Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were analyzed in surface water of Shatt Al-Hilla river (middle o... more Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were analyzed in surface water of Shatt Al-Hilla river (middle of Iraq). Surface water samples originated from 14 sites with a differentiated human influence starting from Sadat Al-Hindya to southern border of Hilla governorate. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were extracted simultaneously by solid phase extraction using syback-18 with dichloromethane as solvent and then analyzed by HPLC. The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons concentrations were ranged between (1.08-1177.20) ng.mL-1. The results showed the most pollutant sites was S7, which is represent the sewage pipe that came from Sooq Al-Hilla were contaminated with 12 compounds of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Fifteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were present in Shatt AL-Hilla among which 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on the US-environmental protection agency priority pollutants list. The contamination with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were variant from site to site in both (values of concentrations and existence of contaminants compounds) that may be return to the type pollutant sources, which it also was differ from site to site. Bulk deposition and domestic effluent are suggested as the main sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons pollutants in surface waters.
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are graphite layers have hexagonal
carbon rings rolled into cylinders whi... more Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are graphite layers have hexagonal carbon rings rolled into cylinders which are discovered first in 1991 [1,2]. According to their unique properties of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) which coming from their atomic structure and size therefore CNTs take wide concerns in technology and science and wide range of application which CNTs entering in it such as electrodes, hydrogen storage and sensors [3,4]. CNTs have different structures and diameters which classified into three types such as: single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) in addition to few wall carbon nanotubes (FWNTs) [5,6].
Harmful effects of CBR materials are not limited to students and staff who work with them directl... more Harmful effects of CBR materials are not limited to students and staff who work with them directly. They affect all workers at the university including students and staff who do not deal with CBR materials. Sometimes their harmful effects reach villages and towns close to the university. • The effects of some CBR materials do not appear immediately or instantaneously, but instead may appear after a long time. • The directly harmful damages from CBR related accidents are a small percentage of indirect damages.
The sol-gel method led to the formation of amorphous and crystalline TiO2 nanomaterials
by contro... more The sol-gel method led to the formation of amorphous and crystalline TiO2 nanomaterials by controlling the calcination temperature. It is possible to tailor the crystalline and spectroscopic properties of TiO2-NPs. A developed sol-gel technique revealed to be a good method for the preparation of TiO2- NPs. Raising calcination temperatures led to increase in crystallite dimensions and promoted phase transformation from anatase to rutile. Pure anatase TiO2-NPs was found to be more active than rutile or a mixtures of them, in the photocatalytic decolorization of RB 5 under UV (365 nm) light. Among the prepared catalysts, the best synthesized TiO2-NPs showed the highest adsorption (80.0%) and complete photocatalytic decolorization efficiency (100%) of RB Moreover, it exhibited about 150 times higher photocatalytic activity than commercial TiO2 (Hombikat). This catalyst has been synthesized in conditions [V/V =1:2 (TiCl4:EtOH) of additives and 200°C annealing temperature]. Unfortunately the synthesized ZnO-NPs have lower photocatalytic activity; however, they have higher adsorption capacity than commercial ZnO .
It deals with photocatalytic reactions of platinized TiO2 nanoparticales, and studies the parame... more It deals with photocatalytic reactions of platinized TiO2 nanoparticales, and studies the parameters that effective on photoreaction of aqueous solution of methanol with bare and platinized TiO2 such as, dose of catalysts, concentration of methanol, initial pH of solution, temperature and quantum yield…etc. Some physical characterizes of catalysts such as, (A.A), (FT-IR), (XRD), (AFM) and band gap were found. The hydrogen production also was found.
There are several considerations that make this subject of great importance. First, a university ... more There are several considerations that make this subject of great importance. First, a university is usually highly considered and trusted by the community. Thus instructions issued by the university command respect and trust from all members of the community. Second, universities are such qualified, trustworthy, and convincing centers that they can disseminate concepts related to safety culture and chemical security within the community. Third, at present you can rarely find a city without a university. It is quite easy, therefore, to disseminate information related to the safety and security of chemicals across the world. Fourth, all universities have large numbers of academic staff, administrative staff, and students. This facilitates the transmission of information to communities via the families and acquaintances of university of employees. This ensures transmission of ideas related to chemical safety and chemical security to a large number of people as a byproduct of normal social interactions. Fifth, university graduates usually work in different sectors in the community. Sectors such as industry, agriculture, and health often deal directly with chemicals. Graduates thus bring the ideas and habits of mind they learned at the university—ideas and habits favorable to chemical safety and security—to many different fields. Sixth, most universities deal with chemical, biological, and radioactive materials directly. Some of them even prepare some of these materials. Thus the university is the most reliable institution to determine the risk posed by these materials and take precautions assuring their safety and security. In order to spread chemical safety and security throughout the community, then, a center for chemical safety and security must be developed in every university. Falah H. Hussein CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT, COLLEGE OF SCIENCE, BABYLON UNIVERSITY, IRAQ
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were initially discovered at Japan in
1991 by Somui Ejeema, from that dat... more Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were initially discovered at Japan in 1991 by Somui Ejeema, from that date CNTs were synthesized using different methods. In addition their physical and chemical properties were studied extensively [1,2]. However, researchers were directed their attention towards synthesis and purification of these materials as they can play important roles in wide range of applications in both industrial and environmental fields [3,4]. The main source of CNTs is the graphite which normally exists as sheets with hexagonal structure for carbon atoms. These sheets can be rolled up into cylindrical shape due to the presence of Van der Waals forces to produce tubular structure with nano scale radius with length of some micrometer scale. Due to this structure CNTs can be considered as an elongated hallow fullerene [5]. Generally, as a result of this structure of CNTs, it shows robust mechanical, electrical, thermal, and optical properties as well as large surface area with high adsorption ability which makes these materials to be a good candidate to remove many types of pollutants from air, water and soil. Generally CNTs consist of layers of graphite sheet with a thickness of one carbon atom with sp2 hybridization [6]. According to number of these layers CNTs can be classified into single- walled CNTs (SWNTs), Double -walled carbon nano tubes (DWCNs), and Multiwalled CNT (MWNTs).
Continuous changes in production techniques of composites have
attracted the attention of researc... more Continuous changes in production techniques of composites have attracted the attention of researchers in the various branches of science, starting from academic research and ending in engineered materials. These techniques aim to preserve their beneficial properties and try to increase their efficiency with the introduction of new standards to this component which may not be already owned or efficient in a few capacities and are intended to be introduced to the composites
Simulation study of photocatalytic decolorization of Bismarck brown- R, (4-[5-C 2, 4-diamino-5-
m... more Simulation study of photocatalytic decolorization of Bismarck brown- R, (4-[5-C 2, 4-diamino-5- methylphenyl) diazenyl-2-methylphenyl] diazenyl-6-methylbenzene-1, 3-diamine dihydrochloride has been carried out using quantum calculation methods (semiemprical and Ab in tio). Reactivity of Bismarck brown-R molecule has been determined using potential energy of the bond stability compares between the mean bonds. Optimizing of probable structures of chemical species has been calculated using PM3 configuration interaction microstate (4 X 4). Thirty six transition states have been postulated and studied in order to estimate the real initiation step of photocatalytic decolorization reaction for different probable path ways. Results show that hydroxyl radical can react with Bismarck brown-R molecule through different active site (C7—N8, C12—N16, N16-N17 and N17—C18 bond) with lowest activation energy than other probable sites. The most probable transition states are investigated for all supposed pathways of photocatalytic decolorization Bismarck brown- R depending on energy barrier value of reaction, zero point energy and imaginary frequency for each one. The first initiation step mechanism of reaction is suggested for the path way at different conditions.
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles have been synthesized by sol gel method. The
synthesized na... more Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles have been synthesized by sol gel method. The synthesized nanoparticles followed by calcinations at different temperatures in the range 200-800°C for 2 hours. Both the evolution of the crystal size and nature of the phases were studied as a function of annealing temperatures. These materials display a good thermal stability up to 400°C, in term of crystal size، and up to 600°C, regarding the crystalline phase. The phase purity and crystallite size of as grown TiO2 particles were characterized via X-ray diffraction (XRD). The characterized results indicated that the synthesized TiO2 powders had a pure two phases anatase and rutile structures and the average particle sizes were about 5-53 nm. The synthesized TiO2 nanoparticles exhibited 1.0053% time higher photocatalytic activity for Bismarck Brown R than that of commercial Hombikate (UV100) . Keywords: TiO2 nanoparticles, sol gel, Bismarck Brown R, photocatalytic activity.
