Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                
skip to main content
survey

3D Face Recognition: Two Decades of Progress and Prospects

Published: 05 October 2023 Publication History
  • Get Citation Alerts
  • Abstract

    Three-dimensional (3D) face recognition has been extensively investigated in the last two decades due to its wide range of applications in many areas, such as security and forensics. Numerous methods have been proposed to deal with the challenges faced by 3D face recognition, such as facial expressions, pose variations, and occlusions. These methods have achieved superior performances on several small-scale datasets, including FRGC v2.0, Bosphorus, BU-3DFE, and Gavab. However, deep learning–based 3D face recognition methods are still in their infancy due to the lack of large-scale 3D face datasets. To stimulate future research in this area, we present a comprehensive review of the progress achieved by both traditional and deep learning–based 3D face recognition methods in the last two decades. Comparative results on several publicly available datasets under different challenges of facial expressions, pose variations, and occlusions are also presented.

    References

    [1]
    A. F. Abate, M. Nappi, D. Riccio, and G. Sabatino. 2007. 2D and 3D face recognition: A survey. Pattern Recognition Letters 28, 14 (2007), 1885–1906.
    [2]
    A. Abbad, K. Abbad, and H. Tairi. 2018. 3D face recognition: Multi-scale strategy based on geometric and local descriptors. Computers & Electrical Engineering 70 (2018), 525–537.
    [3]
    F. R. Al-Osaimi, M. Bennamoun, and A. Mian. 2008. Integration of local and global geometrical cues for 3D face recognition. Pattern Recognition 41, 3 (2008), 1030–1040.
    [4]
    F. Al-Osaimi, M. Bennamoun, and A. Mian. 2009. An expression deformation approach to non-rigid 3D face recognition. IJCV 81, 3 (2009), 302–316.
    [5]
    S. Aly, A. Trubanova, L. Abbott, S. White, and A. Youssef. 2015. VT-KFER: A Kinect-based RGBD + Time dataset for spontaneous and non-spontaneous facial expression recognition. In ICB. 90–97.
    [6]
    N. Alyuz, B. Gokberk, and L. Akarun. 2008. A 3D face recognition system for expression and occlusion invariance. In BTAS. 1–7.
    [7]
    B. Amberg, R. Knothe, and T. Vetter. 2008. Expression invariant 3D face recognition with a morphable model. In FG. 1–6.
    [8]
    C. BenAbdelkader and P. A. Griffin. 2005. Comparing and combining depth and texture cues for face recognition. Image and Vision Computing 23, 3 (2005), 339–352.
    [9]
    S. Berretti, A. D. Bimbo, and P. Pala. 2006. Description and retrieval of 3D face models using iso-geodesic stripes. In ACM MIR. 13–22.
    [10]
    S. Berretti, A. D. Bimbo, and P. Pala. 2010. 3D face recognition using isogeodesic stripes. IEEE TPAMI 32, 12 (2010), 2162–2177.
    [11]
    S. Berretti, A. D. Bimbo, and P. Pala. 2013. Sparse matching of salient facial curves for recognition of 3D faces with missing parts. IEEE TIFS 8, 2 (2013), 374–389.
    [12]
    S. Berretti, A. D. Del, and P. Pala. 2012. Superfaces: A super-resolution model for 3D faces. In ECCV Workshops. 73–82.
    [13]
    S. Berretti, P. Pala, and A. D. Bimbo. 2014. Face recognition by super-resolved 3D models from consumer depth cameras. IEEE TIFS 9, 9 (2014), 1436–1449.
    [14]
    S. Berretti, N. Werghi, A. D. Bimbo, and P. Pala. 2013. Matching 3D face scans using interest points and local histogram descriptors. Computers & Graphics 37, 5 (2013), 509–525.
    [15]
    S. Berretti, N. Werghi, A. D. Bimbo, and P. Pala. 2014. Selecting stable keypoints and local descriptors for person identification using 3D face scans. The Visual Computer (2014), 1–18.
    [16]
    C. Beumier and M. Acheroy. 2000. Automatic 3D face authentication. Image and Vision Computing 18, 4 (2000), 315–321.
    [17]
    C. Beumier and M. Acheroy. 2001. Face verification from 3D and grey level clues. Pattern Recognition Letters 22, 12 (2001), 1321–1329.
    [18]
    A. R. Bhople, A. M. Shrivastava, and S. Prakasha. 2020. Point cloud based deep convolutional neural network for 3D face recognition. Multimedia Tools and Applications (2020), 1–23.
    [19]
    Volker Blanz, Kristina Scherbaum, and Hans-Peter Seidel. 2007. Fitting a morphable model to 3D scans of faces. In ICCV. 1–8.
    [20]
    V. Blanz and T. Vetter. 1999. A morphable model for the synthesis of 3D faces. In SIGGRAPH. 187–194.
    [21]
    J. Booth, A. Roussos, S. Zafeiriou, A. Ponniah, and D. Dunaway. 2016. A 3D morphable model learnt from 10,000 Faces. In CVPR. 5543–5552.
    [22]
    G. Borghi, S. Pini, F. Grazioli, R. Vezzani, and R. Cucchiara. 2018. Face verification from depth using privileged information. In BMVC. 303.
    [23]
    G. Borghi, S. Pini, R. Vezzani, and R. Cucchiara. 2019. Driver face verification with depth maps. Sensors 19, 15 (2019), 3361.
    [24]
    G. Borghi, M. Venturelli, R. Vezzani, and R. Cucchiara. 2017. POSEidon: Face-from-depth for driver pose estimation. In CVPR. 5494–5503.
    [25]
    A. Y. Boumedine, S. Bentaieb, and A. Ouamri. 2022. An improved KNN classifier for 3D face recognition based on SURF descriptors. Journal of Applied Security Research 0, 0 (2022), 1–19.
    [26]
    G. Bouritsas, S. Bokhnyak, S. Ploumpis, S. Zafeiriou, and M. Bronstein. 2019. Neural 3D morphable models: Spiral convolutional networks for 3D shape representation learning and generation. In ICCV. 7212–7221.
    [27]
    K. W. Bowyer, K. Chang, and P. Flynn. 2004. A survey of approaches to three-dimensional face recognition. In ICPR. 358–361.
    [28]
    K. W. Bowyer, K. Chang, and P. Flynn. 2006. A survey of approaches and challenges in 3D and multi-modal 3D+2D face recognition. CVIU 101, 1 (2006), 1–15.
    [29]
    M. D. Breitenstein, D. Kuettel, T. Weise, L. V. Gool, and H. Pfister. 2008. Real-time face pose estimation from single range images. In CVPR. 1–8.
    [30]
    A. M. Bronstein, M. M. Bronstein, and R. Kimmel. 2003. Expression-invariant 3D face recognition. In AVBPA. 62–70.
    [31]
