Nicolas Manitakis is Associate Professor in the Department of French Language and Litterature (DFLL) at the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA). He is the author of numerous articles published in France, Belgium, USA, Greece and Cyprus. He has also codirected collective volumes. His research interests focus on Cultural History, on the History of Education, on Migration History and on Social History. He has coedited the book : Mataroa, 1945 du mythe à l’histoire, Athens, Ecole Française d’Athènes, 2020. Personnal website : http://scholar.uoa.gr/manitaki
Entre 1880 et 1940, la population etudiante hellenique en France a connu une serie de profondes t... more Entre 1880 et 1940, la population etudiante hellenique en France a connu une serie de profondes transformations de ses principales caracteristiques demographiques, sociales (sexe, origine sociale, provenance geographique) et scolaires (filieres, etablissements, niveau d'etudes). Ces transformations temoignent de l'emergence d'une nouvelle demande d'etudes superieures, qui entre autres, trouve son origine dans l'accentuation de la concurrence au sein des milieux scolaires et des professions diplomees, ainsi que dans la diffusion de la langue et de l'education francaise en Grece. Au cours de la meme periode, aussi bien l'Etat grec que l'Etat francais ont cherche a favoriser ce courant d'etudes, en octroyant aux etudiants-migrants de nombreuses facilites. Mais ces memes institutions etatiques se sont montrees tout aussi interessees a reglementer ce type de deplacement, instituant a cet effet des formes de controle administratif qui ont abouti a la bureaucratisation de la population etudiante.
This essay outlines the evolution of the Greek migrant market during the boom years of transatlan... more This essay outlines the evolution of the Greek migrant market during the boom years of transatlantic migration from the eastern Mediterranean, the 1890s to the 1920s. It aims to define the various approaches to competition amongst migrant firms operating in the Greek migrant market. It places the market both in regional and continental contexts; determines the opportunities for transatlantic migration from Greece; explores the importance of Greek emigrants to the French shipping industry; provides reasons for the establishment of an Austro-American shipping route; and discusses international and regional competition through fare increases, advertising campaigns, and economic patriotism. It concludes that competition amongst migrant shipping companies was both a key feature of the history of transatlantic migration, and a particularly antagonistic practice within the Greek migrant market.
Cet article tente de reconstituer le voyage des étudiants-passagers du Mataroa, tout en traçant, ... more Cet article tente de reconstituer le voyage des étudiants-passagers du Mataroa, tout en traçant, en parallèle, les grandes lignes du cadre historique dans lequel a eu lieu le transfert des étudiants grecs vers la France, dans les premières années de l’après-guerre. Comme le révèle l’étude de sources nouvelles, le voyage qu’effectuèrent 124 étudiants à bord du navire néo-zélandais, en décembre 1945, en direction de l’Italie et à destination de Paris, fit partie d’une plus vaste opération de transfert d’étudiants vers les centres universitaires français. En raison des conditions difficiles qui régnaient en Europe dans les premières années de l’après-guerre, ce transfert collectif se fit dans des circonstances particulièrement éprouvantes. Afin d’offrir une image plus complète de l’expédition du Mataroa, il convient donc de la replacer dans le paysage plus large des migrations étudiantes de l’après-guerre
Essentiellement envisagée jusqu’ici dans sa dimension académique et internationale, notamment vue... more Essentiellement envisagée jusqu’ici dans sa dimension académique et internationale, notamment vue de l’instauration d’un climat de paix durable dans une Europe meurtrie après quatre années d’une guerre dévastatrice, la Cité internationale universitaire de Paris demande aussi à être saisie comme la manifestation d’une action sociale, menée par les autorités étatiques et les milieux universitaires en faveur des étudiants. C’est d’ailleurs la crise du logement étudiant de l’après-guerre à Paris ..
MANITAKIS, Nicolas. La politique des bourses de la France en Grèce (1922-1939) In : La France et la Grèce au XXe siècle : des archives à l’histoire [en ligne]. Athènes : École française d’Athènes, 2021, 2021
During the inter-war years, the French government introduced a proper student grant policy for Gr... more During the inter-war years, the French government introduced a proper student grant policy for Greek nationals, for the first time since the foundation of the Greek State, in order to allow them to travel to France to study. In the 1920s, the grants were sporadic, but the following decade, this financial support aimed at Greek secondary school or university graduates irrespective of age, sex or social status, was awarded annually and to more applicants. In addition, from 1937 onward, a special commission was put in charge of selecting candidates according to specific criteria in order to ensure the aid was more efficiently awarded and that the students were chosen on merit. “French grants” were exceedingly popular among the population near the end of the thirties as is evident from the jump in applications, as well as the attempts by the Greek authorities to interfere in the process. In general, the policy of French government grants turned out to be one of the main ways that France retained an influence in Greece and was the reason that Franco-Greek relations thrived so extensively on many levels.