The human population is suffering increased exposure to existing and new chemicals and environmen... more The human population is suffering increased exposure to existing and new chemicals and environmental toxins. Among the various environmental toxins, PAHs are an important class of environmental contaminants, and many PAHs are known or suspected carcinogens. PAHs are produced in the environment through the incomplete burning of organic fuels and cover wide classes of compounds. Exposure to some of these compounds is well-known to cause cancer in mice and they are suspected to be carcinogenic compounds for humans.
tTiO2nanoparticles exhibiting large surface area were synthesized by the hydrothermal treatment o... more tTiO2nanoparticles exhibiting large surface area were synthesized by the hydrothermal treatment ofthe water soluble titanium(IV) bis(ammoniumlactato) dihydroxide (TALH) complex in the presence ofaqueous ammonia. The obtained powders were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electronmicroscopy, diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, and nitrogen adsorption. Their photocatalytic activitieswere assessed by the photocatalytic hydrogen evolution from aqueous EDTA solutions. The effects of Pt-and photocatalyst loading, EDTA concentration, light intensity, pH, and temperature on the H2evolutionrate were studied in detail. The highest reaction rate was obtained for the TiO2photocatalyst loaded with0.4–0.5 wt.% Pt at pH 5 and this was found to be 18 and 34% higher than that of TiO2P25 and TiO2UV100,respectively. The reaction rate increased substantially with increasing the temperature from 5◦C to 45◦C.
The adsorption efficiency of synthesized carbon nanotubes at different doses and contact time wer... more The adsorption efficiency of synthesized carbon nanotubes at different doses and contact time were investigated .The amount of adsorbed dye increased with the increasing of CNTs dosage and reached a plateau region when the CNTs dosage achieved 0.175g L-1. Equilibrium adsorption data were analyzed by Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm of the results revealed that Langmuir isotherm fitted the experimental results well. Kinetic analyzes were tested using pseudo-first order, pseudo second order and the intraparticle diffusion model. Kinetic studies showed that the adsorption kinetics were more accurately represented by a pseudo second order model.
The study performed to assess the effect of titanium dioxide using (Photoreactor) with the source... more The study performed to assess the effect of titanium dioxide using (Photoreactor) with the source of radiation on the color change of the three contemporary dental fillings by composite resin material. The resins were divided into three groups head of considering the type of charge and each group of which is composed of five discs and each disc thickness of 2 mm and diameter of 5 mm and manufactured by the mold of Teflon material and then been refined and soften the disc surface and stored in distilled water for one week at 37 °C in order to complete the polymerization. After the completion of the first week is staining the surface of disks and putting it in a solution of iodine mouth wash (AVALON pharma®) at 37 °C for a period of just one week after the completion of this week has been directed drive and put it in aqueous suspension consisting of titanium dioxide in Photoreactor Radiation with 355 NM periods of time 0, 5, 10, 15 and 30 seconds. Colorimetric readings were taken of the tablets based on, before staining substance iodine solution, after staining discs textured iodine solution and after treatment disks Palmalq water for titanium dioxide. In addition, the absorbance was measured after each period of time and put the disks. Palmalq watery results were analyzed statistically. There were significant effects on pay chromatography and the palace of color where are different for each group from the other and come the second group of the most influential change chromatography and minors chromatography and then finished second the third set. Finally, comes the first group, as well as influenced by absorbance time in extrusive and different for each group of the three groups of disk attributed to their chemical composition
The photocatalytic decolorization of industrial wastewater was investigated by using TiO2 and ZnO... more The photocatalytic decolorization of industrial wastewater was investigated by using TiO2 and ZnO photocatalysts. Heterogeneous photocatalytic processes applied under natural weathering conditions, in the presence of solar radiation show a promising degradation capability. The complete removal of color could be achieved in a relatively short time of about 20 minutes, when ZnO was used and about 100 minutes when TiO2 was used under solar irradiation. However, in the presence of artificial UV-light, complete decolorization of textile industrial wastewater was obtained after less than one hour of irradiation when ZnO was used and in less than two hours, when TiO2 was used at the same temperature. The results indicate that the degree of photocatalytic decolorization of textile industrial wastewater was obviously affected by different parameters. These parameters include catalyst mass, type of catalyst, type of reactor, type of dye, dye concentration, and temperature. The procedure used in this research can be used as an efficient technology for solar photocatalytic decolorization of the colored wastewater discharged from the textile industry under the climatic conditions of most countries.
The photocatalytic decolorizations of aqueous solutions of Reactive Red 2 dye in the presence of
... more The photocatalytic decolorizations of aqueous solutions of Reactive Red 2 dye in the presence of ZnO suspension has been investigated with the use of artificial UV-A light sources. The effects of various parameters, such as time of irradiation, photocatalyst amount, pH, addition of H2O2 and temperature on photocatalytic degradation were investigated. The rate of decolorization was found to increase significantly with time of irradiation. Under optimal conditions, the extent of decolorization was 100% after 30 minutes of irradiation. Optimum catalyst concentration [Catalyst]Opt was measured and found equal to 2.5 g L-1. The oxidizing agents such as oxygen and hydrogen peroxide enhance the decolorization rate. However the addition of more amount of hydrogen peroxide decreases the rate of decolorization. The optimum pH for the photocatalytic decolorization of Reactive Red 2 dye in the presence of ZnO suspension is pH 10.0. Photocatalytic decolorization was found to increase with increasing temperature. Arrhenius plot shows that the activation energy is equal to 10.130 ± 1 kJ mol-1. The decolorization is not feasible in the absence of catalyst, oxygen and/or irradiation. The decolorization process of the dye follows pseudo-first order kinetics
In this paper, adsorption isotherm and kinetics of disperse blue dye on activated carbon
prepared... more In this paper, adsorption isotherm and kinetics of disperse blue dye on activated carbon prepared from Iraqi date seeds (Zahdi date seeds ZDS) were determined from batch tests. The effect of different parameters, such as, different doses, pH and contact time were investigated. Equilibrium adsorption data for synthesized activated carbon (ZDSAC) were analyzed by Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm. The equilibrium data were best fitted with Langmuir isotherm model, showing maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of 8.13 mg/g. Kinetic analyzes were tested using pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order and the intraparticle diffusion model. Kinetic studies showed that the adsorption kinetics was more accurately represented by a pseudo-second order model. Among ZDSAC removes 66.47% of disperse blue at the dose of 0.3 g, whereas the commercial activated carbon removes 54.33% of disperses blue.
In the present study, activated carbon from Iraqi zahdi date palm seeds was synthesized. Differen... more In the present study, activated carbon from Iraqi zahdi date palm seeds was synthesized. Different activators were used in the synthesis process (e.g., KOH, H3PO4 and ZnCl2). Preparation of the activated carbon was done using a chemical activation method. The kinetics of adsorption and the removal of reactive yellow-145 (RY-145) as a model of the polluted dyes was investigated from batch tests. Different reaction conditions were investigated, such as the mass loading of activated carbon and contact time. The Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms were both performed in each case. In terms of physical properties, the external of surface area, the ash content and the humidity of the activated carbon were investigated. The point zero charges of the prepared samples were also evaluated. The FTIR spectra of these materials showed almost the same characteristic vibration modes. The morphology of the activated carbon was screened by scanning electron microscopy and the results showed irregular and heterogeneous morphology for these samples of the activated carbon. The activity of these materials in terms of their ability to adsorb reactive yellow-145 dye was as follows: AC-KOH > AC-H3PO4 > AC-ZnCl2 > AC untreated.
