According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics (2013), in 2013 the percentage of
exclusive brea... more According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics (2013), in 2013 the percentage of exclusive breastfeeding for six months was less than one-fifth of the overall rate of breastfeeding initiation, which was related to socioeconomic status. This paper discusses the expenses related to breastfeeding and the reasons that the Australian Government should prolong the duration of the paid parental leave scheme to support exclusive breastfeeding. The literature for this systematic review was drawn from MEDLINE, Scopus, Google Scholar and various reports by agencies of the Australian Government. The inclusion criteria were based on the economic benefits of breastfeeding, the costs related to diseases caused by premature weaning and other financial factors. The selected previous studies were analysed to present a narrative review of the key themes. Sixteen studies and reports were selected from 144 sources. The findings of the review showed that in Australia, the total potential economic cost to individual income of the time spent on exclusive breastfeeding was approximately A$611.49 million (A$31,498.80 per mother per six months). However, in 2002, the short-term cost savings was A$60 million. The total cost savings would be higher if other expenses in long-term premature weaning were calculated based on current value. Based on the findings of this literature review, the benefits of breastfeeding outweigh its costs. The findings suggest that the Australian Government should consider an additional financial incentive for breastfeeding mothers in order to reduce the gap between the proportion of exclusive breastfeeding mothers and better newborn health outcomes.
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses of the H5N1 subtype are a major concern to human... more Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses of the H5N1 subtype are a major concern to human and animal health in Indonesia. This study aimed to characterize transmission dynamics of H5N1 over time using novel Bayesian phylogeography methods to identify factors which have influenced the spread of H5N1 in Indonesia. We used publicly available hemagglutinin sequence data sampled between 2003 and 2016 to model ancestral state reconstruction of HPAI H5N1 evolution. We found strong support for H5N1 transmission routes between provinces in Java Island and inter‐island transmissions, such as between Nusa Tenggara and Kalimantan Islands, not previously described. The spread is consistent with wild bird flyways and poultry trading routes. H5N1 migration was associated with the regions of high chicken densities and low human development indices. These results can be used to inform more targeted planning of H5N1 control and prevention activities in Indonesia.
Depression in elderly is di cult to diagnose because the symptoms are atypical; patient, patient... more Depression in elderly is di cult to diagnose because the symptoms are atypical; patient, patient’s family, and physicians are rarely aware of the symptoms. The symptoms are usually overlap with somatic symptoms and often underdiagnosed. General practitioner as rst line in medical service should be able to recognize depression in elderly person. Geriatric Depression Scale can be used to screen depression in senior person, especially those with intact cognitive function. Edwin Nugroho Njoto. Identifying Depression among Elderly.
Early diagnosis is important to control invasive candida infection in the intensive care patients... more Early diagnosis is important to control invasive candida infection in the intensive care patients and to improve prognosis. Candida score can help to identify who will bene t from early antifungal therapy and who is unlikely to get invasive candida infection. Edwin Nugroho Njoto. Candida Score for Invasive Fungal Infection Detection in Intensive Care.
Hipertension is one of the main problem of public health in the world and one of the most frequen... more Hipertension is one of the main problem of public health in the world and one of the most frequent cardiovascular risk factors, but not optimally controlled. Researches were done and guidelines were formulated. The newest guideline is JNC VIII. This review will discuss blood pressure target for diabetic patients in JNC VIII and its comparison with other guidelines. Edwin Nugroho Njoto. Blood Pressure Target in Diabetic Patient.
Acute limb ischaemia (ALI) is de ned as a sudden decrease in limb perfusion that threatens the vi... more Acute limb ischaemia (ALI) is de ned as a sudden decrease in limb perfusion that threatens the viability of the limb. Physical ndings may include absence of pulse distal to the occlusion, cold and pale or mottled skin, reduced sensation, decreased strength and may be associated with ischemic stroke and myocardial infarction. A 41-year-old male came to emergency room (ER) with necrosis in the left and right legs and feet. Patient was diagnosed with acute limb ischaemia. Duplex sonography femoralis, angiojet and percutaneous intra arterial thrombolysis were done 2 days after the rst symptoms. The patient was amputated on both legs and the patient recovered.
According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics (2013), in 2013 the percentage of
exclusive brea... more According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics (2013), in 2013 the percentage of exclusive breastfeeding for six months was less than one-fifth of the overall rate of breastfeeding initiation, which was related to socioeconomic status. This paper discusses the expenses related to breastfeeding and the reasons that the Australian Government should prolong the duration of the paid parental leave scheme to support exclusive breastfeeding. The literature for this systematic review was drawn from MEDLINE, Scopus, Google Scholar and various reports by agencies of the Australian Government. The inclusion criteria were based on the economic benefits of breastfeeding, the costs related to diseases caused by premature weaning and other financial factors. The selected previous studies were analysed to present a narrative review of the key themes. Sixteen studies and reports were selected from 144 sources. The findings of the review showed that in Australia, the total potential economic cost to individual income of the time spent on exclusive breastfeeding was approximately A$611.49 million (A$31,498.80 per mother per six months). However, in 2002, the short-term cost savings was A$60 million. The total cost savings would be higher if other expenses in long-term premature weaning were calculated based on current value. Based on the findings of this literature review, the benefits of breastfeeding outweigh its costs. The findings suggest that the Australian Government should consider an additional financial incentive for breastfeeding mothers in order to reduce the gap between the proportion of exclusive breastfeeding mothers and better newborn health outcomes.
