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Ibem Eziyi

University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Architecture, Faculty Member

Covenant University Canaanland, Ota., Architecture, Faculty Member

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Eziyi Offia Ibem is a chartered architect and Professor of Architecture at the Department of Architecture, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus where he received his training in architecture. He earned a doctorate degree in Architecture in 2011 from the Department of Architecture, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria, where he served as the Acting Head of Department between August 2014 and July 2016. He is an established researcher in sustainable housing and urban development, post-occupancy evaluation (POE) and electronic procurement in architecture and construction. Eziyi is also a recipient of several awards, including, the prestigious Mobil Producing Nigeria Scholarship award (1995-2001)
Phone: +234(0)8037779415
Address: Department of Architecture
Room A226, CST Building
College of Science and Technology
Covenant University, Km 10 Idiroko Road,
P.M.B 1023, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria

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Papers by Ibem Eziyi

Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) in Urban Housing in Nigeria: Evidence from Ogun State

International Journal of Architecture and Urban Development, 2012

There is a consensus among housing experts and policy makers that there are not enough resources ... more There is a consensus among housing experts and policy makers that there are not enough resources for government alone to address growing urban housing challenges in many developing countries. Consequently, a paradigm shift from government provision to partnerships between the public and private sectors is advocated. This study examined the prospects and challenges of Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) in housing provision in Ogun State Southwest Nigeria. Data were derived from the review of official records and interview enquires. Findings show that Public-Private Partnership in housing in the study area is based on the joint venture approach between government agencies and corporate commercial private property developers. So far, attention has been on the provision of housing for high-income earners, while the challenges of insufficient numbers of housing units and housing affordability among low-income earners have not been addressed. The key challenges militating against Public-P...

Framework for Evaluating the Sustainability of Public Housing Programmes in Developing Countries

ierdafrica.org

... DEVELOPING COUNTRIES Eziyi O. Ibem &amp;amp; Dominic E. Azuh Covenant University, Ota Abs... more

City as Habitat; Assembling the Fragile City

Civil Engineering Journal

The African continent is urbanizing at a breakneck pace and our cities are in a state of crisis. ... more The African continent is urbanizing at a breakneck pace and our cities are in a state of crisis. The causes may vary, so also is the degree of severity, but there is a widely felt sense of urban problems requiring urgent solutions. The nature of the problems is complex, with economic, social, educational, political and physical factors playing major roles in exacerbating the situation. Yet, whatever is perceived to be the most serious physical problems in a city, one key underlying question always present is: What can be done about the disaffection of people for their own urban environments? This issue of fragility may be seen in simple terms of a drop in the perceived desirability of the city as a place one can to live, work or shop in. Whatever the name, the fact is that too many Nigerian cities are becoming unattractive to many citizens and residents. This paper aims at identifying the various ways of assembling a fragile city. Through the review of existing literature, the paper...

Securing urban land for housing among low‐income earners in Sub‐Saharan Africa: Case study of workers' co‐operative society, Enugu, Nigeria

by Ibem Eziyi and Chinwuba Odum

Co‐operative societies across the world have age‐old tradition of assisting members gain easy acc... more Co‐operative societies across the world have age‐old tradition of assisting members gain easy access to vital resources and services through collective efforts. This paper explores the strategies adopted by public sector workers' co‐operative society in securing urban land for housing development. This study is motivated by dearth of empirical studies on strategies used by low‐ and middle –income earners in overcoming myriad challenges militating against access to urban land and housing in Nigerian cities. We used a qualitative research method to carry out an empirical investigation through one‐on‐one interviews with purposively selected members of Land Acquisition Committee (LAC) of the NEPA District Co‐operative Thrift and Saving Loan Association Enugu, Nigeria. Findings show that a mixture of customary, informal and formal practices involved in securing land from indigenous landowners was principally aimed at ensuring customary and statutory legitimacy as well as secured tenure. The paper concludes that co‐operative approach has great potentials in addressing problems of multiple payments for land, " indigenous land owners' factor " and high cost of urban land in Nigeria, and therefore, should be encouraged and promoted among disadvantaged urban residents in developing countries.