MANITAKIS, Nicolas. La politique des bourses de la France en Grèce (1922-1939) In : La France et la Grèce au XXe siècle : des archives à l’histoire [en ligne]. Athènes : École française d’Athènes, 2021 , 2021
During the inter-war years, the French government introduced a proper student grant policy for Gr... more During the inter-war years, the French government introduced a proper student grant policy for Greek nationals, for the first time since the foundation of the Greek State, in order to allow them to travel to France to study. In the 1920s, the grants were sporadic, but the following decade, this financial support aimed at Greek secondary school or university graduates irrespective of age, sex or social status, was awarded annually and to more applicants. In addition, from 1937 onward, a special commission was put in charge of selecting candidates according to specific criteria in order to ensure the aid was more efficiently awarded and that the students were chosen on merit. “French grants” were exceedingly popular among the population near the end of the thirties as is evident from the jump in applications, as well as the attempts by the Greek authorities to interfere in the process. In general, the policy of French government grants turned out to be one of the main ways that France retained an influence in Greece and was the reason that Franco-Greek relations thrived so extensively on many levels.
loannis Tserkezis, born in 1874, in Mazotos, a village in the Larnaca district of Cyprus, came fr... more loannis Tserkezis, born in 1874, in Mazotos, a village in the Larnaca district of Cyprus, came from a poor family and was sent by his father to Smyrna, in 1888, aged 14, to seek employment to strengthen the family's income. The young Greek Cypriot's family was counting on help that would be provided to the young immigrant by his uncle (on his father 's side), who had been living in that multicultural Ottoman city for a considerable length of time. Despite his uncle 's efforts, the search for employment proved fruitless, and thus, after a brief period of time, Tserkezis was forced to return to his native country. He was not disheartened, though. He continued his efforts to find employment abroad during the years that followed. In 1899, he made efforts to settle in Alexandria and in 1902 went back to Smyrna, but both ventures proved unsuccessful. Up until then Tserkezis had chosen to emigrate to the most common destinations for the Cypriots of the time. That is, to Egy...
Entre 1880 et 1940, la population etudiante hellenique en France a connu une serie de profondes t... more Entre 1880 et 1940, la population etudiante hellenique en France a connu une serie de profondes transformations de ses principales caracteristiques demographiques, sociales (sexe, origine sociale, provenance geographique) et scolaires (filieres, etablissements, niveau d'etudes). Ces transformations temoignent de l'emergence d'une nouvelle demande d'etudes superieures, qui entre autres, trouve son origine dans l'accentuation de la concurrence au sein des milieux scolaires et des professions diplomees, ainsi que dans la diffusion de la langue et de l'education francaise en Grece. Au cours de la meme periode, aussi bien l'Etat grec que l'Etat francais ont cherche a favoriser ce courant d'etudes, en octroyant aux etudiants-migrants de nombreuses facilites. Mais ces memes institutions etatiques se sont montrees tout aussi interessees a reglementer ce type de deplacement, instituant a cet effet des formes de controle administratif qui ont abouti a la bu...
... I would also like to thank Stavros Koliopoulos, Ilias Glavinas, Paris Papamichos-Chronakis an... more ... I would also like to thank Stavros Koliopoulos, Ilias Glavinas, Paris Papamichos-Chronakis and, especially, Yiannis Zeimbckis for their helpful language suggestions. 'Kranaki 1992: 29 (my translation). 2 See Mitrakos 1982, and Mourelos 1983. ...