    A. M. Bronstein, M. M. Bronstein, and R. Kimmel. 2005. Expression-invariant face recognition via spherical embedding. In ICIP, Vol. 3. III–756.
    [32]
    A. M. Bronstein, M. M. Bronstein, and R. Kimmel. 2005. Three-dimensional face recognition. IJCV 64, 1 (2005), 5–30.
    [33]
    A. M. Bronstein, M. M. Bronstein, and R. Kimmel. 2006. Robust expression-invariant face recognition from partially missing data. In ECCV. 396–408.
    [34]
    A. M. Bronstein, M. M. Bronstein, and R. Kimmel. 2007. Expression-invariant representations of faces. IEEE TIP 16, 1 (2007), 188–197.
    [35]
    J. Bruna, W. Zaremba, A. Szlam, and Y. Lecun. 2013. Spectral networks and locally connected networks on graphs. In ICLR.
    [36]
    Y. Cai, Y. Lei, M. Yang, Z. You, and S. Shan. 2019. A fast and robust 3D face recognition approach based on deeply learned face representation. Neurocomputing 363 (2019), 375–397.
    [37]
    C. Cao, Y. Weng, S. Zhou, Y. Tong, and K. Zhou. 2014. FaceWarehouse: A 3D facial expression database for visual computing. IEEE TVCG 20, 3 (2014), 413–425.
    [38]
    Y. Cao, S. Liu, P. Zhao, and H. Zhu. 2022. RP-Net: A pointNet++ 3D face recognition algorithm integrating RoPS local descriptor. IEEE Access 10 (2022), 91245–91252.
    [39]
    K. Chang, K. Bowyer, and P. Flynn. 2003. Face recognition using 2D and 3D facial data. In MMUA. 25–32.
    [40]
    K. I. Chang, K. W. Bowyer, and P. J. Flynn. 2003. Multimodal 2D and 3D biometrics for face recognition. In AMFG. 187–194.
    [41]
    K. I. Chang, K. W. Bowyer, and P. J. Flynn. 2005. Adaptive rigid multi-region selection for handling expression variation in 3D face recognition. In CVPR Workshops. 157–157.
    [42]
    K. I. Chang, K. W. Bowyer, and P. J. Flynn. 2005. An evaluation of multimodal 2D+ 3D face biometrics. IEEE TPAMI 27, 4 (2005), 619–624.
    [43]
    K. I. Chang, K. W. Bowyer, and P. J. Flynn. 2006. Multiple nose region matching for 3D face recognition under varying facial expression. IEEE TPAMI 28, 10 (2006), 1695–1700.
    [44]
    S. Cheng, I. Kotsia, M. Pantic, and S. Zafeiriou. 2018. 4dfab: A large scale 4D database for facial expression analysis and biometric applications. In CVPR. 5117–5126.
    [45]
    C. Chua, F. Han, and Y. Ho. 2000. 3D human face recognition using point signature. In FG. 233–238.
    [46]
    C. Chua and R. Jarvis. 1997. Point signatures: A new representation for 3D object recognition. IJCV 25, 1 (1997), 63–85.
    [47]
    D. Colbry, G. Stockman, and A. Jain. 2005. Detection of anchor points for 3D face verification. In CVPR Workshops. 118–118.
    [48]
    A. Colombo, C. Cusano, and R. Schettini. 2006. 3D face detection using curvature analysis. Pattern Recognition 39, 3 (2006), 444–455.
    [49]
    A. Colombo, C. Cusano, and R. Schettini. 2011. UMB-DB: A database of partially occluded 3D faces. In ICCV Workshops. 2113–2119.
    [50]
    C. Conde, A. Serrano, and E. Cabello. 2006. Multimodal 2D, 2.5D & 3D face verification. In ICIP. IEEE, 2061–2064.
    [51]
    J. Cook, V. Chandran, and C. Fookes. 2006. 3D face recognition using Log-Gabor templates. In BMVC. 769–778.
    [52]
    J. Cook, V. Chandran, and S. Sridharan. 2007. Multiscale representation for 3D face recognition. IEEE TIFS 2, 3 (2007), 529–536.
    [53]
    J. Cook, V. Chandran, S. Sridharan, and C. Fookes. 2004. Face recognition from 3D data using iterative closest point algorithm and Gaussian mixture models. In 3DimPVT. 502–509.
    [54]
    C. A. Corneanu, M. O. Simón, J. F. Cohn, and S. E. Guerrero. 2016. Survey on RGB, 3D, thermal, and multimodal approaches for facial expression recognition: History, trends, and affect-related applications. IEEE TPAMI 38, 8 (2016), 1548–1568.
    [55]
    C. Creusot, N. Pears, and J. Austin. 2013. A machine-learning approach to keypoint detection and landmarking on 3D meshes. IJCV 102, 1-3 (2013), 146–179.
    [56]
    N. Dagnes, E. Vezzetti, F. Marcolin, and S. Tornincasa. 2018. Occlusion detection and restoration techniques for 3D face recognition: A literature review. Machine Vision & Applications 29, 5 (2018), 789–813.
    [57]
    H. Dibeklioğlu, B. Gökberk, and L. Akarun. 2009. Nasal region-based 3D face recognition under pose and expression variations. In Advances in Biometrics. 309–318.
    [58]
    H. Dibeklioglu, A. A. Salah, and L. Akarun. 2008. 3D facial landmarking under expression, pose, and occlusion variations. In BTAS. 1–6.
    [59]
    H. Drira, B. B. Amor, A. Srivastava, M. Daoudi, and R. Slama. 2013. 3D face recognition under expressions, occlusions, and pose variations. IEEE TPAMI 35, 9 (2013), 2270–2283.
    [60]
    K. Dutta, D. Bhattacharjee, and M. Nasipuri. 2020. SpPCANet: A simple deep learning-based feature extraction approach for 3D face recognition. Multimedia Tools and Applications (2020), 1–24.
    [61]
    K. Dutta, D. Bhattacharjee, M. Nasipuri, and O. Krejcar. 2021. Complement component face space for 3D face recognition from range images. Applied Intelligence 51, 4 (April2021), 2500–2517.
    [62]
    M. Emambakhsh and A. Evans. 2016. Nasal patches and curves for expression-robust 3D face recognition. IEEE TPAMI 39, 5 (2016), 995–1007.
    [63]
    N. Erdogmus and J. Dugelay. 2014. 3D assisted face recognition: Dealing with expression variations. IEEE TIFS 9, 5 (2014), 826–838.
    [64]
    N. Erdogmus and S. Marcel. 2013. Spoofing in 2D face recognition with 3D masks and anti-spoofing with Kinect. In BTAS. 1–6.
    [65]
    T. Faltemier, K. Bowyer, and P. Flynn. 2006. 3D face recognition with region committee voting. In 3DimPVT. 318–325.
    [66]
    T. C. Faltemier, K. W. Bowyer, and P. J. Flynn. 2007. Using a multi-instance enrollment representation to improve 3D face recognition. In BTAS. 1–6.
    [67]
    T. C. Faltemier, K. W. Bowyer, and P. J. Flynn. 2008. A region ensemble for 3D face recognition. IEEE TIFS 3, 1 (2008), 62–73.
    [68]
    T. C. Faltemier, K. W. Bowyer, and P. J. Flynn. 2008. Rotated profile signatures for robust 3D feature detection. In FG. 1–7.
    [69]
