School of Post-graduate

The main objective of this study were determinants of food security among the farm household in
Dila district, Awdal Somaliland and provide the questionnaire method which measuring the determinant of
food security using my case study. This was carried out by the farmers in Dila and some Somaliland
institutions which related to their duties. The research was conducted through the quantitative method, the
target of the respondents was 80 individuals including Dila farmers and Somaliland production institutions.
The study made four findings, first, the status of food security on farm households was determined was
stable or good status, in terms of local productions. Secondly, the determinants of food security on farm
households by the local productions, Rain harvest and farm size, soil fertilizer and farmer, technology and
local farmers. Thirdly, the status of the main challenges facing the farms' production was judged to strongly
disagree and therefore suspected to have a negative effect on the quality of local production in Dila District.
Finally, the status of policies and strategies to address and tackle the challenges strongly disagree and was
considered to have a negative effect on food security in the Dila district. The major recommendations are,
to adopt high-yielding production droughts tolerate in crop varieties and the Somaliland government, to
establish comprehensive strategies focusing to mitigate that faced the farmers

Abstract.
The main objective of this paper were investigated the impact of the budget performance on public management in Somaliland specifically the case of financial institutions and some other development agencies in Hargeisa.
It was intended to find out an impact of the budget performance on public management.
The study specifically investigated the way in w impact of the budget performance on public management and the researcher collected the data from the people who are familiar and eyewitness impact of the budget performance on public management.
As the majority of respondents were clarified that somaliland budget model  have deeply  influence the service of central  government for the sake of devilry of services that  don’t have  prioritized, allocated and fair of distribution, on the other hand there is no effective  accountability  and responsibility of somaliland budget. And this led to the country the backwardness of services, Also Somaliland budget model needs to improve and enhance high percentage between the national basic services and the national budget allocation and budget sharing to improve the high percentage Somaliland budget system to respond national wishes and to develop our country.
And also the Somaliland government to be honesty to the chance and develop into performance budget model, at this time and for the future. But many years ago the Somaliland government get wrong idea for budget performance that time they prefer line item budget but now a few officials are believe that not suitable for Somaliland, after that around more than half respondents are believed the budget performance were back bone of the development. The majority of respondents are still believe to chance the somaliland budget model into budget performance, because the researcher agree to take somaliland budget performance promote to enhance public management but that is  become truly the degree of accepted  were high

This report presents the findings of a research study funded by Amplify Change and implemented through a partnership between Progressio and a coalition of twelve Somaliland civil society organizations. The aim of the research is to deepen the understanding of gender-based violence (GBV) in Somaliland and the social norms that underpin this practice.

The abstract discusses the impact of food aid on local crop production in Somaliland. It explores the disincentive effects of food aid on agriculture and emphasizes the need for effective interventions to promote self-reliance and sustainable development. The study provides insights into the challenges and opportunities related to food aid in the context of food security and poverty alleviation.

Abstract

This research paper will study the specific issues that have arisen over the last 29 years in relation to the recognition of Somaliland following its withdrawal from its union with Somalia on the 18 May 1991.
A self-declared state, the Republic of Somaliland, is internationally considered an autonomous region of Somalia, The government of the de facto state of Somaliland considers itself the successor state to the former British Somaliland protectorate. Governed by independently elected governments since its secession it has sought international recognition as the Government of the Republic of Somaliland. While the central government works to maintain informal ties with some foreign governments, who have sent delegations to Hargeisa, its de facto capital, Somaliland's self-proclaimed independence remains unrecognised by any country or international organisation, including the UN. It is a member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization, an advocacy group, whose members consist of indigenous peoples, minorities and unrecognised or occupied territories.
Key Words. Self-declared, de facto, self-proclaim, unrecognised. Somaliland, secession, Somalia, union, Her Majesty Government (HMG).

The principal approaches employed by the Israeli lobby continue to have an outsized impact on American foreign, which, in turn, has had a profound impact on the Palestinian people. As to the term Israeli lobby, Mearsheimer and Walt (2007:112) employ it as convenient shorthand for the loose coalition of individuals and organizations that actively work to shape U.S foreign policy in a pro-Israel direction. Mearsheimer and Walt (2007), argues that the consequent influencing of the American political system with respect to the pro-Israeli cause can be viewed through the lens of three particular standpoints: Israel survival as a state, un-conditional U.S support for Israel, and the balance of power in the Middle East. The demands of all three must, they maintain, be equally weighed if a balanced, just and peaceful Israeli state is to be possible.

Although many definitions have been advanced in relation to terrorism and non-traditional conflicts, the concept of what constitutes a terrorist organization generally tends to be regarded as one in which the organization or entity is pitted against a state or national body/government, whose resources and capabilities far exceed those which the putative terrorist group can lay claim to or bring to bear in any likely conflict. In addition, the conflict or engagement is one which goes beyond that which is usually considered to be normal or acceptable across most strata of society. As one commentator notes: Terrorism has been called “the weapon of the weak,” that is the suicide bomber is the underdog’s reply to the overwhelming technological superiority of the “smart bomb (Zulaika, p.107).

As dominant models of development and economic activity continue to exact an ever higher price on the environment and those, who draw support from it, the questions in relation to the cost of that development and activity become ever more strident and pressing. This is perhaps most evident in relation to the environmental problems that result from economic development and growth, and which have come to dominate the design and framing of government policies at both domestic and international levels. (Peter, p.147). In light of the potential changes that may result, this essay will look to explore why some argue that climate change should be seen as  playing an instrumental role in environmental security and the reasons why others demur.

Local, regional and national conflicts often give the appearance of intractability, admitting of great complexity and appearing to be beyond the capacity of external agencies to resolve, given the sheer diversity of factors and variables that often underpin them. Such conflicts also tend to be hugely destructive of the general social fabric and the resilience of the wider community, which they envelop (Autesserre, 2008). They may also be exacerbated ye political agendas at a global level and serve as proxy conflicts for other international actors. Furthermore, with the proliferation of automatic and other heavy weapons, the scope for harm to the civilian population becomes ever greater.

The growth of trade, communication and transport technologies in the 19th century also saw a concomitant increase in economic disputes as nations and corporations vied for influence and trading rights. The resultant gradual accretion of economic, diplomatic and military ties led to the creation and evolution of international organizations, whose purpose and operational scope varied according to the wishes and mutual interests of its founders (the regulation of trade and communication, monetary cooperation etc.).

The Republic of Somaliland withdrew from the Somali Republic over 31 years ago and has,
since then, retained unofficial relations with many authorities in the territory and across the
world. Still, despite stable, such as egalitarian government and persistent peace and harmony
in the region, Somaliland has nevertheless yet to be officially accepted as an independent
nation by any other countries and the UN. Moreover, on May 31, 2001, referendum was held
on a draft constitution that affirmed the independence of Somaliland from Somalia the vote
passed with 97% of the ballot and the new constitution was approved, Nonetheless, the
referendum was opposed by the Somali government and did not lead to any international
recognition