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles have been synthesized by sol gel method. The
synthesized na... more Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles have been synthesized by sol gel method. The synthesized nanoparticles followed by calcinations at different temperatures in the range 200-800°C for 2 hours. Both the evolution of the crystal size and nature of the phases were studied as a function of annealing temperatures. These materials display a good thermal stability up to 400°C, in term of crystal size، and up to 600°C, regarding the crystalline phase. The phase purity and crystallite size of as grown TiO2 particles were characterized via X-ray diffraction (XRD). The characterized results indicated that the synthesized TiO2 powders had a pure two phases anatase and rutile structures and the average particle sizes were about 5-53 nm. The synthesized TiO2 nanoparticles exhibited 1.0053% time higher photocatalytic activity for Bismarck Brown R than that of commercial Hombikate (UV100) .
The multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)/titanium dioxide (P25) composite in different ratios was ... more The multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)/titanium dioxide (P25) composite in different ratios was prepared using simple evaporation and drying process. The composite was characterized by Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The photocatalytic activity of this composite was investigated using degradation of the Bismarck brown R dye (BBR). An optimal MWCNTs/TiO2 ratio of 0.5% (w/w) was found to achieve the maximum rate of BBR degradation. It was observed that the composite exhibits enhanced photocatalytic activity compared with TiO2. The enhancement in photocatalytic activity performance of the MWCNTs/P25 composite is explained in terms of recombination of photogenerated electron-hole pairs. In addition, MWCNTs act as a dispersing support to control the morphology of TiO2 particles in theMWCNTs/TiO2 composite.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were analyzed in surface water of Shatt Al-Hilla river (middle o... more Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were analyzed in surface water of Shatt Al-Hilla river (middle of Iraq). Surface water samples originated from 14 sites with a differentiated human influence starting from Sadat Al-Hindya to southern border of Hilla governorate. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were extracted simultaneously by solid phase extraction using syback-18 with dichloromethane as solvent and then analyzed by HPLC. The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons concentrations were ranged between (1.08-1177.20) ng.mL-1. The results showed the most pollutant sites was S7, which is represent the sewage pipe that came from Sooq Al-Hilla were contaminated with 12 compounds of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Fifteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were present in Shatt AL-Hilla among which 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on the US-environmental protection agency priority pollutants list. The contamination with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were variant from site to site in both (values of concentrations and existence of contaminants compounds) that may be return to the type pollutant sources, which it also was differ from site to site. Bulk deposition and domestic effluent are suggested as the main sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons pollutants in surface waters.
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are graphite layers have hexagonal
carbon rings rolled into cylinders whi... more Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are graphite layers have hexagonal carbon rings rolled into cylinders which are discovered first in 1991 [1,2]. According to their unique properties of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) which coming from their atomic structure and size therefore CNTs take wide concerns in technology and science and wide range of application which CNTs entering in it such as electrodes, hydrogen storage and sensors [3,4]. CNTs have different structures and diameters which classified into three types such as: single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) in addition to few wall carbon nanotubes (FWNTs) [5,6].
Harmful effects of CBR materials are not limited to students and staff who work with them directl... more Harmful effects of CBR materials are not limited to students and staff who work with them directly. They affect all workers at the university including students and staff who do not deal with CBR materials. Sometimes their harmful effects reach villages and towns close to the university. • The effects of some CBR materials do not appear immediately or instantaneously, but instead may appear after a long time. • The directly harmful damages from CBR related accidents are a small percentage of indirect damages.
The sol-gel method led to the formation of amorphous and crystalline TiO2 nanomaterials
by contro... more The sol-gel method led to the formation of amorphous and crystalline TiO2 nanomaterials by controlling the calcination temperature. It is possible to tailor the crystalline and spectroscopic properties of TiO2-NPs. A developed sol-gel technique revealed to be a good method for the preparation of TiO2- NPs. Raising calcination temperatures led to increase in crystallite dimensions and promoted phase transformation from anatase to rutile. Pure anatase TiO2-NPs was found to be more active than rutile or a mixtures of them, in the photocatalytic decolorization of RB 5 under UV (365 nm) light. Among the prepared catalysts, the best synthesized TiO2-NPs showed the highest adsorption (80.0%) and complete photocatalytic decolorization efficiency (100%) of RB Moreover, it exhibited about 150 times higher photocatalytic activity than commercial TiO2 (Hombikat). This catalyst has been synthesized in conditions [V/V =1:2 (TiCl4:EtOH) of additives and 200°C annealing temperature]. Unfortunately the synthesized ZnO-NPs have lower photocatalytic activity; however, they have higher adsorption capacity than commercial ZnO .
It deals with photocatalytic reactions of platinized TiO2 nanoparticales, and studies the parame... more It deals with photocatalytic reactions of platinized TiO2 nanoparticales, and studies the parameters that effective on photoreaction of aqueous solution of methanol with bare and platinized TiO2 such as, dose of catalysts, concentration of methanol, initial pH of solution, temperature and quantum yield…etc. Some physical characterizes of catalysts such as, (A.A), (FT-IR), (XRD), (AFM) and band gap were found. The hydrogen production also was found.
There are several considerations that make this subject of great importance. First, a university ... more There are several considerations that make this subject of great importance. First, a university is usually highly considered and trusted by the community. Thus instructions issued by the university command respect and trust from all members of the community. Second, universities are such qualified, trustworthy, and convincing centers that they can disseminate concepts related to safety culture and chemical security within the community. Third, at present you can rarely find a city without a university. It is quite easy, therefore, to disseminate information related to the safety and security of chemicals across the world. Fourth, all universities have large numbers of academic staff, administrative staff, and students. This facilitates the transmission of information to communities via the families and acquaintances of university of employees. This ensures transmission of ideas related to chemical safety and chemical security to a large number of people as a byproduct of normal social interactions. Fifth, university graduates usually work in different sectors in the community. Sectors such as industry, agriculture, and health often deal directly with chemicals. Graduates thus bring the ideas and habits of mind they learned at the university—ideas and habits favorable to chemical safety and security—to many different fields. Sixth, most universities deal with chemical, biological, and radioactive materials directly. Some of them even prepare some of these materials. Thus the university is the most reliable institution to determine the risk posed by these materials and take precautions assuring their safety and security. In order to spread chemical safety and security throughout the community, then, a center for chemical safety and security must be developed in every university. Falah H. Hussein CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT, COLLEGE OF SCIENCE, BABYLON UNIVERSITY, IRAQ
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were initially discovered at Japan in
1991 by Somui Ejeema, from that dat... more Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were initially discovered at Japan in 1991 by Somui Ejeema, from that date CNTs were synthesized using different methods. In addition their physical and chemical properties were studied extensively [1,2]. However, researchers were directed their attention towards synthesis and purification of these materials as they can play important roles in wide range of applications in both industrial and environmental fields [3,4]. The main source of CNTs is the graphite which normally exists as sheets with hexagonal structure for carbon atoms. These sheets can be rolled up into cylindrical shape due to the presence of Van der Waals forces to produce tubular structure with nano scale radius with length of some micrometer scale. Due to this structure CNTs can be considered as an elongated hallow fullerene [5]. Generally, as a result of this structure of CNTs, it shows robust mechanical, electrical, thermal, and optical properties as well as large surface area with high adsorption ability which makes these materials to be a good candidate to remove many types of pollutants from air, water and soil. Generally CNTs consist of layers of graphite sheet with a thickness of one carbon atom with sp2 hybridization [6]. According to number of these layers CNTs can be classified into single- walled CNTs (SWNTs), Double -walled carbon nano tubes (DWCNs), and Multiwalled CNT (MWNTs).