    T. C. Faltemier, K. W. Bowyer, and P. J. Flynn. 2008. Using multi-instance enrollment to improve performance of 3D face recognition. CVIU 112, 2 (2008), 114–125.
    [70]
    X. Fan, Q. Jia, K. Huyan, X. Gu, and Z. Luo. 2016. 3D facial landmark localization using texture regression via conformal mapping. Pattern Recognition Letters 83 (2016), 395–402.
    [71]
    G. Fanelli, M. Dantone, J. Gall, A. Fossati, and L. V. Gool. 2013. Random forests for real time 3D face analysis. IJCV 101, 3 (2013), 437–458.
    [72]
    T. Fang, X. Zhao, O. Ocegueda, S. K. Shah, and I. A. Kakadiaris. 2011. 3D facial expression recognition: A perspective on promises and challenges. In FG Workshops. 603–610.
    [73]
    J. Feng, Q. Guo, Y. Guan, M. Wu, X. Zhang, and C. Ti. 2019. 3D face recognition method based on deep convolutional neural network. In ICSICCS. 123–130.
    [74]
    M. A. Fischler and R. C. Bolles. 1981. Random sample consensus: A paradigm for model fitting with applications to image analysis and automated cartography. Commun. ACM 24, 6 (1981), 381–395.
    [75]
    P. J. Flynn, K. W. Bowyer, and P. J. Phillips. 2003. Assessment of time dependency in face recognition: An initial study. In AVBPA. 44–51.
    [76]
    S. Z. Gilani and A. Mian. 2018. Learning from millions of 3D scans for large-scale 3D face recognition. In CVPR. 1896–1905.
    [77]
    S. Z. Gilani, A. Mian, and P. Eastwood. 2017. Deep, dense and accurate 3D face correspondence for generating population specific deformable models. Pattern Recognition 69 (2017), 238–250.
    [78]
    S. Z. Gilani, A. Mian, F. Shafait, and I. Reid. 2018. Dense 3D face correspondence. IEEE TPAMI 40, 7 (2018), 1584–1598.
    [79]
    S. Z. Gilani, F. Shafait, and A. Mian. 2015. Shape-based automatic detection of a large number of 3D facial landmarks. In CVPR. 4639–4648.
    [80]
    B. Gokberk and L. Akarun. 2006. Comparative analysis of decision-level fusion algorithms for 3D face recognition. In ICPR, Vol. 3. 1018–1021.
    [81]
    G. G. Gordon. 1992. Face recognition based on depth and curvature features. In CVPR. 808–810.
    [82]
    G. Guo and N. Zhang. 2019. A survey on deep learning based face recognition. CVIU 189 (2019), 102805.
    [83]
    M. Guo, J. Cai, Z. Liu, T. Mu, R. R. Martin, and S. Hu. 2021. PCT: Point cloud transformer. Computational Visual Media 7, 2 (2021), 187–199.
    [84]
    Y. Guo, M. Bennamoun, F. Sohel, M. Lu, and J. Wan. 2014. 3D object recognition in cluttered scenes with local surface features: A survey. IEEE TTPAMI 36, 11 (2014), 2270–2287.
    [85]
    Y. Guo, Y. Lei, L. Liu, Y. Wang, M. Bennamoun, and F. Sohel. 2016. EI3D: Expression-invariant 3D face recognition based on feature and shape matching. Pattern Recognition Letters 83 (2016), 403–412.
    [86]
    Y. Guo, F. Sohel, M. Bennamoun, M. Lu, and J. Wan. 2013. Rotational projection statistics for 3D local surface description and object recognition. IJCV 105, 1 (2013), 63–86.
    [87]
    Y. Guo, H. Wang, Q. Hu, H. Liu, L. Liu, and M. Bennamoun. 2021. Deep learning for 3D point clouds: A survey. IEEE TPAMI 43, 12 (2021), 4338–4364.
    [88]
    S. Gupta, J. K. Aggarwal, M. K. Markey, and A. C. Bovik. 2007. 3D face recognition founded on the structural diversity of human faces. In CVPR. 1–7.
    [89]
    S. Gupta, M. K. Markey, and A. C. Bovik. 2007. Advances and challenges in 3D and 2D+3D human face recognition. Pattern Recognition in Biology (2007), 63–103.
    [90]
    S. Gupta, M. K. Markey, and A. C. Bovik. 2010. Anthropometric 3D face recognition. IJCV 90, 3 (2010), 331–349.
    [91]
    F. B. T. Haar and R. C. Veltkamp. 2010. Expression modeling for expression-invariant face recognition. Computers & Graphics 34, 3 (2010), 231–241.
    [92]
    F. B. T. Haar and R. C. Veltkamp. 2009. A 3D face matching framework for facial curves. Graphical Models 71, 2 (2009), 77–91.
    [93]
    F. Hajati, A. A. Raie, and Y. Gao. 2012. 2.5D face recognition using patch geodesic moments. Pattern Recognition 45, 3 (2012), 969–982.
    [94]
    W. Hariri, H. Tabia, N. Farah, A. Benouareth, and D. Declercq. 2016. 3D face recognition using covariance based descriptors. Pattern Recognition Letters 78 (2016), 1–7.
    [95]
    W. Hariri and M. Zaabi. 2021. Deep Residual Feature Quantization for 3D Face Recognition. In ACST, (2021).
    [96]
    K. He, X. Zhang, S. Ren, and J. Sun. 2016. Deep residual learning for image recognition. In CVPR. 770–778.
    [97]
    T. Heseltine, N. Pears, and J. Austin. 2004. Three-dimensional face recognition: A fishersurface approach. In Image Analysis and Recognition. 684–691.
    [98]
    T. Heseltine, N. Pears, and J. Austin. 2004. Three-dimensional face recognition: An eigensurface approach. In ICIP, Vol. 2. 1421–1424.
    [99]
    T. Heseltine, N. Pears, and J. Austin. 2008. Three-dimensional face recognition using combinations of surface feature map subspace components. Image and Vision Computing 26, 3 (2008), 382–396.
    [100]
    C. Hesher, A. Srivastava, and G. Erlebacher. 2003. A novel technique for face recognition using range imaging. In ISSPA, Vol. 2. 201–204.
    [101]
    R. I. Hg, P. Jasek, C. Rofidal, K. Nasrollahi, T. B. Moeslund, and G. Tranchet. 2012. An RGB-D database using Microsoft’s Kinect for Windows for face detection. In SITIS. 42–46.
    [102]
    Y. Hu, Z. Zhang, X. Xu, Y. Fu, and T. S. Huang. 2007. Building large scale 3D face database for face analysis. In Multimedia Content Analysis and Mining. 343–350.
    [103]
    D. Huang, M. Ardabilian, Y. Wang, and L. Chen. 2012. 3D face recognition using eLBP-based facial description and local feature hybrid matching. IEEE TIFS 7, 5 (2012), 1551–1565.
    [104]
    Y. Huang, Y. Wang, and T. Tan. 2006. Combining statistics of geometrical and correlative features for 3D face recognition. In BMVC. 879–888.
    [105]
    M. Husken, M. Brauckmann, S. Gehlen, and C. von der Malsburg. 2005. Strategies and benefits of fusion of 2D and 3D face recognition. In CVPR Workshops. 174–174.
    [106]
