Mating patterns in animal populations can respond to environmental conditions and consequently va... more Mating patterns in animal populations can respond to environmental conditions and consequently vary across time. To examine this variation in nature, studies must include temporal replicates from the same population. Here, we report temporal variation in genetic parentage in the socially monogamous cichlid Variabilichromis moorii from Lake Tanganyika, using samples of broods and their brood-tending parents that were collected across five field trips from the same study population. The sampled broods were either spawned during the dry season (three field trips) or during the rainy season (two trips). In all seasons, we detected substantial rates of extra-pair paternity, which were ascribed to cuckoldry by bachelor males. Paternity shares of brood-tending males were consistently higher, and the numbers of sires per brood were consistently lower, in broods that were spawned in the dry seasons compared to broods from the rainy seasons. In contrast, the strength of size-assortative pairi...
Invasive alien species have become a serious threat to the biodiversity of ecosystems of the worl... more Invasive alien species have become a serious threat to the biodiversity of ecosystems of the world. Globally, the threat to biodiversity due to invasive species is considered second only to habitat loss. Invasive species are thus a serious impediment to conservation and sustainable use of global, regional and local biodiversity. This study concentrated on the reproductive biology of the Oreochromis species in the Kafue Floodplains, which is part of the Kafue River stretching from Itezhi-tezhi to the Kafue Gorge. Specific objectives for this study were to compare reproductive strategies i.e. egg size and Gonadosomatic Indices of the introduced Oreochromis niloticus and the local breams, Oreochromis andersonii and Oreochromis macrochir. Oreochromis niloticus is an invasive species that has been reported to cause a reduction in abundance of fish which are closely related to it due to its highly competitive nature. In this study, the egg sizes were noted as longest in Oreochromis niloti...
To ensure the long-term sustainable use of African Great Lakes (AGL), and to better understand th... more To ensure the long-term sustainable use of African Great Lakes (AGL), and to better understand the functioning of these ecosystems, authorities, managers and scientists need regularly collected scientific data and information of key environmental indicators over multi-years to make informed decisions. Monitoring is regularly conducted at some sites across AGL; while at others sites, it is rare or conducted irregularly in response to sporadic funding or short-term projects/studies. Managers and scientists working on the AGL thus often lack critical long-term data to evaluate and gauge ongoing changes. Hence, we propose a multi-lake approach to harmonize data collection modalities for better understanding of regional and global environmental impacts on AGL. Climate variability has had strong impacts on all AGL in the recent past. Although these lakes have specific characteristics, their limnological cycles show many similarities. Because different anthropogenic pressures take place at the different AGL, harmonized multi-lake monitoring will provide comparable data to address the main drivers of concern (climate versus regional anthropogenic impact). To realize harmonized long-term multi-lake monitoring, the approach will need: (1) support of a wide community of researchers and managers; (2) political goodwill towards a common goal for such monitoring; and (3) sufficient capacity (e.g., institutional, financial, human and logistic resources) for its implementation. This paper presents an assessment of the state of monitoring the AGL and possible approaches to realize a long-term, multi-lake harmonized monitoring strategy. Key parameters are proposed. The support of national and regional authorities is necessary as each AGL crosses international boundaries.
FIGURE 7. Female and type locality of Lufubuchromis relictus sp. nov. A. female paratype alive B.... more FIGURE 7. Female and type locality of Lufubuchromis relictus sp. nov. A. female paratype alive B. same individual (ZSM 44312, ID: DRC-2012-/3248, 56.7 mm SL) C. Type locality of L. relictus, rapids on the Mululwe River close to Mululwe Village (05.09.2015, F.D.B. Schedel).
Additional file 3: Table S3. Results of statistical models for intrusion pressure and male share ... more Additional file 3: Table S3. Results of statistical models for intrusion pressure and male share in defense after excluding nests with missing parental size values. (A) and (B) show results corresponding to those in Tables 1 and 2 of the main text, respectively.
