore the factors that promote creativity among the stu... more The main objective of this study was to explore the factors that promote creativity among the students at secondary level. The methodological design of the study was quantitative in nature, which used the exploratory survey because the researchers had to explore the factors that promote the creativity. The target population was all the secondary school teachers from the Pakistan. The researchers uploaded the questionnaire on social media platforms such Facebook and WhatsApp for the online data collection, which was filled by the 467 secondary school teachers randomly. The questionnaire was adopted from the past researcher (Sarsani, 1999), which was reliable and validated in nature. The questionnaire was composed of 11 items, which addressed the factors that promote creativity among the students at the secondary level in Pakistan. Data were analyzed by using the descriptive statistics i.e., frequency, percentage and mean value. The results showed that eight items out of eleven were mostly agreed or strongly agreed upon by the teachers. These eight items got the mean value of 4 or above 4. Further, among these eight items, the item, which got the highest mean value of 4.37, was “building the self-confidence among the students”. Therefore, it is concluded that the highly affecting promoter, which promotes creativity among the students, was “the building of self-confidence among the students”. The results of the study were discussed in light of the past creativity literature. Recommendations were given based on the current study results.
Palarch’s Journal Of Archaeology Of Egypt/Egyptology, 2021
This paper was designed to investigate the Pakistani secondary science teachers’ understanding ab... more This paper was designed to investigate the Pakistani secondary science teachers’ understanding about the definition of creativity. The design of study was qualitative based on grounded theory method. This study recruited 20 (08 males & 12 females) teachers, which wereselected purely based on the purposive sampling technique. All the recruited teachers were from District Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan. The teachers were interviewed through a semi-structured interview guide, and their responses were recorded in the researcher's cell phone through their consent. Data were analyzed according to the coding method of Miles and Huberman (1994). All the interviews were transcribed word by word from which themes were generated. Totally four themes, i.e., newness, new tutoring methods, practicality, and natural/God-gifted phenomenon, were drawn from the interviews. This made the theory of creativity that exclusively grounded in Pakistani context on which an explicit definition of creativity was made.The other astonishing finding that came from this study was that creativity is a multifaceted concept rather than singly defined. So, this paper definedcreativity as newness, new tutoring methods, practicality, and natural/God-gifted phenomenon. Since Pakistani teachers’ definitions of creativity were supported by past literature, therefore, their conception of creativity were referred to as informed views towards creativity. Several limitations of this study have been discussed in last of this article forwhich suggestions have been made for the future researchers when they have to encounter with the concept of creativity.This study contributed to the knowledge in varous areas like context, area of study and in shaping the theory about the definition of creativity.
Pakistan Journal of Humanities & Social Sciences Research, 2021
The purpose of this article was to shower light on the quality of life that mostly we expect. Lif... more The purpose of this article was to shower light on the quality of life that mostly we expect. Life quality is determined by two aspects i.e., physiological and psychological aspects. While if a person is addicted to the drugs, then both aspects of his/ her life is deteriorated to the extreme. Due to drug addiction, the negative psychological effects which arises are anxiety, stress, depression, and familial relationships while the negative physiological effects that arise from the drug addiction are weakness, headache, dizziness, and pain in the body, etc. The main objective was to evaluate the quality of life of Diamorphine addicts, behavioral stimulation and inhibition, perceived social competence, and the relationship among these variables; and check differences between drug addicts on these variables based on their belongingness to joint and nuclear family systems. To achieve the objectives, 10 Diamorphine addicts were taken from Azm Drug Rehabilitation center, Sargodha, through purposive sampling. A total number of 10 participants responded to the 26-items quality of life survey (WHO-QOL-BREF), 24-items BAS/BIS (BIS/BAS scale) questionnaire, and 5-items perceived social competence questionnaire (Perceived Social Competence Scale II). Results were analyzed via SPSS version 20. The results showed that all three variables in the study were not associated with each other. Quality of life and social competence correlated -.25 (p = n.s); quality of life and BAS/BIS had .30 (p = n.s); while social competence and BAS/BIS had -.16 (p = n.s). It may be due to the cultural settings of Pakistan. In drug addicts, BAS has high activity, and BIS has low activity. And there is no significant difference in these variables among addicts of the nuclear and joint family system.