    M. O. Irfanoglu, B. Gokberk, and L. Akarun. 2004. 3D shape-based face recognition using automatically registered facial surfaces. In ICPR, Vol. 4. 183–186.
    [107]
    S. M. S. Islam, M. Bennamoun, R. A. Owens, and R. Davies. 2012. A review of recent advances in 3D ear and expression invariant face biometrics. Comput. Surveys 44, 3 (2012), 14.
    [108]
    P. Isola, J. Zhu, T. Zhou, and A. A. Efros. 2017. Image-to-image translation with conditional adversarial networks. In CVPR. 5967–5976.
    [109]
    A. K. Jain, K. Nandakumar, and A. Ross. 2016. 50 years of biometric research: Accomplishments, challenges, and opportunities. Pattern Recognition Letters 79 (2016), 80–105.
    [110]
    A. K. Jain, A. Ross, and S. Prabhakar. 2004. An introduction to biometric recognition. IEEE TCSVT 14, 1 (2004), 4–20.
    [111]
    C. Jiang, S. Lin, W. Chen, F. Liu, and L. Shen. 2022. PointFace: Point cloud encoder based feature embedding for 3D face recognition. IEEE TBIOM (2022), 1–1.
    [112]
    Z. Jiang, Q. Wu, K. Chen, and J. Zhang. 2019. Disentangled representation learning for 3D face shape. In CVPR. 11949–11958.
    [113]
    Y. Jing, X. Lu, and S. Gao. 2023. 3D Face Recognition: A Comprehensive Survey in 2022. Comp. Visual Media 9 (2023), 657–685.
    [114]
    M. Jribi, S. Mathlouthi, and F. Ghorbel. 2021. A geodesic multipolar parameterization-based representation for 3D face recognition. Signal Processing: Image Communication 99 (Nov.2021), 116464.
    [115]
    M. Jribi, A. Rihani, A. B. Khlifa, and F. Ghorbel. 2019. An SE(3) invariant description for 3D face recognition. Image and Vision Computing 89 (Sept.2019), 106–119.
    [116]
    A. Kacem, H. B. Abdesslam, K. Cherenkova, and D. Aouada. 2021. Space-time triplet loss network for dynamic 3D face verification. In ICPR. 82–90.
    [117]
    A. Kacem, K. Cherenkova, and D. Aouada. 2022. Disentangled face identity representations for joint 3D face recognition and neutralisation. In ICVR. 438–443.
    [118]
    I. A. Kakadiaris, G. Passalis, G. Toderici, M. N. Murtuza, Y. Lu, N. Karampatziakis, and T. Theoharis. 2007. Three-dimensional face recognition in the presence of facial expressions: An annotated deformable model approach. IEEE TPAMI 29, 4 (2007), 640–649.
    [119]
    D. Kim, M. Hernandez, J. Choi, and G. Medioni. 2017. Deep 3D face identification. In IJCB. 133–142.
    [120]
    J. Kittler, A. Hilton, M. Hamouz, and J. Illingworth. 2005. 3D assisted face recognition: A survey of 3D imaging, modelling and recognition approaches. In CVPR Workshops. 114–114.
    [121]
    Y. Lei, M. Bennamoun, and A. A. El-Sallam. 2013. An efficient 3D face recognition approach based on the fusion of novel local low-level features. Pattern Recognition 46, 1 (2013), 24–37.
    [122]
    Y. Lei, M. Bennamoun, M. Hayat, and Y. Guo. 2014. An efficient 3D face recognition approach using local geometrical signatures. Pattern Recognition 47, 2 (2014), 509–524.
    [123]
    Y. Lei, Y. Guo, M. Hayat, M. Bennamoun, and X. Zhou. 2016. A two-phase weighted collaborative representation for 3D partial face recognition with single sample. Pattern Recognition 52, 4 (2016), 218–237.
    [124]
    B. Li, A. S. Mian, W. Liu, and A. Krishna. 2013. Using Kinect for face recognition under varying poses, expressions, illumination and disguise. In WACV. 186–192.
    [125]
    H. Li, D. Huang, J. M. Morvan, Y. Wang, and L. Chen. 2015. Towards 3D face recognition in the real: A registration-free approach using fine-grained matching of 3D keypoint descriptors. IJCV 113, 2 (2015), 128–142.
    [126]
    H. Li, J. Sun, and L. Chen. 2017. Location-sensitive sparse representation of deep normal patterns for expression-robust 3D face recognition. IJCB (2017).
    [127]
    L. Li, C. Xu, W. Tang, and C. Zhong. 2008. 3D face recognition by constructing deformation invariant image. Pattern Recognition Letters 29, 10 (2008), 1596–1602.
    [128]
    M. Li, B. Huang, and G. Tian. 2022. A comprehensive survey on 3D face recognition methods. Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence 110 (April2022), 104669.
    [129]
    X. Li, T. Jia, and H. Zhang. 2009. Expression-insensitive 3D face recognition using sparse representation. In CVPR. 2575–2582.
    [130]
    S. Lin, C. Jiang, F. Liu, and L. Shen. 2021. High quality facial data synthesis and fusion for 3D low-quality face recognition. In IJCB. 1–8.
    [131]
    S. Lin, F. Liu, Y. Liu, and L. Shen. 2019. Local feature tensor based deep learning for 3D face recognition. In FG. 1–5.
    [132]
    W. Lin, K. Wong, N. Boston, and Y. Hu. 2007. 3D face recognition under expression variations using similarity metrics fusion. In ICME. 727–730.
    [133]
    F. Liu, L. Tran, and X. Liu. 2019. 3D face modeling from diverse raw scan data. In ICCV. 9407–9417.
    [134]
    P. Liu, Y. Wang, D. Huang, Z. Zhang, and L. Chen. 2013. Learning the spherical harmonic features for 3D face recognition. IEEE TIP 22, 3 (2013), 914–925.
    [135]
    D. G. Lowe. 2004. Distinctive image features from scale-invariant keypoints. IJCV 60, 2 (2004), 91–110.
    [136]
    X. Lu, D. Colbry, and A. K. Jain. 2004. Matching 2.5D scans for face recognition. In ICBA. 30–36.
    [137]
    X. Lu and A. K. Jain. 2005. Integrating range and texture information for 3D face recognition. In IEEE WACV, Vol. 1. 156–163.
    [138]
    X. Lu and A. K. Jain. 2005. Multimodal facial feature extraction for automatic 3D face recognition. Tech Re (2005).
    [139]
    X. Lu and A. K. Jain. 2006. Automatic feature extraction for multiview 3D face recognition. In FG. 585–590.
    [140]
    X. Lu and A. K. Jain. 2008. Deformation modeling for robust 3D face matching. IEEE TPAMI 30, 8 (2008), 1346–1357.
    [141]
    X. Lu, A. K. Jain, and D. Colbry. 2006. Matching 2.5D face scans to 3D models. IEEE TPAMI 28, 1 (2006), 31–43.
    [142]
    M. A. de Jong, A. Wollstein, C. Ruff, D. Dunaway, P. Hysi, T. Spector, F. Liu, W. Niessen, M. J. Koudstaal, M. Kayser, E. B. Wolvius, and S. Böhringer. 2016. An automatic 3D facial landmarking algorithm using 2D Gabor wavelets. IEEE TIP 25, 2 (2016), 580–588.