Additional file 2: Table S2. Variation in within-male paternity shares. Paternity of breeding mal... more Additional file 2: Table S2. Variation in within-male paternity shares. Paternity of breeding males recaptured over three years of sampling was determined using nine microsatellite markers (Pmv17, Pzeb3, TmoM11, UNH2075, Hchi59, Hchi94, Ppun9, Ppun20, Ppun21; see main text), and is given in percent of maternal brood size.
FIGURE 9. Overview of snout and infraorbital area of different taxa of the Pseudocrenilabrus grou... more FIGURE 9. Overview of snout and infraorbital area of different taxa of the Pseudocrenilabrus group and related taxa. Where applicable, the gap between the lachrymal and 2nd infraorbital bone is indicated by red arrows, i.e. not in Pseudocrenilabrus multicolor as the infraorbital series of this species appears to be highly reduced. A. Paleoplex palimpsest sp. nov. (Paratype, ZSM 44438, ID: DRC-2012/3683, 81.9 mm SL, no gap between lachrymal and 2nd infraorbital bone present) B. Lufubuchromis relictus sp. nov. (Paratype, ZSM 44312, ID: DRC-2012/3249, 50.0 mm SL, no gap between lachrymal and 2nd infraorbital bone present) C. Pseudocrenilabrus multicolor (ZSM 40011, ID: Nr. 1, 46.0 mm SL) D. Pseudocrenilabrus philander (ZSM 40918, 58.9 mm SL) E. Pseudocrenilabrus nicholsi (ZSM 47140, ID: Nr. 1, 46.2 mm SL) F. Pseudocrenilabrus pyyrochaudalis (Paratype, MRAC-A7-034-P-0238-0247; ID: Nr.5, 64.2 mm SL) G. Orthochromis machadoi (BMNH 1984.2.6.104-108, ID: Nr. 1, 51.9 mm SL) H. Haplochromis m...
FIGURE 1. Map of northern Zambia, with colour indications of the type localities of Lufubuchromis... more FIGURE 1. Map of northern Zambia, with colour indications of the type localities of Lufubuchromis relictus sp. nov. (purple) and Palaeoplex palimpsest sp. nov. (dark green) and sample locations of additional material of Palaeoplex palimpsest "Kalungwishi" (red). Star = type locality, circle = either paratype locality or sample locality of comparative specimens. Kasama (a major city) is depicted in black. Map is based on shape files obtained from DIVA-GIS (http://www.diva-gis.org/Data).
The study assessed the impact of bio-larvicides- Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (Bti) an... more The study assessed the impact of bio-larvicides- Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (Bti) and B. sphaericus (Bs) on anopheline mosquito larval densities in four selected areas of Lusaka urban district. Larval densities were determined using a standard WHO protocol at each study area prior to and after larviciding. Ninety percent (90%) of the collected mosquito larvae and pupae were preserved in 70% ethanol, while 10% were reared to adults for species identification. Prior to larviciding, the largest number of mosquito larvae collected was culicines. Among the anophelines, Anopheles coustani Laveran (13.5%) (n = 111) and An. squamosus Theobald (9.5%) (n = 78) were identified from all the study areas with An. rufipes Gough (1.1%) (n = 9) collected from one study area only. None of the major malaria vector species reported for Zambia were identified. No mosquito larvae were found in freshwater bodies following the larviciding exercise. Possible reasons for the absence of known maj...