Continuous changes in production techniques of composites have
attracted the attention of researc... more Continuous changes in production techniques of composites have attracted the attention of researchers in the various branches of science, starting from academic research and ending in engineered materials. These techniques aim to preserve their beneficial properties and try to increase their efficiency with the introduction of new standards to this component which may not be already owned or efficient in a few capacities and are intended to be introduced to the composites
Simulation study of photocatalytic decolorization of Bismarck brown- R, (4-[5-C 2, 4-diamino-5-
m... more Simulation study of photocatalytic decolorization of Bismarck brown- R, (4-[5-C 2, 4-diamino-5- methylphenyl) diazenyl-2-methylphenyl] diazenyl-6-methylbenzene-1, 3-diamine dihydrochloride has been carried out using quantum calculation methods (semiemprical and Ab in tio). Reactivity of Bismarck brown-R molecule has been determined using potential energy of the bond stability compares between the mean bonds. Optimizing of probable structures of chemical species has been calculated using PM3 configuration interaction microstate (4 X 4). Thirty six transition states have been postulated and studied in order to estimate the real initiation step of photocatalytic decolorization reaction for different probable path ways. Results show that hydroxyl radical can react with Bismarck brown-R molecule through different active site (C7—N8, C12—N16, N16-N17 and N17—C18 bond) with lowest activation energy than other probable sites. The most probable transition states are investigated for all supposed pathways of photocatalytic decolorization Bismarck brown- R depending on energy barrier value of reaction, zero point energy and imaginary frequency for each one. The first initiation step mechanism of reaction is suggested for the path way at different conditions.
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles have been synthesized by sol gel method. The
synthesized na... more Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles have been synthesized by sol gel method. The synthesized nanoparticles followed by calcinations at different temperatures in the range 200-800°C for 2 hours. Both the evolution of the crystal size and nature of the phases were studied as a function of annealing temperatures. These materials display a good thermal stability up to 400°C, in term of crystal size، and up to 600°C, regarding the crystalline phase. The phase purity and crystallite size of as grown TiO2 particles were characterized via X-ray diffraction (XRD). The characterized results indicated that the synthesized TiO2 powders had a pure two phases anatase and rutile structures and the average particle sizes were about 5-53 nm. The synthesized TiO2 nanoparticles exhibited 1.0053% time higher photocatalytic activity for Bismarck Brown R than that of commercial Hombikate (UV100) . Keywords: TiO2 nanoparticles, sol gel, Bismarck Brown R, photocatalytic activity.
The human population is suffering increased exposure to existing and new chemicals and environmen... more The human population is suffering increased exposure to existing and new chemicals and environmental toxins. Among the various environmental toxins, PAHs are an important class of environmental contaminants, and many PAHs are known or suspected carcinogens. PAHs are produced in the environment through the incomplete burning of organic fuels and cover wide classes of compounds. Exposure to some of these compounds is well-known to cause cancer in mice and they are suspected to be carcinogenic compounds for humans.
tTiO2nanoparticles exhibiting large surface area were synthesized by the hydrothermal treatment o... more tTiO2nanoparticles exhibiting large surface area were synthesized by the hydrothermal treatment ofthe water soluble titanium(IV) bis(ammoniumlactato) dihydroxide (TALH) complex in the presence ofaqueous ammonia. The obtained powders were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electronmicroscopy, diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, and nitrogen adsorption. Their photocatalytic activitieswere assessed by the photocatalytic hydrogen evolution from aqueous EDTA solutions. The effects of Pt-and photocatalyst loading, EDTA concentration, light intensity, pH, and temperature on the H2evolutionrate were studied in detail. The highest reaction rate was obtained for the TiO2photocatalyst loaded with0.4–0.5 wt.% Pt at pH 5 and this was found to be 18 and 34% higher than that of TiO2P25 and TiO2UV100,respectively. The reaction rate increased substantially with increasing the temperature from 5◦C to 45◦C.
The adsorption efficiency of synthesized carbon nanotubes at different doses and contact time wer... more The adsorption efficiency of synthesized carbon nanotubes at different doses and contact time were investigated .The amount of adsorbed dye increased with the increasing of CNTs dosage and reached a plateau region when the CNTs dosage achieved 0.175g L-1. Equilibrium adsorption data were analyzed by Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm of the results revealed that Langmuir isotherm fitted the experimental results well. Kinetic analyzes were tested using pseudo-first order, pseudo second order and the intraparticle diffusion model. Kinetic studies showed that the adsorption kinetics were more accurately represented by a pseudo second order model.
The study performed to assess the effect of titanium dioxide using (Photoreactor) with the source... more The study performed to assess the effect of titanium dioxide using (Photoreactor) with the source of radiation on the color change of the three contemporary dental fillings by composite resin material. The resins were divided into three groups head of considering the type of charge and each group of which is composed of five discs and each disc thickness of 2 mm and diameter of 5 mm and manufactured by the mold of Teflon material and then been refined and soften the disc surface and stored in distilled water for one week at 37 °C in order to complete the polymerization. After the completion of the first week is staining the surface of disks and putting it in a solution of iodine mouth wash (AVALON pharma®) at 37 °C for a period of just one week after the completion of this week has been directed drive and put it in aqueous suspension consisting of titanium dioxide in Photoreactor Radiation with 355 NM periods of time 0, 5, 10, 15 and 30 seconds. Colorimetric readings were taken of the tablets based on, before staining substance iodine solution, after staining discs textured iodine solution and after treatment disks Palmalq water for titanium dioxide. In addition, the absorbance was measured after each period of time and put the disks. Palmalq watery results were analyzed statistically. There were significant effects on pay chromatography and the palace of color where are different for each group from the other and come the second group of the most influential change chromatography and minors chromatography and then finished second the third set. Finally, comes the first group, as well as influenced by absorbance time in extrusive and different for each group of the three groups of disk attributed to their chemical composition
The photocatalytic decolorization of industrial wastewater was investigated by using TiO2 and ZnO... more The photocatalytic decolorization of industrial wastewater was investigated by using TiO2 and ZnO photocatalysts. Heterogeneous photocatalytic processes applied under natural weathering conditions, in the presence of solar radiation show a promising degradation capability. The complete removal of color could be achieved in a relatively short time of about 20 minutes, when ZnO was used and about 100 minutes when TiO2 was used under solar irradiation. However, in the presence of artificial UV-light, complete decolorization of textile industrial wastewater was obtained after less than one hour of irradiation when ZnO was used and in less than two hours, when TiO2 was used at the same temperature. The results indicate that the degree of photocatalytic decolorization of textile industrial wastewater was obviously affected by different parameters. These parameters include catalyst mass, type of catalyst, type of reactor, type of dye, dye concentration, and temperature. The procedure used in this research can be used as an efficient technology for solar photocatalytic decolorization of the colored wastewater discharged from the textile industry under the climatic conditions of most countries.
The photocatalytic decolorizations of aqueous solutions of Reactive Red 2 dye in the presence of
... more The photocatalytic decolorizations of aqueous solutions of Reactive Red 2 dye in the presence of ZnO suspension has been investigated with the use of artificial UV-A light sources. The effects of various parameters, such as time of irradiation, photocatalyst amount, pH, addition of H2O2 and temperature on photocatalytic degradation were investigated. The rate of decolorization was found to increase significantly with time of irradiation. Under optimal conditions, the extent of decolorization was 100% after 30 minutes of irradiation. Optimum catalyst concentration [Catalyst]Opt was measured and found equal to 2.5 g L-1. The oxidizing agents such as oxygen and hydrogen peroxide enhance the decolorization rate. However the addition of more amount of hydrogen peroxide decreases the rate of decolorization. The optimum pH for the photocatalytic decolorization of Reactive Red 2 dye in the presence of ZnO suspension is pH 10.0. Photocatalytic decolorization was found to increase with increasing temperature. Arrhenius plot shows that the activation energy is equal to 10.130 ± 1 kJ mol-1. The decolorization is not feasible in the absence of catalyst, oxygen and/or irradiation. The decolorization process of the dye follows pseudo-first order kinetics
In this paper, adsorption isotherm and kinetics of disperse blue dye on activated carbon
prepared... more In this paper, adsorption isotherm and kinetics of disperse blue dye on activated carbon prepared from Iraqi date seeds (Zahdi date seeds ZDS) were determined from batch tests. The effect of different parameters, such as, different doses, pH and contact time were investigated. Equilibrium adsorption data for synthesized activated carbon (ZDSAC) were analyzed by Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm. The equilibrium data were best fitted with Langmuir isotherm model, showing maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of 8.13 mg/g. Kinetic analyzes were tested using pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order and the intraparticle diffusion model. Kinetic studies showed that the adsorption kinetics was more accurately represented by a pseudo-second order model. Among ZDSAC removes 66.47% of disperse blue at the dose of 0.3 g, whereas the commercial activated carbon removes 54.33% of disperses blue.