    [143]
    F. Sohel, M. Bennamoun, and Y. Guo. 2015. Feature selection for 2D and 3D face recognition. Wiley Encyclopedia of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (2015).
    [144]
    M. H. Mahoor and M. Abdel-Mottaleb. 2009. Face recognition based on 3D ridge images obtained from range data. Pattern Recognition 42, 3 (2009), 445–451.
    [145]
    T. Mantecon, C. R. del Bianco, F. Jaureguizar, and N. García. 2014. Depth-based face recognition using local quantized patterns adapted for range data. In ICIP. 293–297.
    [146]
    I. Marras, S. Zafeiriou, and G. Tzimiropoulos. 2012. Robust learning from normals for 3D face recognition. In ECCV. 230–239.
    [147]
    T. Maurer, D. Guigonis, I. Maslov, B. Pesenti, A. Tsaregorodtsev, D. West, and G. Medioni. 2005. Performance of geometrix ActiveIDTM 3D face recognition engine on the FRGC data. In CVPR Workshops. 154–154.
    [148]
    K. Messer, J. Matas, J. Kittler, J. Luettin, and G. Maitre. 1999. XM2VTSDB: The extended M2VTS database. In AVBPA, Vol. 964. 965–966.
    [149]
    A. Mian. 2011. Robust realtime feature detection in raw 3D face images. In WACV. 220–226.
    [150]
    A. S. Mian, M. Bennamoun, and R. Owens. 2007. An efficient multimodal 2D-3D hybrid approach to automatic face recognition. IEEE TPAMI 29, 11 (2007), 1927–1943.
    [151]
    A. S. Mian, M. Bennamoun, and R. Owens. 2008. Keypoint detection and local feature matching for textured 3D face recognition. IJCV 79, 1 (2008), 1–12.
    [152]
    A. S. Mian, M. Bennamoun, and R. A. Owens. 2005. Region-based matching for robust 3D face recognition. In BMVC, Vol. 5. 199–208.
    [153]
    A. S. Mian and N. Pears. 2012. 3D face recognition. In 3D Imaging, Analysis and Applications. 311–366.
    [154]
    R. Min, N. Kose, and J. Dugelay. 2014. KinectFaceDB: A Kinect database for face recognition. IEEE TSMC 44, 11 (2014), 1534–1548.
    [155]
    H. Mohammadzade and D. Hatzinakos. 2013. Iterative closest normal point for 3D face recognition. IEEE TPAMI 35, 2 (2013), 381–397.
    [156]
    A. B. Moreno and A. Sanchez. 2004. GavabDB: A 3D face database. In COST275 Workshop on Biometrics on the Internet. 75–80.
    [157]
    A. B. Moreno, A. Sánchez, J. F. Vélez, and F. J. Díaz. 2003. Face recognition using 3D surface-extracted descriptors. In IMVIP, Vol. 2.
    [158]
    A. B. Moreno, Á. Sanchez, J. F. Velez, and F. J. Diaz. 2005. Face recognition using 3D local geometrical features: PCA vs. SVM. In ISPA. 185–190.
    [159]
    M. H. Mousavi, K. Faez, and A. Asghari. 2008. Three dimensional face recognition using SVM classifier. In ICIS. 208–213.
    [160]
    I. Mpiperis, S. Malassiotis, and M. G. Strintzis. 2007. 3D face recognition with the geodesic polar representation. IEEE TIFS 2, 3 (2007), 537–547.
    [161]
    I. Mpiperis, S. Malassiotis, and M. G. Strintzis. 2008. Bilinear models for 3D face and facial expression recognition. IEEE TIFS 3, 3 (2008), 498–511.
    [162]
    G. Mu, D. Huang, G. Hu, J. Sun, and Y. Wang. 2019. Led3D: A lightweight and efficient deep approach to recognizing low-quality 3D faces. In CVPR. 5766–5775.
    [163]
    T. Nagamine, T. Uemura, and I. Masuda. 1992. 3D facial image analysis for human identification. In ICPR. 324–327.
    [164]
    B. Nassih, A. Amine, M. Ngadi, Y. Azdoud, D. Naji, and N. Hmina. 2021. An efficient three-dimensional face recognition system based random forest and geodesic curves. Computational Geometry 97 (2021), 101758.
    [165]
    T. Neumann, K. Varanasi, S. Wenger, M. Wacker, M. Magnor, and C. Theobalt. 2013. Sparse localized deformation components. ACM TOG 32, 6 (2013).
    [166]
    O. Ocegueda, T. Fang, S. K. Shah, and I. A. Kakadiaris. 2013. 3D face discriminant analysis using Gauss-Markov posterior marginals. IEEE TPAMI 35, 3 (2013), 728–739.
    [167]
    O. Ocegueda, S. K. Shah, and I. A. Kakadiaris. 2011. Which parts of the face give out your identity?. In CVPR. 641–648.
    [168]
    E. C. Olivetti, J. Ferretti, G. Cirrincione, F. Nonis, S. Tornincasa, and F. Marcolin. 2019. Deep CNN for 3D face recognition. In Design Tools and Methods in Industrial Engineering. 665–674.
    [169]
    G. Pan, S. Han, Z. Wu, and Y. Wang. 2005. 3D face recognition using mapped depth images. In CVPR Workshops. 175–175.
    [170]
    G. Pan, Y. Wu, Z. Wu, and W. Liu. 2003. 3D face recognition by profile and surface matching. In IJCNN, Vol. 3. 2169–2174.
    [171]
    K. Papadopoulos, A. Kacem, A. E. R. Shabayek, and D. Aouada. 2022. Face-GCN: A graph convolutional network for 3D dynamic face recognition. In ICVR. 454–458.
    [172]
    T. Papatheodorou and D. Rueckert. 2004. Evaluation of automatic 4D face recognition using surface and texture registration. In FG. 321–326.
    [173]
    C. Papazov, T. K. Marks, and M. Jones. 2015. Real-time 3D head pose and facial landmark estimation from depth images using triangular surface patch features. In CVPR. 4722–4730.
    [174]
    O. M. Parkhi, A. Vedaldi, and A. Zisserman. 2015. Deep face recognition. In BMVC. 41.1–41.12.
    [175]
    G. Passalis, I. A. Kakadiaris, T. Theoharis, G. Toderici, and N. Murtuza. 2005. Evaluation of 3D face recognition in the presence of facial expressions: An annotated deformable model approach. In CVPR Workshops. 171–171.
    [176]
    G. Passalis, P. Perakis, T. Theoharis, and I. A. Kakadiaris. 2011. Using facial symmetry to handle pose variations in real-world 3D face recognition. IEEE TPAMI 33, 10 (2011), 1938–1951.
    [177]
    P. Paysan, R. Knothe, B. Amberg, S. Romdhani, and T. Vetter. 2009. A 3D face model for pose and illumination invariant face recognition. In AVSS. 296–301.
    [178]
    X. Peng, M. Bennamoun, and A. S. Mian. 2011. A training-free nose tip detection method from face range images. Pattern Recognition 44, 3 (2011), 544–558.
    [179]
    P. Perakis, G. Passalis, T. Theoharis, and I. A. Kakadiaris. 2013. 3D facial landmark detection under large yaw and expression variations. IEEE TPAMI 35, 7 (2013), 1552–1564.
    [180]