Assessment of the Impact of Circulation Design on Guests' Satisfaction with Hotel facilities in Port Harcourt, Nigeria

As is true for all service industries, achieving customer satisfaction is a critical component of... more As is true for all service industries, achieving customer satisfaction is a critical component of the success of hotel business. Therefore, this study investigated the impact of guests' satisfaction with circulation design overall satisfaction with hotel facilities in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. It was motivated by the dearth of published empirical literature on this subject from the Nigerian perspective. A questionnaire survey involving 103 guests drawn from three hotels was conducted between December 2015 and January 2016 in the study area. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, factor and categorical regression analyses. The result reveals that the guests were more satisfied with internal circulation than external circulation in the hotels. The main sources of dissatisfaction were poor usage of signage to direct pedestrian and vehicular traffic; the lack of pedestrian walkways; and poor access to outdoor recreational facilities within the premises of the hotels. The respondents understood the 35 variables used in assessing guests' satisfaction with circulation in the hotels from five different dimensions of satisfaction with the location of circulation elements and ancillary facilities; satisfaction with access to ancillary facilities; satisfaction with access to circulation elements; satisfaction with the size and shape of circulation elements; and satisfaction with the use of signage and landscaping elements. However, satisfaction with the location of circulation elements and ancillary facilities, access to ancillary facilities and circulation elements; and the use of signage and landscaping elements emerged as the strongest predictors of satisfaction with hotel facilities. The study implies that to ensure improved customer satisfaction with hotel facilities, adequate attention should be given to the use of signage to direct human and vehicular traffic, provision of pedestrian walkways, and access to outdoor recreational facilities.

Urbanization and Housing for Low-Income Earners in Nigeria: A Review of Features, Challenges and Prospects

by Ibem Eziyi and Patrick Edewor

This review paper examines urbanization and housing for low-income Nigerians. The aim is to provi... more This review paper examines urbanization and housing for low-income Nigerians. The aim is to provide a better understanding of the ways in which urbanization has progressed and impacted negatively on housing for the low-income urban residents, and the possible strategies for ameliorating this situation in Nigeria. Drawing on a systematic review of published literature, the paper reveals that urbanization in Nigeria has manifested in rapid population increase, transformation of erstwhile rural to urban settlements and emergence of primate cities. It identified the main drivers of urbanization in Nigeria to include natural population increase, economic and religious activities, state policies on reclassification of settlements and decentralization of governance structure. The study also found that urbanization has exacerbated housing challenges among low-income earners by promoting the proliferation of urban slums and poverty; and that these challenges have persisted and are escalating unabated due to the emphasis on top-down approach to social housing and the lack of understanding of the specific housing delivery strategies that can be engaged in resolving these challenges in Nigeria. The paper concludes that since urbanization will intensify in years to come, there is the need for a change of approach by engaging in strategies that promote participatory and assisted self-help housing among low-income people to prevent the current situation from degenerating further.

BARRIERS TO THE UPTAKE OF E-PROCUREMENT IN THE NIGERIAN BUILDING INDUSTRY EGIDARIO B. ADUWO 1 ; EZIYI O. IBEM 1 ; OBIOHA UWAKONYE 1 ; PATIENCE TUNJI-OLAYENI 2

by Ibem Eziyi and Obioha Uwakonye

Although the uptake of e-Procurement technologies and processes by businesses and organizations h... more Although the uptake of e-Procurement technologies and processes by businesses and organizations has been very impressive in the developed countries, the same cannot be said in many developing countries where the uptake of e-Procurement is rather slow and low. This study investigated the barriers to the uptake of e-Procurement using data derived from a questionnaire survey of 213 consulting firms, contractors, client organizations and government establishments in the Nigerian building industry (NBI). The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, factor and multiple regression analyses. The result shows that the two factors with the most significant adverse effect on the uptake of e-Procurement were the high investment cost, and lack of technical expertise required in setting up e-procurement technologies and processes. Difference between how the researchers and practitioners understood the barriers to the uptake of e-Procurement was observed. Technical, infrastructure, political, social, and cultural issues; the lack of evidence of the benefits of e-Procurement in the building industry; and lack of top management support were the three strongest predictors of low uptake of e-Procurement by the organizations surveyed. The study suggests that to ensure a critical mass uptake of e-Procurement and maximization of its benefits in the procurement of building works, services and materials in Nigeria, there is a need for concerted effort by all stakeholders in the industry to eliminate the barriers identified in this research.