In the present study, activated carbon from Iraqi zahdi date palm seeds was synthesized. Differen... more In the present study, activated carbon from Iraqi zahdi date palm seeds was synthesized. Different activators were used in the synthesis process (e.g., KOH, H3PO4 and ZnCl2). Preparation of the activated carbon was done using a chemical activation method. The kinetics of adsorption and the removal of reactive yellow-145 (RY-145) as a model of the polluted dyes was investigated from batch tests. Different reaction conditions were investigated, such as the mass loading of activated carbon and contact time. The Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms were both performed in each case. In terms of physical properties, the external of surface area, the ash content and the humidity of the activated carbon were investigated. The point zero charges of the prepared samples were also evaluated. The FTIR spectra of these materials showed almost the same characteristic vibration modes. The morphology of the activated carbon was screened by scanning electron microscopy and the results showed irregular and heterogeneous morphology for these samples of the activated carbon. The activity of these materials in terms of their ability to adsorb reactive yellow-145 dye was as follows: AC-KOH > AC-H3PO4 > AC-ZnCl2 > AC untreated.
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles have been synthesized by sol gel method. The
synthesized na... more Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles have been synthesized by sol gel method. The synthesized nanoparticles followed by calcinations at different temperatures in the range 200-800°C for 2 hours. Both the evolution of the crystal size and nature of the phases were studied as a function of annealing temperatures. These materials display a good thermal stability up to 400°C, in term of crystal size، and up to 600°C, regarding the crystalline phase. The phase purity and crystallite size of as grown TiO2 particles were characterized via X-ray diffraction (XRD). The characterized results indicated that the synthesized TiO2 powders had a pure two phases anatase and rutile structures and the average particle sizes were about 5-53 nm. The synthesized TiO2 nanoparticles exhibited 1.0053% time higher photocatalytic activity for Bismarck Brown R than that of commercial Hombikate (UV100) .
The multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)/titanium dioxide (P25) composite in different ratios was ... more The multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)/titanium dioxide (P25) composite in different ratios was prepared using simple evaporation and drying process. The composite was characterized by Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The photocatalytic activity of this composite was investigated using degradation of the Bismarck brown R dye (BBR). An optimal MWCNTs/TiO2 ratio of 0.5% (w/w) was found to achieve the maximum rate of BBR degradation. It was observed that the composite exhibits enhanced photocatalytic activity compared with TiO2. The enhancement in photocatalytic activity performance of the MWCNTs/P25 composite is explained in terms of recombination of photogenerated electron-hole pairs. In addition, MWCNTs act as a dispersing support to control the morphology of TiO2 particles in theMWCNTs/TiO2 composite.
Nanotechnology represents one of new sciences that promises to provide a broad range of novel use... more Nanotechnology represents one of new sciences that promises to provide a broad range of novel uses and enhanced technologies for several applications. A unique aspect of nanotechnology is the “vastly increased ratio of surface area to volume,” present in many nanoscale materials, which opens new possibilities in surface-based sciences [1]. Nanoscale materials have the potential to improve the environment, both through direct applications of these materials to detect, prevent, and remove pollutants, as well as indirectly by using nanotechnology to design cleaner industrial processes and create environmentally responsible products [2]. One of the main environmental pollutants is wastewater. Wastewater is the leftover water after industrial processes. This polluted water comes from industry due to increasing population and industrial expansion, especially from the developed countries. One of the most important of these pollutants is dye, which is becoming a great concern to the environment and public health [3].
There are several factors to choose the appropriate textile wastewater treatment method
such as, ... more There are several factors to choose the appropriate textile wastewater treatment method such as, economic efficiency, treatment efficiency, type of dye, concentration of dye and environmental fate. There is no general method for the treatment of textile industrial wastewater. Wastewaters from textile industry contain various pollutants resulting from various stages of production, such as, fibers preparation, yarn, thread, webbing, dyeing and finishing. Mainly three methods are used for the treatment of textile industrial wastewater. These are: 1. Physico-chemical methods. 2. Advanced oxidation methods. 3. Biological sludge methods.
Photocatalysis is defined as acceleration of a photoreaction in the presence of a catalyst ... more Photocatalysis is defined as acceleration of a photoreaction in the presence of a catalyst [1]. Semiconductor photocatalysis is rapidly expanding technology applied for energy generation and environmental applications. One of the most common photocatalysts is titanium dioxide (TiO2). The advantages of using titania photocatalysts are strong resistance to chemical and photocorrosion, strong oxidation capability, low operational temperature, low cost, and non-toxic nature [2]. These parameters make TiO2 photocatalytic materials perfect candidate for photocatalytic processes. TiO2 has been extensively studied and demonstrated to be suitable for numerous applications such as, destruction of microorganisms [3,4], inactivation of cancer cells [5,6], protection of the skin from the sun[7], photosplitting of water to produce hydrogen gas [8,9] and mineralization of toxic organic pollutants in water [10,11]. Even though TiO2 is widely used as a semiconductor, it has some disadvantages like low surface area, fast recombination between photogenerated holes and electrons and wavelength maximum lies in the ultraviolet region.
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Papers by Falah H Hussein
from 14 sites with a differentiated human influence starting from Sadat Al-Hindya to southern border of Hilla governorate. Polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons were extracted simultaneously by solid phase extraction using syback-18 with dichloromethane as solvent and
then analyzed by HPLC. The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons concentrations were ranged between (1.08-1177.20) ng.mL-1. The results
showed the most pollutant sites was S7, which is represent the sewage pipe that came from Sooq Al-Hilla were contaminated with 12
compounds of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Fifteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were present in Shatt AL-Hilla among which
16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on the US-environmental protection agency priority pollutants list. The contamination with polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons were variant from site to site in both (values of concentrations and existence of contaminants compounds) that
may be return to the type pollutant sources, which it also was differ from site to site. Bulk deposition and domestic effluent are suggested
as the main sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons pollutants in surface waters.
carbon rings rolled into cylinders which are discovered first in 1991
[1,2]. According to their unique properties of carbon nanotubes (CNTs)
which coming from their atomic structure and size therefore CNTs take
wide concerns in technology and science and wide range of application
which CNTs entering in it such as electrodes, hydrogen storage and
sensors [3,4]. CNTs have different structures and diameters which
classified into three types such as: single-walled carbon nanotubes
(SWNTs) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) in addition
to few wall carbon nanotubes (FWNTs) [5,6].
• The effects of some CBR materials do not appear immediately or instantaneously, but instead may appear after a long time.
• The directly harmful damages from CBR related accidents are a small percentage of indirect damages.
by controlling the calcination temperature. It is possible to tailor the crystalline and
spectroscopic properties of TiO2-NPs.
A developed sol-gel technique revealed to be a good method for the preparation of TiO2-
NPs. Raising calcination temperatures led to increase in crystallite dimensions and
promoted phase transformation from anatase to rutile. Pure anatase TiO2-NPs was found
to be more active than rutile or a mixtures of them, in the photocatalytic decolorization of
RB 5 under UV (365 nm) light.
Among the prepared catalysts, the best synthesized TiO2-NPs showed the highest
adsorption (80.0%) and complete photocatalytic decolorization efficiency (100%) of RB
Moreover, it exhibited about 150 times higher photocatalytic activity than commercial
TiO2 (Hombikat). This catalyst has been synthesized in conditions [V/V =1:2
(TiCl4:EtOH) of additives and 200°C annealing temperature].
Unfortunately the synthesized ZnO-NPs have lower photocatalytic activity; however,
they have higher adsorption capacity than commercial ZnO .
Fourth, all universities have large numbers of academic staff, administrative staff, and students. This facilitates the transmission of information to communities via the families and acquaintances of university of employees. This ensures transmission of ideas related to chemical safety and chemical security to a large number of people as a byproduct of normal social interactions. Fifth, university graduates usually work in different sectors in the community. Sectors such as industry, agriculture, and health often deal directly with chemicals. Graduates thus bring the ideas and habits of mind they learned at the university—ideas and habits favorable to chemical safety and security—to many different fields.