    D. Petrovska-Delacretaz, S. Lelandais, J. Colineau, L. Chen, B. Dorizzi, M. Ardabilian, E. Krichen, M. Mellakh, A. Chaari, S. Guerfi, J. D’Hose, and B. Amor. 2008. The IV 2 multimodal biometric database (including iris, 2D, 3D, stereoscopic, and talking face data), and the IV 2-2007 evaluation campaign. In BTAS. 1–7.
    [181]
    P. J. Phillips, P. J. Flynn, T. Scruggs, K. W. Bowyer, J. Chang, K. Hoffman, J. Marques, J. Min, and W. Worek. 2005. Overview of the face recognition grand challenge. In CVPR, Vol. 1. 947–954.
    [182]
    S. Pini, G. Borghi, R. Vezzani, D. Maltoni, and R. Cucchiara. 2021. A systematic comparison of depth map representations for face recognition. Sensors 21, 3 (2021), 944.
    [183]
    C. R. Qi, L. Yi, H. Su, and L. J. Guibas. 2017. Pointnet++: Deep hierarchical feature learning on point sets in a metric space. In NeurIPS, Vol. 30.
    [184]
    C. C. Queirolo, L. Silva, O. R. P. Bellon, and M. P. Segundo. 2010. 3D face recognition using simulated annealing and the surface interpenetration measure. IEEE TPAMI 32, 2 (2010), 206–219.
    [185]
    A. Ranjan, T. Bolkart, S. Sanyal, and M. J. Black. 2018. Generating 3D faces using convolutional mesh autoencoders. In ECCV.
    [186]
    T. D. Russ, M. W. Koch, and C. Q. Little. 2005. A 2D range Hausdorff approach for 3D face recognition. In CVPR Workshops. 169–169.
    [187]
    C. Samir, A. Srivastava, and M. Daoudi. 2006. Three-dimensional face recognition using shapes of facial curves. IEEE TPAMI 28, 11 (2006), 1858–1863.
    [188]
    C. Samir, A. Srivastava, M. Daoudi, and E. Klassen. 2009. An intrinsic framework for analysis of facial surfaces. IJCV 82, 1 (2009), 80–95.
    [189]
    G. Sandbach, S. Zafeiriou, M. Pantic, and L. Yin. 2012. Static and dynamic 3D facial expression recognition: A comprehensive survey. Image and Vision Computing 30, 10 (2012), 683–697.
    [190]
    A. Savran, N. Alyüz, H. Dibeklioğlu, O. Çeliktutan, B. Gökberk, B. Sankur, and L. Akarun. 2008. Bosphorus database for 3D face analysis. In Biometrics and Identity Management. 47–56.
    [191]
    A. Scheenstra, A. Ruifrok, and R. Veltkamp. 2005. A survey of 3D face recognition methods. In AVBPA. 325–345.
    [192]
    F. Schroff, D. Kalenichenko, and J. Philbin. 2015. FaceNet: A unified embedding for face recognition and clustering. In CVPR. 815–823.
    [193]
    M. P. Segundo, C. Queirolo, O. R. P. Bellon, and L. Silva. 2007. Automatic 3D facial segmentation and landmark detection. In ICIAP. 431–436.
    [194]
    S. Sharma and V. Kumar. 2020. Voxel-based 3D face reconstruction and its application to face recognition using sequential deep learning. Multimedia Tools and Applications 79, 25-26 (July2020), 17303–17330.
    [195]
    B. Shi, H. Zang, R. Zheng, and S. Zhan. 2019. An efficient 3D face recognition approach using Frenet feature of iso-geodesic curves. JVCIR 59 (2019), 455–460.
    [196]
    D. Smeets, P. Claes, J. Hermans, D. Vandermeulen, and P. Suetens. 2012. A comparative study of 3D face recognition under expression variations. IEEE TSMCC 42, 5 (2012), 710–727.
    [197]
    D. Smeets, P. Claes, D. Vandermeulen, and J. G. Clement. 2010. Objective 3D face recognition: Evolution, approaches and challenges. Forensic Science International 201, 1-3 (2010), 125–132.
    [198]
    D. Smeets, F. Fabry, J. Hermans, D. Vandermeulen, and P. Suetens. 2009. Isometric deformation modeling using singular value decomposition for 3D expression-invariant face recognition. In BTAS. 1–6.
    [199]
    D. Smeets, T. Fabry, J. Hermans, D. Vandermeulen, and P. Suetens. 2010. Fusion of an isometric deformation modeling approach using spectral decomposition and a region-based approach using ICP for expression-invariant 3D face recognition. In ICPR. 1172–1175.
    [200]
    D. Smeets, J. Keustermans, D. Vandermeulen, and P. Suetens. 2013. meshSIFT: Local surface features for 3D face recognition under expression variations and partial data. CVIU 117, 2 (2013), 158–169.
    [201]
    S. Soltanpour, B. Boufama, and Q. M. J. Wu. 2017. A survey of local feature methods for 3D face recognition. Pattern Recognition 72 (2017), 391–406.
    [202]
    S. Soltanpour and Q. M. J. Wu. 2017. High-order local normal derivative pattern (LNDP) for 3D face recognition. In ICIP. 2811–2815.
    [203]
    M. Song, D. Tao, S. Sun, C. Chen, and S. J. Maybank. 2014. Robust 3D face landmark localization based on local coordinate coding. IEEE TIP 23, 12 (2014), 5108–5122.
    [204]
    L. Spreeuwers. 2011. Fast and accurate 3D face recognition. IJCV 93, 3 (2011), 389–414.
    [205]
    L. Spreeuwers. 2015. Breaking the 99% barrier: Optimisation of three-dimensional face recognition. IET Biometrics 4, 3 (2015), 169–178.
    [206]
    A. Srivastava, C. Samir, S. H. Joshi, and M. Daoudi. 2009. Elastic shape models for face analysis using curvilinear coordinates. Journal of Mathematical Imaging and Vision 33, 2 (2009), 253–265.
    [207]
    H. Sun, N. Pears, and Y. Gu. 2022. Information bottlenecked variational autoencoder for disentangled 3D facial expression modelling. In WACV. 2334–2343.
    [208]
    Y. Tan, H. Lin, Z. Xiao, S. Ding, and H. Chao. 2019. Face recognition from sequential sparse 3D data via deep registration. In ICB. 1–8.
    [209]
    Frank B. ter Haar and Remco C. Veltkamp. 2008. 3D face model fitting for recognition. In ECCV. 652–664.
    [210]
    G. Toderici, G. Evangelopoulos, T. Fang, T. Theoharis, and I. A. Kakadiaris. 2014. UHDB11 database for 3D-2D face recognition. In PSIVT. 73–86.
    [211]
    F. Tombari, S. Salti, and L. D. Stefano. 2010. Unique signatures of histograms for local surface description. In ECCV. 356–369.
    [212]
    N. F. Troje and H. H. Bülthoff. 1996. Face recognition under varying poses: The role of texture and shape. Vision Research 36, 12 (1996), 1761–1771.
    [213]
    E. Trucco and A. Verri. 1998. Introductory Techniques for 3D Computer Vision. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall, 201, 10–5555.
    [214]
    F. Tsalakanidou, S. Malassiotis, and M. G. Strintzis. 2005. Face localization and authentication using color and depth images. IEEE TIP 14, 2 (2005), 152–168.