<p>This essay outlines the evolution of the Greek migrant market during the boom years of t... more <p>This essay outlines the evolution of the Greek migrant market during the boom years of transatlantic migration from the eastern Mediterranean, the 1890s to the 1920s. It aims to define the various approaches to competition amongst migrant firms operating in the Greek migrant market. It places the market both in regional and continental contexts; determines the opportunities for transatlantic migration from Greece; explores the importance of Greek emigrants to the French shipping industry; provides reasons for the establishment of an Austro-American shipping route; and discusses international and regional competition through fare increases, advertising campaigns, and economic patriotism. It concludes that competition amongst migrant shipping companies was both a key feature of the history of transatlantic migration, and a particularly antagonistic practice within the Greek migrant market.</p>
Entre 1880 et 1940, la population etudiante hellenique en France a connu une serie de profondes t... more Entre 1880 et 1940, la population etudiante hellenique en France a connu une serie de profondes transformations de ses principales caracteristiques demographiques, sociales (sexe, origine sociale, provenance geographique) et scolaires (filieres, etablissements, niveau d'etudes). Ces transformations temoignent de l'emergence d'une nouvelle demande d'etudes superieures, qui entre autres, trouve son origine dans l'accentuation de la concurrence au sein des milieux scolaires et des professions diplomees, ainsi que dans la diffusion de la langue et de l'education francaise en Grece. Au cours de la meme periode, aussi bien l'Etat grec que l'Etat francais ont cherche a favoriser ce courant d'etudes, en octroyant aux etudiants-migrants de nombreuses facilites. Mais ces memes institutions etatiques se sont montrees tout aussi interessees a reglementer ce type de deplacement, instituant a cet effet des formes de controle administratif qui ont abouti a la bureaucratisation de la population etudiante.
This essay outlines the evolution of the Greek migrant market during the boom years of transatlan... more This essay outlines the evolution of the Greek migrant market during the boom years of transatlantic migration from the eastern Mediterranean, the 1890s to the 1920s. It aims to define the various approaches to competition amongst migrant firms operating in the Greek migrant market. It places the market both in regional and continental contexts; determines the opportunities for transatlantic migration from Greece; explores the importance of Greek emigrants to the French shipping industry; provides reasons for the establishment of an Austro-American shipping route; and discusses international and regional competition through fare increases, advertising campaigns, and economic patriotism. It concludes that competition amongst migrant shipping companies was both a key feature of the history of transatlantic migration, and a particularly antagonistic practice within the Greek migrant market.
Cet article tente de reconstituer le voyage des étudiants-passagers du Mataroa, tout en traçant, ... more Cet article tente de reconstituer le voyage des étudiants-passagers du Mataroa, tout en traçant, en parallèle, les grandes lignes du cadre historique dans lequel a eu lieu le transfert des étudiants grecs vers la France, dans les premières années de l’après-guerre. Comme le révèle l’étude de sources nouvelles, le voyage qu’effectuèrent 124 étudiants à bord du navire néo-zélandais, en décembre 1945, en direction de l’Italie et à destination de Paris, fit partie d’une plus vaste opération de transfert d’étudiants vers les centres universitaires français. En raison des conditions difficiles qui régnaient en Europe dans les premières années de l’après-guerre, ce transfert collectif se fit dans des circonstances particulièrement éprouvantes. Afin d’offrir une image plus complète de l’expédition du Mataroa, il convient donc de la replacer dans le paysage plus large des migrations étudiantes de l’après-guerre
Essentiellement envisagée jusqu’ici dans sa dimension académique et internationale, notamment vue... more Essentiellement envisagée jusqu’ici dans sa dimension académique et internationale, notamment vue de l’instauration d’un climat de paix durable dans une Europe meurtrie après quatre années d’une guerre dévastatrice, la Cité internationale universitaire de Paris demande aussi à être saisie comme la manifestation d’une action sociale, menée par les autorités étatiques et les milieux universitaires en faveur des étudiants. C’est d’ailleurs la crise du logement étudiant de l’après-guerre à Paris ..
MANITAKIS, Nicolas. La politique des bourses de la France en Grèce (1922-1939) In : La France et la Grèce au XXe siècle : des archives à l’histoire [en ligne]. Athènes : École française d’Athènes, 2021, 2021
During the inter-war years, the French government introduced a proper student grant policy for Gr... more During the inter-war years, the French government introduced a proper student grant policy for Greek nationals, for the first time since the foundation of the Greek State, in order to allow them to travel to France to study. In the 1920s, the grants were sporadic, but the following decade, this financial support aimed at Greek secondary school or university graduates irrespective of age, sex or social status, was awarded annually and to more applicants. In addition, from 1937 onward, a special commission was put in charge of selecting candidates according to specific criteria in order to ensure the aid was more efficiently awarded and that the students were chosen on merit. “French grants” were exceedingly popular among the population near the end of the thirties as is evident from the jump in applications, as well as the attempts by the Greek authorities to interfere in the process. In general, the policy of French government grants turned out to be one of the main ways that France retained an influence in Greece and was the reason that Franco-Greek relations thrived so extensively on many levels.