Public-Private Partnership (PPP) in Housing Provision in Lagos Megacity Region, Nigeria

European Journal of Housing Policy, 2011

The adoption of Public-Private Partnership (PPP) in housing provision in Nigeria is intended to i... more The adoption of Public-Private Partnership (PPP) in housing provision in Nigeria is intended to increase urban housing stock and address housing affordability and accessibility challenges. However, to date, very little is known about how PPP housing schemes have addressed these challenges. This paper therefore explores the extent to which PPP in housing provision has so far contributed to solving the housing challenges in the Lagos Megacity Region of Nigeria. The paper presents the result of a cross-sectional survey of operators of PPP schemes and housing consumers in the study area. The results show that the PPP approach is basically a formal joint venture partnership involving government providing land at subsidised cost and the provision of serviced plots or construction of housing units by private sector partners. Although the approach has provided affordable serviced plots and housing units for a few high income elites, it has contributed very little to the volume of housing units available to low-income people in Lagos. The paper suggests the adoption of a uniform policy on PPP in housing provision and the establishment of a co-ordinating agency. In addition, government involvement in the provision of infrastructure in PPP housing schemes could increase the affordable housing stock accessible to low-income people in the city.

Assessment of the qualitative adequacy of newly constructed public housing in Ogun State, Nigeria

Property Management, 2011

... Table I is a summary of the socio-economic characteristics of respondents in the public housi... more ... Table I is a summary of the socio-economic characteristics of respondents in the public housing units sampled. ... Findings in this study are of vast policy implications. ... Ademiluyi, AI, Raji, B. (2008), &quot;Public and private developers as agents in urban housing delivery in Sub-Saharan ...

Community-led infrastructure provision in low-income urban communities in developing countries: A study on Ohafia, Nigeria

Cities, 2009

... Community-led infrastructure provision in low-income urban communities in developing countrie... more

Challenges of disaster vulnerability reduction in Lagos Megacity Area, Nigeria

Disaster Prevention and Management, 2011

... T. (1994), &amp;quot;Vulnerability analysis and the explanation of natural disasters&... more ... T. (1994), &amp;quot;Vulnerability analysis and the explanation of natural disasters&amp;quot;, in Varley, A. (Eds),Disaster, Development and Environment, John Wiley &amp;amp; Sons ... for combating the problem of floods in Lagos: pointer from a Csi-UNESCO culture based project&amp;quot;, in Okewole, IA, Daramola ...

The contribution of Public–Private Partnerships (PPPs) to improving accessibility of low-income earners to housing in southern Nigeria

Journal of Housing and The Built Environment, 2011

Public–Private Partnership is a relatively new approach to housing provision and was introduced i... more Public–Private Partnership is a relatively new approach to housing provision and was introduced in Nigeria to address the burgeoning housing challenges. To date, little is known about the contribution of this approach to improving the chances of low-income earners in gaining access to decent and affordable housing in urban areas in this country. Based on data obtained from a survey of selected government housing agencies in six cities in southern Nigeria, this study found that the Public–Private-Partnership approach, like most previous public housing delivery strategies, has not made any significant contribution to housing low-income earners; rather it is skewed towards providing housing for high- and middle-income earners. This paper identifies the state-market structure of the Public–Private Partnerships and the absence of a National Policy on Public–Private Partnership in housing in Nigeria as being responsible for this development. It therefore suggests that the development and adoption of a uniform National Policy on Public–Private Partnership in housing, government provision of land at no cost to private developers, lowering of the high building standards, and incorporation of assisted-self-help and incremental housing into the Public–Private-Partnership housing delivery system will ensure better results.

Books by Ibem Eziyi

Book of abstracts of the WABER 2013 Conference

by Samuel Laryea, Taibat Lawanson, Isaac Boateng, Samson Akinola, Ibem Eziyi, and Jude A Adeleke

Book of abstracts of the West Africa Built Environment Research (WABER) Conference 2013 Accra, Gh... more Book of abstracts of the West Africa Built Environment Research (WABER) Conference 2013
Accra, Ghana, 12-14 August 2013
Editors
A/Prof Samuel Laryea, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
Dr Sena A. Agyepong, Ashesi University College, Ghana
First published 2013
ISBN 978-0-9566060-7-5
Published by
West Africa Built Environment Research (WABER) Conference
C/o Samuel Laryea
University of the Witwatersrand
School of Construction Economics and Management
1 Jan Smuts Avenue
Johannesburg
PO Box 20
Wits 2050
Tel: +27 11 717-7657
Fax: +27 11 339-8175
Email: samuel.laryea@wits.ac.za
© The copyright for papers in this publication belongs to authors of the papers.
Correspondence
All correspondence relating to the WABER Conference should be addressed to:
Dr Sena A. Agyepong
Ashesi University College
Accra, Ghana
Email: senaagbodjah@yahoo.com
Please visit www.waberconference.com for more information

Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) in Urban Housing in Nigeria: Evidence from Ogun State

International Journal of Architecture and Urban Development, 2012

There is a consensus among housing experts and policy makers that there are not enough resources ... more There is a consensus among housing experts and policy makers that there are not enough resources for government alone to address growing urban housing challenges in many developing countries. Consequently, a paradigm shift from government provision to partnerships between the public and private sectors is advocated. This study examined the prospects and challenges of Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) in housing provision in Ogun State Southwest Nigeria. Data were derived from the review of official records and interview enquires. Findings show that Public-Private Partnership in housing in the study area is based on the joint venture approach between government agencies and corporate commercial private property developers. So far, attention has been on the provision of housing for high-income earners, while the challenges of insufficient numbers of housing units and housing affordability among low-income earners have not been addressed. The key challenges militating against Public-P...

Framework for Evaluating the Sustainability of Public Housing Programmes in Developing Countries

ierdafrica.org

... DEVELOPING COUNTRIES Eziyi O. Ibem &amp;amp; Dominic E. Azuh Covenant University, Ota Abs... more

City as Habitat; Assembling the Fragile City

Civil Engineering Journal

The African continent is urbanizing at a breakneck pace and our cities are in a state of crisis. ... more The African continent is urbanizing at a breakneck pace and our cities are in a state of crisis. The causes may vary, so also is the degree of severity, but there is a widely felt sense of urban problems requiring urgent solutions. The nature of the problems is complex, with economic, social, educational, political and physical factors playing major roles in exacerbating the situation. Yet, whatever is perceived to be the most serious physical problems in a city, one key underlying question always present is: What can be done about the disaffection of people for their own urban environments? This issue of fragility may be seen in simple terms of a drop in the perceived desirability of the city as a place one can to live, work or shop in. Whatever the name, the fact is that too many Nigerian cities are becoming unattractive to many citizens and residents. This paper aims at identifying the various ways of assembling a fragile city. Through the review of existing literature, the paper...

Securing urban land for housing among low‐income earners in Sub‐Saharan Africa: Case study of workers' co‐operative society, Enugu, Nigeria

by Ibem Eziyi and Chinwuba Odum

Co‐operative societies across the world have age‐old tradition of assisting members gain easy acc... more Co‐operative societies across the world have age‐old tradition of assisting members gain easy access to vital resources and services through collective efforts. This paper explores the strategies adopted by public sector workers' co‐operative society in securing urban land for housing development. This study is motivated by dearth of empirical studies on strategies used by low‐ and middle –income earners in overcoming myriad challenges militating against access to urban land and housing in Nigerian cities. We used a qualitative research method to carry out an empirical investigation through one‐on‐one interviews with purposively selected members of Land Acquisition Committee (LAC) of the NEPA District Co‐operative Thrift and Saving Loan Association Enugu, Nigeria. Findings show that a mixture of customary, informal and formal practices involved in securing land from indigenous landowners was principally aimed at ensuring customary and statutory legitimacy as well as secured tenure. The paper concludes that co‐operative approach has great potentials in addressing problems of multiple payments for land, " indigenous land owners' factor " and high cost of urban land in Nigeria, and therefore, should be encouraged and promoted among disadvantaged urban residents in developing countries.