    [215]
    F. Tsalakanidou, S. Malassiotis, and M. G. Strintzis. 2007. A 3D face and hand biometric system for robust user-friendly authentication. Pattern Recognition Letters 28, 16 (2007), 2238–2249.
    [216]
    F. Tsalakanidou, D. Tzovaras, and M. G. Strintzis. 2003. Use of depth and colour eigenfaces for face recognition. Pattern Recognition Letters 24, 9 (2003), 1427–1435.
    [217]
    R. C. Veltkamp, S. V. Jole, H. Drira, B. B. Amor, M. Daoudi, H. Li, L. Chen, P. Claes, D. Smeets, J. Hermans, D. Vandermeulen, and P. Suetensothers. 2011. SHREC’11 track: 3D face models retrieval. In 3DOR. 89–95.
    [218]
    V. Vijayan, K. W. Bowyer, P. J. Flynn, D. Huang, L. Chen, M. Hansen, O. Ocegueda, S. K. Shah, and I. A. Kakadiaris. 2011. Twins 3D face recognition challenge. In IJCB. 1–7.
    [219]
    Y. Wang and C. Chua. 2005. Face recognition from 2D and 3D images using 3D Gabor filters. Image and Vision Computing 23, 11 (2005), 1018–1028.
    [220]
    Y. Wang, C. Chua, and Y. Ho. 2002. Facial feature detection and face recognition from 2D and 3D images. Pattern Recognition Letters 23, 10 (2002), 1191–1202.
    [221]
    Y. Wang, J. Liu, and X. Tang. 2010. Robust 3D face recognition by local shape difference boosting. IEEE TPAMI 32, 10 (2010), 1858–1870.
    [222]
    Y. Wang, G. Pan, Z. Wu, and Y. Wang. 2006. Exploring facial expression effects in 3D face recognition using partial ICP. In ACCV. 581–590.
    [223]
    Y. Wang, X. Tang, J. Liu, G. Pan, and R. Xiao. 2008. 3D face recognition by local shape difference boosting. In ECCV. 603–616.
    [224]
    Z. Wang, Z. Miao, Q. M. J. Wu, Y. Wan, and Z. Tang. 2014. Low-resolution face recognition: A review. The Visual Computer 30, 4 (2014), 359–386.
    [225]
    N. Werghi, C. Tortorici, S. Berretti, and A. D. Bimbo. 2016. Boosting 3D LBP-based face recognition by fusing shape and texture descriptors on the mesh. IEEE TIFS 11, 5 (2016), 964–979.
    [226]
    C. Xu, S. Li, T. Tan, and L. Quan. 2009. Automatic 3D face recognition from depth and intensity Gabor features. Pattern Recognition 42, 9 (2009), 1895–1905.
    [227]
    C. Xu, T. Tan, S. Li, Y. Wang, and C. Zhong. 2006. Learning effective intrinsic features to boost 3D-based face recognition. In ECCV. 416–427.
    [228]
    C. Xu, T. Tan, Y. Wang, and L. Quan. 2006. Combining local features for robust nose location in 3D facial data. Pattern Recognition Letters 27, 13 (2006), 1487–1494.
    [229]
    C. Xu, Y. Wang, T. Tan, and L. Quan. 2004. A new attempt to face recognition using 3D eigenfaces. In ACCV, Vol. 2. 884–889.
    [230]
    C. Xu, Y. Wang, T. Tan, and L. Quan. 2004. Automatic 3D face recognition combining global geometric features with local shape variation information. In FG. 308–313.
    [231]
    K. Xu, X. Wang, Z. Hu, and Z. Zhang. 2019. 3D face recognition based on twin neural network combining deep map and texture. In ICCT. 1665–1668.
    [232]
    H. Yang, H. Zhu, Y. Wang, M. Huang, Q. Shen, R. Yang, and X. Cao. 2020. Facescape: A large-scale high quality 3D face dataset and detailed riggable 3d face prediction. In CVPR. 601–610.
    [233]
    B. Yin, Y. Sun, C. Wang, and Y. Ge. 2005. The BJUT-3D Large-scale Chinese Face Database. Technical Report.
    [234]
    L. Yin, X. Chen, Y. Sun, T. Worm, and M. Reale. 2008. A high-resolution 3D dynamic facial expression database. In FG. 1–6.
    [235]
    L. Yin, X. Wei, Y. Sun, J. Wang, and M. J. Rosato. 2006. A 3D facial expression database for facial behavior research. In FG. 211–216.
    [236]
    X. Yu, Y. Gao, and J. Zhou. 2016. 3D face recognition under partial occlusions using radial strings. In ICIP. 3016–3020.
    [237]
    X. Yu, Y. Gao, and J. Zhou. 2017. Sparse 3D directional vertices vs continuous 3D curves: Efficient 3D surface matching and its application for single model face recognition. Pattern Recognition 65 (May2017), 296–306.
    [238]
    S. Zafeiriou, M. Hansen, G. Atkinson, V. Argyriou, M. Petrou, M. Smith, and L. Smith. 2011. The photoface database. In CVPR Workshops. 132–139.
    [239]
    A. Zaharescu, E. Boyer, and R. Horaud. 2012. Keypoints and local descriptors of scalar functions on 2D manifolds. IJCV 100 (2012), 78–98.
    [240]
    J. Zhang, D. Huang, Y. Wang, and J. Sun. 2016. Lock3DFace: A large-scale database of low-cost Kinect 3D faces. In ICB. 1–8.
    [241]
    L. Zhang, A. Razdan, G. Farin, J. Femiani, M. Bae, and C. Lockwood. 2006. 3D face authentication and recognition based on bilateral symmetry analysis. The Visual Computer 22, 1 (2006), 43–55.
    [242]
    X. Zhang, L. Yin, J. F. Cohn, S. Canavan, M. Reale, A. Horowitz, and P. Liu. 2013. A high-resolution spontaneous 3D dynamic facial expression database. In FG. 1–6.
    [243]
    X. Zhang, L. Yin, J. F. Cohn, S. Canavan, M. Reale, A. Horowitz, P. Liu, and J. M. Girard. 2014. BP4D-Spontaneous: A high-resolution spontaneous 3D dynamic facial expression database. Image and Vision Computing 32, 10 (2014), 692–706.
    [244]
    Z. Zhang, C. Yu, H. Li, J. Sun, and F. Liu. 2020. Learning distribution independent latent representation for 3D face disentanglement. In 3DV. 848–857.
    [245]
    W. Zhao, R. Chellappa, P. J. Phillips, and A. Rosenfeld. 2003. Face recognition: A literature survey. Comput. Surveys 35, 4 (2003), 399–458.
    [246]
    X. Zhao, E. Dellandrea, L. Chen, and I. A. Kakadiaris. 2011. Accurate landmarking of three-dimensional facial data in the presence of facial expressions and occlusions using a three-dimensional statistical facial feature model. IEEE TSMC 41, 5 (2011), 1417–1428.
    [247]
    C. Zhong, Z. Sun, and T. Tan. 2007. Robust 3D face recognition using learned visual codebook. In CVPR. 1–6.
    [248]
    H. Zhou, A. Mian, L. Wei, D. Creighton, M. Hossny, and S. Nahavandi. 2014. Recent advances on singlemodal and multimodal face recognition: A survey. IEEE THMS 44, 6 (2014), 701–716.
    [249]
    S. Zhou and S. Xiao. 2018. 3D face recognition: A survey. HCIS 8, 1 (2018), 1–27.