<i>Pseudocrenilabrus pyrrhocaudalis</i> sp. nov. Fire-tailed Pseudocrenilabrus Figs. ... more <i>Pseudocrenilabrus pyrrhocaudalis</i> sp. nov. Fire-tailed Pseudocrenilabrus Figs. 1, 2. Tables 2, 3. <b>Holotype</b>. SAIAB-191528, male 62.8 mm SL; Zambia; Kalobwa Beach (1,134 meters above sea level with coordinates 8°57'0" S and 29°6'0" E), Lake Mweru, Luapula-Congo River system, seine net, C. Katongo and O. Seehausen, 15 September 2005 (Fig. 1 a). <b>Paratypes</b>. MRAC A9-034-P-0238-247, 57.3–73.1 mm SL, Luapula-Congo River system, Mukwakwa, Lake Mweru, Zambia, P. van Zwieten, 1994; MRAC A4-025-P0103-07 and MRAC A4-025-0137-38, 46.5–54 mm SL, Luapula-Congo River system, Mwatishi River / Lake Mweru confluence, gillnet, C. Katongo, 2002; SAIAB 191530 (1-13), 45.3–68.3 mm SL, Luapula-Congo River system, Kalobwa beach, Lake Mweru, C. Katongo and O. Seehausen, September, 2005. <b>Diagnosis.</b> <i>Pseudocrenilabrus pyrrhocaudalis</i> can be differentiated from the other species of the genus <i>Pseudocrenilabrus</i> on the basis of its colour pattern and its subtruncate caudal fin. Male <i>P. pyrrhocaudalis</i> have a unique colour pattern characterized by some orange colour on their anal and caudal fins that can become bright orange-red in breeding males, extending over the proximal parts of the anal and caudal fins and the distal part of the caudal and the upper and lower parts of the caudal peduncle (Fig. 1 a). In addition, <i>P. pyrrhocaudalis</i> can be distinguished from its sympatric congener <i>P. philander</i> (Fig. 3), by a combination of the following characters (Figs.1, 2, 4; Tables 2, 3): pelvic fin white (vs. black), posterior part of dorsal fin orange (vs. olive green in the other species), comparatively thinner lips (vs. comparatively thicker lips), larger eye diameter 27.0–39.3% HL (vs 22.9–33.1% HL), narrower head width 37.0–47.3% HL (vs. 38.5–53.7% HL), narrower interorbital distance 14.6– 22.3% HL (vs. 20.5–29.4% HL) and a more slender caudal peduncle 8.8–11.8% SL (vs. 11.3–13.9% SL), and 50.0–64.7% CPL (vs 64.3–93.5% CPL). <b>Description.</b> In both sexes: body relatively deep, head profil [...]
Mating patterns in animal populations can respond to environmental conditions and consequently va... more Mating patterns in animal populations can respond to environmental conditions and consequently vary across time. To examine this variation in nature, studies must include temporal replicates from the same population. Here, we report temporal variation in genetic parentage in the socially monogamous cichlid Variabilichromis moorii from Lake Tanganyika, using samples of broods and their brood-tending parents that were collected across five field trips from the same study population. The sampled broods were either spawned during the dry season (three field trips) or during the rainy season (two trips). In all seasons, we detected substantial rates of extra-pair paternity, which were ascribed to cuckoldry by bachelor males. Paternity shares of brood-tending males were consistently higher, and the numbers of sires per brood were consistently lower, in broods that were spawned in the dry seasons compared to broods from the rainy seasons. In contrast, the strength of size-assortative pairi...
Invasive alien species have become a serious threat to the biodiversity of ecosystems of the worl... more Invasive alien species have become a serious threat to the biodiversity of ecosystems of the world. Globally, the threat to biodiversity due to invasive species is considered second only to habitat loss. Invasive species are thus a serious impediment to conservation and sustainable use of global, regional and local biodiversity. This study concentrated on the reproductive biology of the Oreochromis species in the Kafue Floodplains, which is part of the Kafue River stretching from Itezhi-tezhi to the Kafue Gorge. Specific objectives for this study were to compare reproductive strategies i.e. egg size and Gonadosomatic Indices of the introduced Oreochromis niloticus and the local breams, Oreochromis andersonii and Oreochromis macrochir. Oreochromis niloticus is an invasive species that has been reported to cause a reduction in abundance of fish which are closely related to it due to its highly competitive nature. In this study, the egg sizes were noted as longest in Oreochromis niloti...