Sixth, most universities deal with chemical, biological, and radioactive materials directly. Some of them even prepare some of these materials. Thus the university is the most reliable institution to determine the risk posed by these materials and take precautions assuring their safety and security. In order to spread chemical safety and security throughout the community, then, a center for chemical safety and security must be developed in every university.
Falah H. Hussein CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT, COLLEGE OF SCIENCE, BABYLON UNIVERSITY, IRAQ
1991 by Somui Ejeema, from that date CNTs were synthesized using different methods. In addition their physical and chemical properties were studied extensively [1,2]. However, researchers were directed their attention towards synthesis and purification of these materials as they can play important roles in wide range of applications in both industrial
and environmental fields [3,4]. The main source of CNTs is the graphite which normally exists as sheets with hexagonal structure for carbon atoms. These sheets can be rolled up into cylindrical shape due to the presence of Van der Waals forces to produce tubular structure with nano scale radius with length of some micrometer scale. Due to this structure CNTs can be considered as an elongated hallow fullerene [5]. Generally, as a result of this structure of CNTs, it shows robust mechanical, electrical, thermal, and optical properties as well as large
surface area with high adsorption ability which makes these materials to be a good candidate to remove many types of pollutants from air, water and soil. Generally CNTs consist of layers of graphite sheet with a thickness of one carbon atom with sp2 hybridization [6]. According to number of these layers CNTs can be classified into single- walled CNTs (SWNTs), Double -walled carbon nano tubes (DWCNs), and Multiwalled
CNT (MWNTs).
attracted the attention of researchers in the various branches of science,
starting from academic research and ending in engineered materials.
These techniques aim to preserve their beneficial properties and try
to increase their efficiency with the introduction of new standards to
this component which may not be already owned or efficient in a few
capacities and are intended to be introduced to the composites
methylphenyl) diazenyl-2-methylphenyl] diazenyl-6-methylbenzene-1, 3-diamine dihydrochloride has
been carried out using quantum calculation methods (semiemprical and Ab in tio). Reactivity of Bismarck
brown-R molecule has been determined using potential energy of the bond stability compares between the
mean bonds. Optimizing of probable structures of chemical species has been calculated using PM3
configuration interaction microstate (4 X 4). Thirty six transition states have been postulated and studied
in order to estimate the real initiation step of photocatalytic decolorization reaction for different probable
path ways.
Results show that hydroxyl radical can react with Bismarck brown-R molecule through
different active site (C7—N8, C12—N16, N16-N17 and N17—C18 bond) with lowest activation
energy than other probable sites. The most probable transition states are investigated for all supposed
pathways of photocatalytic decolorization Bismarck brown- R depending on energy barrier value of reaction, zero point energy and imaginary frequency for each one. The first initiation step mechanism of reaction is suggested for the path way at different conditions.
synthesized nanoparticles followed by calcinations at different temperatures in the range 200-800°C for
2 hours. Both the evolution of the crystal size and nature of the phases were studied as a function of
annealing temperatures. These materials display a good thermal stability up to 400°C, in term of crystal
size، and up to 600°C, regarding the crystalline phase. The phase purity and crystallite size of as grown
TiO2 particles were characterized via X-ray diffraction (XRD). The characterized results indicated that
the synthesized TiO2 powders had a pure two phases anatase and rutile structures and the average
particle sizes were about 5-53 nm.
The synthesized TiO2 nanoparticles exhibited 1.0053% time higher photocatalytic activity for
Bismarck Brown R than that of commercial Hombikate (UV100) .
Keywords: TiO2 nanoparticles, sol gel, Bismarck Brown R, photocatalytic activity.
various environmental toxins, PAHs are an important class of environmental contaminants, and many PAHs are known or
suspected carcinogens. PAHs are produced in the environment through the incomplete burning of organic fuels and cover wide
classes of compounds. Exposure to some of these compounds is well-known to cause cancer in mice and they are suspected to
be carcinogenic compounds for humans.
investigated .The amount of adsorbed dye increased with the increasing of CNTs dosage and reached a
plateau region when the CNTs dosage achieved 0.175g L-1. Equilibrium adsorption data were analyzed by
Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm of the results revealed that Langmuir isotherm fitted the experimental
results well. Kinetic analyzes were tested using pseudo-first order, pseudo second order and the
intraparticle diffusion model. Kinetic studies showed that the adsorption kinetics were more accurately
represented by a pseudo second order model.
three contemporary dental fillings by composite resin material. The resins were divided into three groups head of considering the type of
charge and each group of which is composed of five discs and each disc thickness of 2 mm and diameter of 5 mm and manufactured by
the mold of Teflon material and then been refined and soften the disc surface and stored in distilled water for one week at 37 °C in order
to complete the polymerization. After the completion of the first week is staining the surface of disks and putting it in a solution of iodine
mouth wash (AVALON pharma®) at 37 °C for a period of just one week after the completion of this week has been directed drive and put
it in aqueous suspension consisting of titanium dioxide in Photoreactor Radiation with 355 NM periods of time 0, 5, 10, 15 and 30
seconds. Colorimetric readings were taken of the tablets based on, before staining substance iodine solution, after staining discs textured
iodine solution and after treatment disks Palmalq water for titanium dioxide. In addition, the absorbance was measured after each period
of time and put the disks. Palmalq watery results were analyzed statistically. There were significant effects on pay chromatography and the
palace of color where are different for each group from the other and come the second group of the most influential change chromatography
and minors chromatography and then finished second the third set. Finally, comes the first group, as well as influenced by absorbance
time in extrusive and different for each group of the three groups of disk attributed to their chemical composition
photocatalytic processes applied under natural weathering conditions, in the presence of solar radiation show a promising
degradation capability. The complete removal of color could be achieved in a relatively short time of about 20 minutes, when
ZnO was used and about 100 minutes when TiO2 was used under solar irradiation. However, in the presence of artificial UV-light,
complete decolorization of textile industrial wastewater was obtained after less than one hour of irradiation when ZnO was used
and in less than two hours, when TiO2 was used at the same temperature. The results indicate that the degree of photocatalytic
decolorization of textile industrial wastewater was obviously affected by different parameters. These parameters include catalyst
mass, type of catalyst, type of reactor, type of dye, dye concentration, and temperature. The procedure used in this research can
be used as an efficient technology for solar photocatalytic decolorization of the colored wastewater discharged from the textile
industry under the climatic conditions of most countries.
ZnO suspension has been investigated with the use of artificial UV-A light sources. The effects of various
parameters, such as time of irradiation, photocatalyst amount, pH, addition of H2O2 and temperature on
photocatalytic degradation were investigated.
The rate of decolorization was found to increase significantly with time of irradiation. Under
optimal conditions, the extent of decolorization was 100% after 30 minutes of irradiation. Optimum
catalyst concentration [Catalyst]Opt was measured and found equal to 2.5 g L-1. The oxidizing agents such
as oxygen and hydrogen peroxide enhance the decolorization rate. However the addition of more amount
of hydrogen peroxide decreases the rate of decolorization. The optimum pH for the photocatalytic
decolorization of Reactive Red 2 dye in the presence of ZnO suspension is pH 10.0. Photocatalytic
decolorization was found to increase with increasing temperature. Arrhenius plot shows that the activation
energy is equal to 10.130 ± 1 kJ mol-1.