    Index Terms

    1. 3D Face Recognition: Two Decades of Progress and Prospects

      Recommendations

      Comments

      Information & Contributors

      Information

      Published In

      cover image ACM Computing Surveys
      ACM Computing Surveys  Volume 56, Issue 3
      March 2024
      977 pages
      ISSN:0360-0300
      EISSN:1557-7341
      DOI:10.1145/3613568
      Issue’s Table of Contents

      Publisher

      Association for Computing Machinery

      New York, NY, United States

      Publication History

      Published: 05 October 2023
      Online AM: 14 August 2023
      Accepted: 03 August 2023
      Revised: 26 May 2023
      Received: 19 October 2022
      Published in CSUR Volume 56, Issue 3

      Permissions

      Request permissions for this article.

      Check for updates

      Author Tags

      1. 3D face recognition
      2. local feature
      3. deep learning
      4. facial expression
      5. pose variation
      6. facial occlusion

      Qualifiers

      • Survey

      Funding Sources

      • National Key Research and Development Program of China
      • National Natural Science Foundation of China
      • Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation
      • Shenzhen Science and Technology Program
      • Australian Research Council

      Contributors

      Other Metrics

      Bibliometrics & Citations

      Bibliometrics

      Article Metrics

      • 0
        Total Citations
      • 920
        Total Downloads
      • Downloads (Last 12 months)920
      • Downloads (Last 6 weeks)31
      Reflects downloads up to 26 Jul 2024

      Other Metrics

      Citations

      View Options

      Get Access

      Login options

      View options

      PDF

      View or Download as a PDF file.

      PDF

      eReader

      View online with eReader.

      eReader

      Full Text

      View this article in Full Text.

      Full Text

      Media

      Figures

      Other

      Tables

      Share

      Share

      Share this Publication link

      Share on social media