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses of the H5N1 subtype are a major concern to human... more Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses of the H5N1 subtype are a major concern to human and animal health in Indonesia. This study aimed to characterize transmission dynamics of H5N1 over time using novel Bayesian phylogeography methods to identify factors which have influenced the spread of H5N1 in Indonesia. We used publicly available hemagglutinin sequence data sampled between 2003 and 2016 to model ancestral state reconstruction of HPAI H5N1 evolution. We found strong support for H5N1 transmission routes between provinces in Java Island and inter‐island transmissions, such as between Nusa Tenggara and Kalimantan Islands, not previously described. The spread is consistent with wild bird flyways and poultry trading routes. H5N1 migration was associated with the regions of high chicken densities and low human development indices. These results can be used to inform more targeted planning of H5N1 control and prevention activities in Indonesia.
Depression in elderly is di cult to diagnose because the symptoms are atypical; patient, patient... more Depression in elderly is di cult to diagnose because the symptoms are atypical; patient, patient’s family, and physicians are rarely aware of the symptoms. The symptoms are usually overlap with somatic symptoms and often underdiagnosed. General practitioner as rst line in medical service should be able to recognize depression in elderly person. Geriatric Depression Scale can be used to screen depression in senior person, especially those with intact cognitive function. Edwin Nugroho Njoto. Identifying Depression among Elderly.
Early diagnosis is important to control invasive candida infection in the intensive care patients... more Early diagnosis is important to control invasive candida infection in the intensive care patients and to improve prognosis. Candida score can help to identify who will bene t from early antifungal therapy and who is unlikely to get invasive candida infection. Edwin Nugroho Njoto. Candida Score for Invasive Fungal Infection Detection in Intensive Care.
Hipertension is one of the main problem of public health in the world and one of the most frequen... more Hipertension is one of the main problem of public health in the world and one of the most frequent cardiovascular risk factors, but not optimally controlled. Researches were done and guidelines were formulated. The newest guideline is JNC VIII. This review will discuss blood pressure target for diabetic patients in JNC VIII and its comparison with other guidelines. Edwin Nugroho Njoto. Blood Pressure Target in Diabetic Patient.
Acute limb ischaemia (ALI) is de ned as a sudden decrease in limb perfusion that threatens the vi... more Acute limb ischaemia (ALI) is de ned as a sudden decrease in limb perfusion that threatens the viability of the limb. Physical ndings may include absence of pulse distal to the occlusion, cold and pale or mottled skin, reduced sensation, decreased strength and may be associated with ischemic stroke and myocardial infarction. A 41-year-old male came to emergency room (ER) with necrosis in the left and right legs and feet. Patient was diagnosed with acute limb ischaemia. Duplex sonography femoralis, angiojet and percutaneous intra arterial thrombolysis were done 2 days after the rst symptoms. The patient was amputated on both legs and the patient recovered.
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Papers by Edwin Njoto
exclusive breastfeeding for six months was less than one-fifth of the overall rate
of breastfeeding initiation, which was related to socioeconomic status. This paper
discusses the expenses related to breastfeeding and the reasons that the Australian
Government should prolong the duration of the paid parental leave scheme to
support exclusive breastfeeding. The literature for this systematic review was drawn
from MEDLINE, Scopus, Google Scholar and various reports by agencies of the
Australian Government. The inclusion criteria were based on the economic benefits of
breastfeeding, the costs related to diseases caused by premature weaning and other
financial factors. The selected previous studies were analysed to present a narrative
review of the key themes. Sixteen studies and reports were selected from 144 sources.
The findings of the review showed that in Australia, the total potential economic cost
to individual income of the time spent on exclusive breastfeeding was approximately
A$611.49 million (A$31,498.80 per mother per six months). However, in 2002, the
short-term cost savings was A$60 million. The total cost savings would be higher if
other expenses in long-term premature weaning were calculated based on current
value. Based on the findings of this literature review, the benefits of breastfeeding
outweigh its costs. The findings suggest that the Australian Government should
consider an additional financial incentive for breastfeeding mothers in order to reduce
the gap between the proportion of exclusive breastfeeding mothers and better
newborn health outcomes.
Conference Presentations by Edwin Njoto
exclusive breastfeeding for six months was less than one-fifth of the overall rate
of breastfeeding initiation, which was related to socioeconomic status. This paper
discusses the expenses related to breastfeeding and the reasons that the Australian
Government should prolong the duration of the paid parental leave scheme to
support exclusive breastfeeding. The literature for this systematic review was drawn
from MEDLINE, Scopus, Google Scholar and various reports by agencies of the
Australian Government. The inclusion criteria were based on the economic benefits of
breastfeeding, the costs related to diseases caused by premature weaning and other
financial factors. The selected previous studies were analysed to present a narrative
review of the key themes. Sixteen studies and reports were selected from 144 sources.
The findings of the review showed that in Australia, the total potential economic cost
to individual income of the time spent on exclusive breastfeeding was approximately
A$611.49 million (A$31,498.80 per mother per six months). However, in 2002, the
short-term cost savings was A$60 million. The total cost savings would be higher if
other expenses in long-term premature weaning were calculated based on current
value. Based on the findings of this literature review, the benefits of breastfeeding
outweigh its costs. The findings suggest that the Australian Government should
consider an additional financial incentive for breastfeeding mothers in order to reduce
the gap between the proportion of exclusive breastfeeding mothers and better
newborn health outcomes.