Assessment of the Impact of Circulation Design on Guests' Satisfaction with Hotel facilities in Port Harcourt, Nigeria

As is true for all service industries, achieving customer satisfaction is a critical component of... more As is true for all service industries, achieving customer satisfaction is a critical component of the success of hotel business. Therefore, this study investigated the impact of guests' satisfaction with circulation design overall satisfaction with hotel facilities in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. It was motivated by the dearth of published empirical literature on this subject from the Nigerian perspective. A questionnaire survey involving 103 guests drawn from three hotels was conducted between December 2015 and January 2016 in the study area. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, factor and categorical regression analyses. The result reveals that the guests were more satisfied with internal circulation than external circulation in the hotels. The main sources of dissatisfaction were poor usage of signage to direct pedestrian and vehicular traffic; the lack of pedestrian walkways; and poor access to outdoor recreational facilities within the premises of the hotels. The respondents understood the 35 variables used in assessing guests' satisfaction with circulation in the hotels from five different dimensions of satisfaction with the location of circulation elements and ancillary facilities; satisfaction with access to ancillary facilities; satisfaction with access to circulation elements; satisfaction with the size and shape of circulation elements; and satisfaction with the use of signage and landscaping elements. However, satisfaction with the location of circulation elements and ancillary facilities, access to ancillary facilities and circulation elements; and the use of signage and landscaping elements emerged as the strongest predictors of satisfaction with hotel facilities. The study implies that to ensure improved customer satisfaction with hotel facilities, adequate attention should be given to the use of signage to direct human and vehicular traffic, provision of pedestrian walkways, and access to outdoor recreational facilities.

Urbanization and Housing for Low-Income Earners in Nigeria: A Review of Features, Challenges and Prospects

by Ibem Eziyi and Patrick Edewor

This review paper examines urbanization and housing for low-income Nigerians. The aim is to provi... more This review paper examines urbanization and housing for low-income Nigerians. The aim is to provide a better understanding of the ways in which urbanization has progressed and impacted negatively on housing for the low-income urban residents, and the possible strategies for ameliorating this situation in Nigeria. Drawing on a systematic review of published literature, the paper reveals that urbanization in Nigeria has manifested in rapid population increase, transformation of erstwhile rural to urban settlements and emergence of primate cities. It identified the main drivers of urbanization in Nigeria to include natural population increase, economic and religious activities, state policies on reclassification of settlements and decentralization of governance structure. The study also found that urbanization has exacerbated housing challenges among low-income earners by promoting the proliferation of urban slums and poverty; and that these challenges have persisted and are escalating unabated due to the emphasis on top-down approach to social housing and the lack of understanding of the specific housing delivery strategies that can be engaged in resolving these challenges in Nigeria. The paper concludes that since urbanization will intensify in years to come, there is the need for a change of approach by engaging in strategies that promote participatory and assisted self-help housing among low-income people to prevent the current situation from degenerating further.

BARRIERS TO THE UPTAKE OF E-PROCUREMENT IN THE NIGERIAN BUILDING INDUSTRY EGIDARIO B. ADUWO 1 ; EZIYI O. IBEM 1 ; OBIOHA UWAKONYE 1 ; PATIENCE TUNJI-OLAYENI 2

by Ibem Eziyi and Obioha Uwakonye

Although the uptake of e-Procurement technologies and processes by businesses and organizations h... more Although the uptake of e-Procurement technologies and processes by businesses and organizations has been very impressive in the developed countries, the same cannot be said in many developing countries where the uptake of e-Procurement is rather slow and low. This study investigated the barriers to the uptake of e-Procurement using data derived from a questionnaire survey of 213 consulting firms, contractors, client organizations and government establishments in the Nigerian building industry (NBI). The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, factor and multiple regression analyses. The result shows that the two factors with the most significant adverse effect on the uptake of e-Procurement were the high investment cost, and lack of technical expertise required in setting up e-procurement technologies and processes. Difference between how the researchers and practitioners understood the barriers to the uptake of e-Procurement was observed. Technical, infrastructure, political, social, and cultural issues; the lack of evidence of the benefits of e-Procurement in the building industry; and lack of top management support were the three strongest predictors of low uptake of e-Procurement by the organizations surveyed. The study suggests that to ensure a critical mass uptake of e-Procurement and maximization of its benefits in the procurement of building works, services and materials in Nigeria, there is a need for concerted effort by all stakeholders in the industry to eliminate the barriers identified in this research.