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Papers by Muhammad Kamran
Methods: This research began with the development of an item pool generated with the help of an open-ended survey of university students (n = 44). Face and content validity assessment by subject experts (n = 9) led to an initial version of the attitude toward polio vaccination scale (ATPVS). This scale was administered to a sample of Pakistani adults (n = 620) through two means: Paper-and-pencil survey and an online survey.
Results: Exploratory factor analysis on one-half of the sample (n = 310) suggested a factor structure consisting of two internally consistent factors: Scepticism and Advocacy. On second half of the sample (n = 310), confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the two-factor structure of this scale. Hypothesis testing for convergent validity on the total sample (n = 620) revealed that self-uncertainty was positively related to scepticism and negatively related to advocacy. Whereas conspiracy mentality was positively associated with both of these components which indicates an understudied aspect of this construct related to concern for social welfare.
Conclusion: Scepticism and advocacy of the polio vaccination campaign represent attitudes toward polio vaccination in Pakistan with self-uncertainty and conspiracy mentality being their significant correlates. Capitalizing on these variables in designing a vaccination promotion campaign may yield benefits.
The main objective was to evaluate the quality of life of Diamorphine addicts, behavioral stimulation and inhibition, perceived social competence, and the relationship among these variables; and check differences between drug addicts on these variables based on their belongingness to joint and nuclear family systems. To achieve the objectives, 10 Diamorphine addicts were taken from Azm Drug Rehabilitation center, Sargodha, through purposive sampling. A total number of 10 participants responded to the 26-items quality of life survey (WHO-QOL-BREF), 24-items BAS/BIS (BIS/BAS scale) questionnaire, and 5-items perceived social competence questionnaire (Perceived Social Competence Scale II). Results were analyzed via SPSS version 20. The results showed that all three variables in the study were not associated with each other. Quality of life and social competence correlated -.25 (p = n.s); quality of life and BAS/BIS had .30 (p = n.s); while social competence and BAS/BIS had -.16 (p = n.s). It may be due to the cultural settings of Pakistan. In drug addicts, BAS has high activity, and BIS has low activity. And there is no significant difference in these variables among addicts of the nuclear and joint family system.
Methods: This research began with the development of an item pool generated with the help of an open-ended survey of university students (n = 44). Face and content validity assessment by subject experts (n = 9) led to an initial version of the attitude toward polio vaccination scale (ATPVS). This scale was administered to a sample of Pakistani adults (n = 620) through two means: Paper-and-pencil survey and an online survey.
Results: Exploratory factor analysis on one-half of the sample (n = 310) suggested a factor structure consisting of two internally consistent factors: Scepticism and Advocacy. On second half of the sample (n = 310), confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the two-factor structure of this scale. Hypothesis testing for convergent validity on the total sample (n = 620) revealed that self-uncertainty was positively related to scepticism and negatively related to advocacy. Whereas conspiracy mentality was positively associated with both of these components which indicates an understudied aspect of this construct related to concern for social welfare.
Conclusion: Scepticism and advocacy of the polio vaccination campaign represent attitudes toward polio vaccination in Pakistan with self-uncertainty and conspiracy mentality being their significant correlates. Capitalizing on these variables in designing a vaccination promotion campaign may yield benefits.
The main objective was to evaluate the quality of life of Diamorphine addicts, behavioral stimulation and inhibition, perceived social competence, and the relationship among these variables; and check differences between drug addicts on these variables based on their belongingness to joint and nuclear family systems. To achieve the objectives, 10 Diamorphine addicts were taken from Azm Drug Rehabilitation center, Sargodha, through purposive sampling. A total number of 10 participants responded to the 26-items quality of life survey (WHO-QOL-BREF), 24-items BAS/BIS (BIS/BAS scale) questionnaire, and 5-items perceived social competence questionnaire (Perceived Social Competence Scale II). Results were analyzed via SPSS version 20. The results showed that all three variables in the study were not associated with each other. Quality of life and social competence correlated -.25 (p = n.s); quality of life and BAS/BIS had .30 (p = n.s); while social competence and BAS/BIS had -.16 (p = n.s). It may be due to the cultural settings of Pakistan. In drug addicts, BAS has high activity, and BIS has low activity. And there is no significant difference in these variables among addicts of the nuclear and joint family system.