The decolorization is not feasible in the absence of catalyst, oxygen and/or irradiation. The
decolorization process of the dye follows pseudo-first order kinetics
prepared from Iraqi date seeds (Zahdi date seeds ZDS) were determined from batch tests. The effect of
different parameters, such as, different doses, pH and contact time were investigated. Equilibrium
adsorption data for synthesized activated carbon (ZDSAC) were analyzed by Langmuir and Freundlich
isotherm. The equilibrium data were best fitted with Langmuir isotherm model, showing maximum
monolayer adsorption capacity of 8.13 mg/g. Kinetic analyzes were tested using pseudo-first order,
pseudo-second order and the intraparticle diffusion model. Kinetic studies showed that the adsorption
kinetics was more accurately represented by a pseudo-second order model. Among ZDSAC removes
66.47% of disperse blue at the dose of 0.3 g, whereas the commercial activated carbon removes 54.33%
of disperses blue.
process (e.g., KOH, H3PO4 and ZnCl2). Preparation of the activated carbon was done using a chemical activation method. The kinetics of
adsorption and the removal of reactive yellow-145 (RY-145) as a model of the polluted dyes was investigated from batch tests. Different
reaction conditions were investigated, such as the mass loading of activated carbon and contact time. The Langmuir and Freundlich
adsorption isotherms were both performed in each case. In terms of physical properties, the external of surface area, the ash content and
the humidity of the activated carbon were investigated. The point zero charges of the prepared samples were also evaluated. The FTIR
spectra of these materials showed almost the same characteristic vibration modes. The morphology of the activated carbon was screened
by scanning electron microscopy and the results showed irregular and heterogeneous morphology for these samples of the activated
carbon. The activity of these materials in terms of their ability to adsorb reactive yellow-145 dye was as follows:
AC-KOH > AC-H3PO4 > AC-ZnCl2 > AC untreated.
synthesized nanoparticles followed by calcinations at different temperatures in the range 200-800°C for
2 hours. Both the evolution of the crystal size and nature of the phases were studied as a function of
annealing temperatures. These materials display a good thermal stability up to 400°C, in term of crystal
size، and up to 600°C, regarding the crystalline phase. The phase purity and crystallite size of as grown
TiO2 particles were characterized via X-ray diffraction (XRD). The characterized results indicated that
the synthesized TiO2 powders had a pure two phases anatase and rutile structures and the average
particle sizes were about 5-53 nm.
The synthesized TiO2 nanoparticles exhibited 1.0053% time higher photocatalytic activity for
Bismarck Brown R than that of commercial Hombikate (UV100) .
evaporation and drying process. The composite was characterized by Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-visible
diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The photocatalytic activity of this composite was
investigated using degradation of the Bismarck brown R dye (BBR). An optimal MWCNTs/TiO2 ratio of 0.5% (w/w) was found
to achieve the maximum rate of BBR degradation. It was observed that the composite exhibits enhanced photocatalytic activity
compared with TiO2. The enhancement in photocatalytic activity performance of the MWCNTs/P25 composite is explained in
terms of recombination of photogenerated electron-hole pairs. In addition, MWCNTs act as a dispersing support to control the
morphology of TiO2 particles in theMWCNTs/TiO2 composite.
from 14 sites with a differentiated human influence starting from Sadat Al-Hindya to southern border of Hilla governorate. Polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons were extracted simultaneously by solid phase extraction using syback-18 with dichloromethane as solvent and
then analyzed by HPLC. The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons concentrations were ranged between (1.08-1177.20) ng.mL-1. The results
showed the most pollutant sites was S7, which is represent the sewage pipe that came from Sooq Al-Hilla were contaminated with 12
compounds of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Fifteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were present in Shatt AL-Hilla among which
16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on the US-environmental protection agency priority pollutants list. The contamination with polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons were variant from site to site in both (values of concentrations and existence of contaminants compounds) that
may be return to the type pollutant sources, which it also was differ from site to site. Bulk deposition and domestic effluent are suggested
as the main sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons pollutants in surface waters.
carbon rings rolled into cylinders which are discovered first in 1991
[1,2]. According to their unique properties of carbon nanotubes (CNTs)
which coming from their atomic structure and size therefore CNTs take
wide concerns in technology and science and wide range of application
which CNTs entering in it such as electrodes, hydrogen storage and
sensors [3,4]. CNTs have different structures and diameters which
classified into three types such as: single-walled carbon nanotubes
(SWNTs) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) in addition
to few wall carbon nanotubes (FWNTs) [5,6].
• The effects of some CBR materials do not appear immediately or instantaneously, but instead may appear after a long time.
• The directly harmful damages from CBR related accidents are a small percentage of indirect damages.
by controlling the calcination temperature. It is possible to tailor the crystalline and
spectroscopic properties of TiO2-NPs.
A developed sol-gel technique revealed to be a good method for the preparation of TiO2-
NPs. Raising calcination temperatures led to increase in crystallite dimensions and
promoted phase transformation from anatase to rutile. Pure anatase TiO2-NPs was found
to be more active than rutile or a mixtures of them, in the photocatalytic decolorization of
RB 5 under UV (365 nm) light.
Among the prepared catalysts, the best synthesized TiO2-NPs showed the highest
adsorption (80.0%) and complete photocatalytic decolorization efficiency (100%) of RB
Moreover, it exhibited about 150 times higher photocatalytic activity than commercial
TiO2 (Hombikat). This catalyst has been synthesized in conditions [V/V =1:2
(TiCl4:EtOH) of additives and 200°C annealing temperature].
Unfortunately the synthesized ZnO-NPs have lower photocatalytic activity; however,
they have higher adsorption capacity than commercial ZnO .
Fourth, all universities have large numbers of academic staff, administrative staff, and students. This facilitates the transmission of information to communities via the families and acquaintances of university of employees. This ensures transmission of ideas related to chemical safety and chemical security to a large number of people as a byproduct of normal social interactions. Fifth, university graduates usually work in different sectors in the community. Sectors such as industry, agriculture, and health often deal directly with chemicals. Graduates thus bring the ideas and habits of mind they learned at the university—ideas and habits favorable to chemical safety and security—to many different fields.
Sixth, most universities deal with chemical, biological, and radioactive materials directly. Some of them even prepare some of these materials. Thus the university is the most reliable institution to determine the risk posed by these materials and take precautions assuring their safety and security. In order to spread chemical safety and security throughout the community, then, a center for chemical safety and security must be developed in every university.
Falah H. Hussein CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT, COLLEGE OF SCIENCE, BABYLON UNIVERSITY, IRAQ
1991 by Somui Ejeema, from that date CNTs were synthesized using different methods. In addition their physical and chemical properties were studied extensively [1,2]. However, researchers were directed their attention towards synthesis and purification of these materials as they can play important roles in wide range of applications in both industrial
and environmental fields [3,4]. The main source of CNTs is the graphite which normally exists as sheets with hexagonal structure for carbon atoms. These sheets can be rolled up into cylindrical shape due to the presence of Van der Waals forces to produce tubular structure with nano scale radius with length of some micrometer scale. Due to this structure CNTs can be considered as an elongated hallow fullerene [5]. Generally, as a result of this structure of CNTs, it shows robust mechanical, electrical, thermal, and optical properties as well as large
surface area with high adsorption ability which makes these materials to be a good candidate to remove many types of pollutants from air, water and soil. Generally CNTs consist of layers of graphite sheet with a thickness of one carbon atom with sp2 hybridization [6]. According to number of these layers CNTs can be classified into single- walled CNTs (SWNTs), Double -walled carbon nano tubes (DWCNs), and Multiwalled
CNT (MWNTs).
attracted the attention of researchers in the various branches of science,
starting from academic research and ending in engineered materials.
These techniques aim to preserve their beneficial properties and try
to increase their efficiency with the introduction of new standards to
this component which may not be already owned or efficient in a few
capacities and are intended to be introduced to the composites
methylphenyl) diazenyl-2-methylphenyl] diazenyl-6-methylbenzene-1, 3-diamine dihydrochloride has
been carried out using quantum calculation methods (semiemprical and Ab in tio). Reactivity of Bismarck
brown-R molecule has been determined using potential energy of the bond stability compares between the
mean bonds. Optimizing of probable structures of chemical species has been calculated using PM3
configuration interaction microstate (4 X 4). Thirty six transition states have been postulated and studied
in order to estimate the real initiation step of photocatalytic decolorization reaction for different probable
path ways.
Results show that hydroxyl radical can react with Bismarck brown-R molecule through
different active site (C7—N8, C12—N16, N16-N17 and N17—C18 bond) with lowest activation
energy than other probable sites. The most probable transition states are investigated for all supposed
pathways of photocatalytic decolorization Bismarck brown- R depending on energy barrier value of reaction, zero point energy and imaginary frequency for each one. The first initiation step mechanism of reaction is suggested for the path way at different conditions.
synthesized nanoparticles followed by calcinations at different temperatures in the range 200-800°C for
2 hours. Both the evolution of the crystal size and nature of the phases were studied as a function of
annealing temperatures. These materials display a good thermal stability up to 400°C, in term of crystal
size، and up to 600°C, regarding the crystalline phase. The phase purity and crystallite size of as grown
TiO2 particles were characterized via X-ray diffraction (XRD). The characterized results indicated that
the synthesized TiO2 powders had a pure two phases anatase and rutile structures and the average
particle sizes were about 5-53 nm.