Public-Private Partnership (PPP) in Housing Provision in Lagos Megacity Region, Nigeria

European Journal of Housing Policy, 2011

The adoption of Public-Private Partnership (PPP) in housing provision in Nigeria is intended to i... more The adoption of Public-Private Partnership (PPP) in housing provision in Nigeria is intended to increase urban housing stock and address housing affordability and accessibility challenges. However, to date, very little is known about how PPP housing schemes have addressed these challenges. This paper therefore explores the extent to which PPP in housing provision has so far contributed to solving the housing challenges in the Lagos Megacity Region of Nigeria. The paper presents the result of a cross-sectional survey of operators of PPP schemes and housing consumers in the study area. The results show that the PPP approach is basically a formal joint venture partnership involving government providing land at subsidised cost and the provision of serviced plots or construction of housing units by private sector partners. Although the approach has provided affordable serviced plots and housing units for a few high income elites, it has contributed very little to the volume of housing units available to low-income people in Lagos. The paper suggests the adoption of a uniform policy on PPP in housing provision and the establishment of a co-ordinating agency. In addition, government involvement in the provision of infrastructure in PPP housing schemes could increase the affordable housing stock accessible to low-income people in the city.

Assessment of the qualitative adequacy of newly constructed public housing in Ogun State, Nigeria

Property Management, 2011

... Table I is a summary of the socio-economic characteristics of respondents in the public housi... more ... Table I is a summary of the socio-economic characteristics of respondents in the public housing units sampled. ... Findings in this study are of vast policy implications. ... Ademiluyi, AI, Raji, B. (2008), &quot;Public and private developers as agents in urban housing delivery in Sub-Saharan ...

Community-led infrastructure provision in low-income urban communities in developing countries: A study on Ohafia, Nigeria

Cities, 2009

... Community-led infrastructure provision in low-income urban communities in developing countrie... more

Challenges of disaster vulnerability reduction in Lagos Megacity Area, Nigeria

Disaster Prevention and Management, 2011

... T. (1994), &amp;quot;Vulnerability analysis and the explanation of natural disasters&... more ... T. (1994), &amp;quot;Vulnerability analysis and the explanation of natural disasters&amp;quot;, in Varley, A. (Eds),Disaster, Development and Environment, John Wiley &amp;amp; Sons ... for combating the problem of floods in Lagos: pointer from a Csi-UNESCO culture based project&amp;quot;, in Okewole, IA, Daramola ...

The contribution of Public–Private Partnerships (PPPs) to improving accessibility of low-income earners to housing in southern Nigeria

Journal of Housing and The Built Environment, 2011

Public–Private Partnership is a relatively new approach to housing provision and was introduced i... more Public–Private Partnership is a relatively new approach to housing provision and was introduced in Nigeria to address the burgeoning housing challenges. To date, little is known about the contribution of this approach to improving the chances of low-income earners in gaining access to decent and affordable housing in urban areas in this country. Based on data obtained from a survey of selected government housing agencies in six cities in southern Nigeria, this study found that the Public–Private-Partnership approach, like most previous public housing delivery strategies, has not made any significant contribution to housing low-income earners; rather it is skewed towards providing housing for high- and middle-income earners. This paper identifies the state-market structure of the Public–Private Partnerships and the absence of a National Policy on Public–Private Partnership in housing in Nigeria as being responsible for this development. It therefore suggests that the development and adoption of a uniform National Policy on Public–Private Partnership in housing, government provision of land at no cost to private developers, lowering of the high building standards, and incorporation of assisted-self-help and incremental housing into the Public–Private-Partnership housing delivery system will ensure better results.

Book of abstracts of the WABER 2013 Conference

by Samuel Laryea, Taibat Lawanson, Isaac Boateng, Samson Akinola, Ibem Eziyi, and Jude A Adeleke

Book of abstracts of the West Africa Built Environment Research (WABER) Conference 2013 Accra, Gh... more Book of abstracts of the West Africa Built Environment Research (WABER) Conference 2013
Accra, Ghana, 12-14 August 2013
Editors
A/Prof Samuel Laryea, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
Dr Sena A. Agyepong, Ashesi University College, Ghana
First published 2013
ISBN 978-0-9566060-7-5
Published by
West Africa Built Environment Research (WABER) Conference
C/o Samuel Laryea
University of the Witwatersrand
School of Construction Economics and Management
1 Jan Smuts Avenue
Johannesburg
PO Box 20
Wits 2050
Tel: +27 11 717-7657
Fax: +27 11 339-8175
Email: samuel.laryea@wits.ac.za
© The copyright for papers in this publication belongs to authors of the papers.
Correspondence
All correspondence relating to the WABER Conference should be addressed to:
Dr Sena A. Agyepong
Ashesi University College
Accra, Ghana
Email: senaagbodjah@yahoo.com
Please visit www.waberconference.com for more information