To ensure the long-term sustainable use of African Great Lakes (AGL), and to better understand th... more To ensure the long-term sustainable use of African Great Lakes (AGL), and to better understand the functioning of these ecosystems, authorities, managers and scientists need regularly collected scientific data and information of key environmental indicators over multi-years to make informed decisions. Monitoring is regularly conducted at some sites across AGL; while at others sites, it is rare or conducted irregularly in response to sporadic funding or short-term projects/studies. Managers and scientists working on the AGL thus often lack critical long-term data to evaluate and gauge ongoing changes. Hence, we propose a multi-lake approach to harmonize data collection modalities for better understanding of regional and global environmental impacts on AGL. Climate variability has had strong impacts on all AGL in the recent past. Although these lakes have specific characteristics, their limnological cycles show many similarities. Because different anthropogenic pressures take place at the different AGL, harmonized multi-lake monitoring will provide comparable data to address the main drivers of concern (climate versus regional anthropogenic impact). To realize harmonized long-term multi-lake monitoring, the approach will need: (1) support of a wide community of researchers and managers; (2) political goodwill towards a common goal for such monitoring; and (3) sufficient capacity (e.g., institutional, financial, human and logistic resources) for its implementation. This paper presents an assessment of the state of monitoring the AGL and possible approaches to realize a long-term, multi-lake harmonized monitoring strategy. Key parameters are proposed. The support of national and regional authorities is necessary as each AGL crosses international boundaries.
FIGURE 7. Female and type locality of Lufubuchromis relictus sp. nov. A. female paratype alive B.... more FIGURE 7. Female and type locality of Lufubuchromis relictus sp. nov. A. female paratype alive B. same individual (ZSM 44312, ID: DRC-2012-/3248, 56.7 mm SL) C. Type locality of L. relictus, rapids on the Mululwe River close to Mululwe Village (05.09.2015, F.D.B. Schedel).
Additional file 3: Table S3. Results of statistical models for intrusion pressure and male share ... more Additional file 3: Table S3. Results of statistical models for intrusion pressure and male share in defense after excluding nests with missing parental size values. (A) and (B) show results corresponding to those in Tables 1 and 2 of the main text, respectively.
Additional file 2: Table S2. Variation in within-male paternity shares. Paternity of breeding mal... more Additional file 2: Table S2. Variation in within-male paternity shares. Paternity of breeding males recaptured over three years of sampling was determined using nine microsatellite markers (Pmv17, Pzeb3, TmoM11, UNH2075, Hchi59, Hchi94, Ppun9, Ppun20, Ppun21; see main text), and is given in percent of maternal brood size.
FIGURE 9. Overview of snout and infraorbital area of different taxa of the Pseudocrenilabrus grou... more FIGURE 9. Overview of snout and infraorbital area of different taxa of the Pseudocrenilabrus group and related taxa. Where applicable, the gap between the lachrymal and 2nd infraorbital bone is indicated by red arrows, i.e. not in Pseudocrenilabrus multicolor as the infraorbital series of this species appears to be highly reduced. A. Paleoplex palimpsest sp. nov. (Paratype, ZSM 44438, ID: DRC-2012/3683, 81.9 mm SL, no gap between lachrymal and 2nd infraorbital bone present) B. Lufubuchromis relictus sp. nov. (Paratype, ZSM 44312, ID: DRC-2012/3249, 50.0 mm SL, no gap between lachrymal and 2nd infraorbital bone present) C. Pseudocrenilabrus multicolor (ZSM 40011, ID: Nr. 1, 46.0 mm SL) D. Pseudocrenilabrus philander (ZSM 40918, 58.9 mm SL) E. Pseudocrenilabrus nicholsi (ZSM 47140, ID: Nr. 1, 46.2 mm SL) F. Pseudocrenilabrus pyyrochaudalis (Paratype, MRAC-A7-034-P-0238-0247; ID: Nr.5, 64.2 mm SL) G. Orthochromis machadoi (BMNH 1984.2.6.104-108, ID: Nr. 1, 51.9 mm SL) H. Haplochromis m...