MANITAKIS, Nicolas. La politique des bourses de la France en Grèce (1922-1939) In : La France et la Grèce au XXe siècle : des archives à l’histoire [en ligne]. Athènes : École française d’Athènes, 2021 , 2021
During the inter-war years, the French government introduced a proper student grant policy for Gr... more During the inter-war years, the French government introduced a proper student grant policy for Greek nationals, for the first time since the foundation of the Greek State, in order to allow them to travel to France to study. In the 1920s, the grants were sporadic, but the following decade, this financial support aimed at Greek secondary school or university graduates irrespective of age, sex or social status, was awarded annually and to more applicants. In addition, from 1937 onward, a special commission was put in charge of selecting candidates according to specific criteria in order to ensure the aid was more efficiently awarded and that the students were chosen on merit. “French grants” were exceedingly popular among the population near the end of the thirties as is evident from the jump in applications, as well as the attempts by the Greek authorities to interfere in the process. In general, the policy of French government grants turned out to be one of the main ways that France retained an influence in Greece and was the reason that Franco-Greek relations thrived so extensively on many levels.
loannis Tserkezis, born in 1874, in Mazotos, a village in the Larnaca district of Cyprus, came fr... more loannis Tserkezis, born in 1874, in Mazotos, a village in the Larnaca district of Cyprus, came from a poor family and was sent by his father to Smyrna, in 1888, aged 14, to seek employment to strengthen the family's income. The young Greek Cypriot's family was counting on help that would be provided to the young immigrant by his uncle (on his father 's side), who had been living in that multicultural Ottoman city for a considerable length of time. Despite his uncle 's efforts, the search for employment proved fruitless, and thus, after a brief period of time, Tserkezis was forced to return to his native country. He was not disheartened, though. He continued his efforts to find employment abroad during the years that followed. In 1899, he made efforts to settle in Alexandria and in 1902 went back to Smyrna, but both ventures proved unsuccessful. Up until then Tserkezis had chosen to emigrate to the most common destinations for the Cypriots of the time. That is, to Egy...
Entre 1880 et 1940, la population etudiante hellenique en France a connu une serie de profondes t... more Entre 1880 et 1940, la population etudiante hellenique en France a connu une serie de profondes transformations de ses principales caracteristiques demographiques, sociales (sexe, origine sociale, provenance geographique) et scolaires (filieres, etablissements, niveau d'etudes). Ces transformations temoignent de l'emergence d'une nouvelle demande d'etudes superieures, qui entre autres, trouve son origine dans l'accentuation de la concurrence au sein des milieux scolaires et des professions diplomees, ainsi que dans la diffusion de la langue et de l'education francaise en Grece. Au cours de la meme periode, aussi bien l'Etat grec que l'Etat francais ont cherche a favoriser ce courant d'etudes, en octroyant aux etudiants-migrants de nombreuses facilites. Mais ces memes institutions etatiques se sont montrees tout aussi interessees a reglementer ce type de deplacement, instituant a cet effet des formes de controle administratif qui ont abouti a la bu...
... I would also like to thank Stavros Koliopoulos, Ilias Glavinas, Paris Papamichos-Chronakis an... more ... I would also like to thank Stavros Koliopoulos, Ilias Glavinas, Paris Papamichos-Chronakis and, especially, Yiannis Zeimbckis for their helpful language suggestions. 'Kranaki 1992: 29 (my translation). 2 See Mitrakos 1982, and Mourelos 1983. ...
<p>This essay outlines the evolution of the Greek migrant market during the boom years of t... more <p>This essay outlines the evolution of the Greek migrant market during the boom years of transatlantic migration from the eastern Mediterranean, the 1890s to the 1920s. It aims to define the various approaches to competition amongst migrant firms operating in the Greek migrant market. It places the market both in regional and continental contexts; determines the opportunities for transatlantic migration from Greece; explores the importance of Greek emigrants to the French shipping industry; provides reasons for the establishment of an Austro-American shipping route; and discusses international and regional competition through fare increases, advertising campaigns, and economic patriotism. It concludes that competition amongst migrant shipping companies was both a key feature of the history of transatlantic migration, and a particularly antagonistic practice within the Greek migrant market.</p>
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