FIGURE 1. Map of northern Zambia, with colour indications of the type localities of Lufubuchromis... more FIGURE 1. Map of northern Zambia, with colour indications of the type localities of Lufubuchromis relictus sp. nov. (purple) and Palaeoplex palimpsest sp. nov. (dark green) and sample locations of additional material of Palaeoplex palimpsest "Kalungwishi" (red). Star = type locality, circle = either paratype locality or sample locality of comparative specimens. Kasama (a major city) is depicted in black. Map is based on shape files obtained from DIVA-GIS (http://www.diva-gis.org/Data).
The study assessed the impact of bio-larvicides- Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (Bti) an... more The study assessed the impact of bio-larvicides- Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (Bti) and B. sphaericus (Bs) on anopheline mosquito larval densities in four selected areas of Lusaka urban district. Larval densities were determined using a standard WHO protocol at each study area prior to and after larviciding. Ninety percent (90%) of the collected mosquito larvae and pupae were preserved in 70% ethanol, while 10% were reared to adults for species identification. Prior to larviciding, the largest number of mosquito larvae collected was culicines. Among the anophelines, Anopheles coustani Laveran (13.5%) (n = 111) and An. squamosus Theobald (9.5%) (n = 78) were identified from all the study areas with An. rufipes Gough (1.1%) (n = 9) collected from one study area only. None of the major malaria vector species reported for Zambia were identified. No mosquito larvae were found in freshwater bodies following the larviciding exercise. Possible reasons for the absence of known maj...
<i>Pseudocrenilabrus pyrrhocaudalis</i> sp. nov. Fire-tailed Pseudocrenilabrus Figs. ... more <i>Pseudocrenilabrus pyrrhocaudalis</i> sp. nov. Fire-tailed Pseudocrenilabrus Figs. 1, 2. Tables 2, 3. <b>Holotype</b>. SAIAB-191528, male 62.8 mm SL; Zambia; Kalobwa Beach (1,134 meters above sea level with coordinates 8°57'0" S and 29°6'0" E), Lake Mweru, Luapula-Congo River system, seine net, C. Katongo and O. Seehausen, 15 September 2005 (Fig. 1 a). <b>Paratypes</b>. MRAC A9-034-P-0238-247, 57.3–73.1 mm SL, Luapula-Congo River system, Mukwakwa, Lake Mweru, Zambia, P. van Zwieten, 1994; MRAC A4-025-P0103-07 and MRAC A4-025-0137-38, 46.5–54 mm SL, Luapula-Congo River system, Mwatishi River / Lake Mweru confluence, gillnet, C. Katongo, 2002; SAIAB 191530 (1-13), 45.3–68.3 mm SL, Luapula-Congo River system, Kalobwa beach, Lake Mweru, C. Katongo and O. Seehausen, September, 2005. <b>Diagnosis.</b> <i>Pseudocrenilabrus pyrrhocaudalis</i> can be differentiated from the other species of the genus <i>Pseudocrenilabrus</i> on the basis of its colour pattern and its subtruncate caudal fin. Male <i>P. pyrrhocaudalis</i> have a unique colour pattern characterized by some orange colour on their anal and caudal fins that can become bright orange-red in breeding males, extending over the proximal parts of the anal and caudal fins and the distal part of the caudal and the upper and lower parts of the caudal peduncle (Fig. 1 a). In addition, <i>P. pyrrhocaudalis</i> can be distinguished from its sympatric congener <i>P. philander</i> (Fig. 3), by a combination of the following characters (Figs.1, 2, 4; Tables 2, 3): pelvic fin white (vs. black), posterior part of dorsal fin orange (vs. olive green in the other species), comparatively thinner lips (vs. comparatively thicker lips), larger eye diameter 27.0–39.3% HL (vs 22.9–33.1% HL), narrower head width 37.0–47.3% HL (vs. 38.5–53.7% HL), narrower interorbital distance 14.6– 22.3% HL (vs. 20.5–29.4% HL) and a more slender caudal peduncle 8.8–11.8% SL (vs. 11.3–13.9% SL), and 50.0–64.7% CPL (vs 64.3–93.5% CPL). <b>Description.</b> In both sexes: body relatively deep, head profil [...]
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