The synthesized TiO2 nanoparticles exhibited 1.0053% time higher photocatalytic activity for
Bismarck Brown R than that of commercial Hombikate (UV100) .
Keywords: TiO2 nanoparticles, sol gel, Bismarck Brown R, photocatalytic activity.
various environmental toxins, PAHs are an important class of environmental contaminants, and many PAHs are known or
suspected carcinogens. PAHs are produced in the environment through the incomplete burning of organic fuels and cover wide
classes of compounds. Exposure to some of these compounds is well-known to cause cancer in mice and they are suspected to
be carcinogenic compounds for humans.
investigated .The amount of adsorbed dye increased with the increasing of CNTs dosage and reached a
plateau region when the CNTs dosage achieved 0.175g L-1. Equilibrium adsorption data were analyzed by
Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm of the results revealed that Langmuir isotherm fitted the experimental
results well. Kinetic analyzes were tested using pseudo-first order, pseudo second order and the
intraparticle diffusion model. Kinetic studies showed that the adsorption kinetics were more accurately
represented by a pseudo second order model.
three contemporary dental fillings by composite resin material. The resins were divided into three groups head of considering the type of
charge and each group of which is composed of five discs and each disc thickness of 2 mm and diameter of 5 mm and manufactured by
the mold of Teflon material and then been refined and soften the disc surface and stored in distilled water for one week at 37 °C in order
to complete the polymerization. After the completion of the first week is staining the surface of disks and putting it in a solution of iodine
mouth wash (AVALON pharma®) at 37 °C for a period of just one week after the completion of this week has been directed drive and put
it in aqueous suspension consisting of titanium dioxide in Photoreactor Radiation with 355 NM periods of time 0, 5, 10, 15 and 30
seconds. Colorimetric readings were taken of the tablets based on, before staining substance iodine solution, after staining discs textured
iodine solution and after treatment disks Palmalq water for titanium dioxide. In addition, the absorbance was measured after each period
of time and put the disks. Palmalq watery results were analyzed statistically. There were significant effects on pay chromatography and the
palace of color where are different for each group from the other and come the second group of the most influential change chromatography
and minors chromatography and then finished second the third set. Finally, comes the first group, as well as influenced by absorbance
time in extrusive and different for each group of the three groups of disk attributed to their chemical composition
photocatalytic processes applied under natural weathering conditions, in the presence of solar radiation show a promising
degradation capability. The complete removal of color could be achieved in a relatively short time of about 20 minutes, when
ZnO was used and about 100 minutes when TiO2 was used under solar irradiation. However, in the presence of artificial UV-light,
complete decolorization of textile industrial wastewater was obtained after less than one hour of irradiation when ZnO was used
and in less than two hours, when TiO2 was used at the same temperature. The results indicate that the degree of photocatalytic
decolorization of textile industrial wastewater was obviously affected by different parameters. These parameters include catalyst
mass, type of catalyst, type of reactor, type of dye, dye concentration, and temperature. The procedure used in this research can
be used as an efficient technology for solar photocatalytic decolorization of the colored wastewater discharged from the textile
industry under the climatic conditions of most countries.
ZnO suspension has been investigated with the use of artificial UV-A light sources. The effects of various
parameters, such as time of irradiation, photocatalyst amount, pH, addition of H2O2 and temperature on
photocatalytic degradation were investigated.
The rate of decolorization was found to increase significantly with time of irradiation. Under
optimal conditions, the extent of decolorization was 100% after 30 minutes of irradiation. Optimum
catalyst concentration [Catalyst]Opt was measured and found equal to 2.5 g L-1. The oxidizing agents such
as oxygen and hydrogen peroxide enhance the decolorization rate. However the addition of more amount
of hydrogen peroxide decreases the rate of decolorization. The optimum pH for the photocatalytic
decolorization of Reactive Red 2 dye in the presence of ZnO suspension is pH 10.0. Photocatalytic
decolorization was found to increase with increasing temperature. Arrhenius plot shows that the activation
energy is equal to 10.130 ± 1 kJ mol-1.
The decolorization is not feasible in the absence of catalyst, oxygen and/or irradiation. The
decolorization process of the dye follows pseudo-first order kinetics
prepared from Iraqi date seeds (Zahdi date seeds ZDS) were determined from batch tests. The effect of
different parameters, such as, different doses, pH and contact time were investigated. Equilibrium
adsorption data for synthesized activated carbon (ZDSAC) were analyzed by Langmuir and Freundlich
isotherm. The equilibrium data were best fitted with Langmuir isotherm model, showing maximum
monolayer adsorption capacity of 8.13 mg/g. Kinetic analyzes were tested using pseudo-first order,
pseudo-second order and the intraparticle diffusion model. Kinetic studies showed that the adsorption
kinetics was more accurately represented by a pseudo-second order model. Among ZDSAC removes
66.47% of disperse blue at the dose of 0.3 g, whereas the commercial activated carbon removes 54.33%
of disperses blue.
process (e.g., KOH, H3PO4 and ZnCl2). Preparation of the activated carbon was done using a chemical activation method. The kinetics of
adsorption and the removal of reactive yellow-145 (RY-145) as a model of the polluted dyes was investigated from batch tests. Different
reaction conditions were investigated, such as the mass loading of activated carbon and contact time. The Langmuir and Freundlich
adsorption isotherms were both performed in each case. In terms of physical properties, the external of surface area, the ash content and
the humidity of the activated carbon were investigated. The point zero charges of the prepared samples were also evaluated. The FTIR
spectra of these materials showed almost the same characteristic vibration modes. The morphology of the activated carbon was screened
by scanning electron microscopy and the results showed irregular and heterogeneous morphology for these samples of the activated
carbon. The activity of these materials in terms of their ability to adsorb reactive yellow-145 dye was as follows:
AC-KOH > AC-H3PO4 > AC-ZnCl2 > AC untreated.
synthesized nanoparticles followed by calcinations at different temperatures in the range 200-800°C for
2 hours. Both the evolution of the crystal size and nature of the phases were studied as a function of
annealing temperatures. These materials display a good thermal stability up to 400°C, in term of crystal
size، and up to 600°C, regarding the crystalline phase. The phase purity and crystallite size of as grown
TiO2 particles were characterized via X-ray diffraction (XRD). The characterized results indicated that
the synthesized TiO2 powders had a pure two phases anatase and rutile structures and the average
particle sizes were about 5-53 nm.
The synthesized TiO2 nanoparticles exhibited 1.0053% time higher photocatalytic activity for
Bismarck Brown R than that of commercial Hombikate (UV100) .
evaporation and drying process. The composite was characterized by Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-visible
diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The photocatalytic activity of this composite was
investigated using degradation of the Bismarck brown R dye (BBR). An optimal MWCNTs/TiO2 ratio of 0.5% (w/w) was found
to achieve the maximum rate of BBR degradation. It was observed that the composite exhibits enhanced photocatalytic activity
compared with TiO2. The enhancement in photocatalytic activity performance of the MWCNTs/P25 composite is explained in
terms of recombination of photogenerated electron-hole pairs. In addition, MWCNTs act as a dispersing support to control the
morphology of TiO2 particles in theMWCNTs/TiO2 composite.
One of the main environmental pollutants is wastewater. Wastewater is the leftover water after industrial processes. This polluted water comes from industry due to increasing population and industrial expansion, especially from the developed countries. One of the most important of these pollutants is dye, which is becoming a great concern to the environment and public health [3].
such as, economic efficiency, treatment efficiency, type of dye, concentration of dye and
environmental fate.
There is no general method for the treatment of textile industrial wastewater. Wastewaters
from textile industry contain various pollutants resulting from various stages of production,
such as, fibers preparation, yarn, thread, webbing, dyeing and finishing. Mainly three
methods are used for the treatment of textile industrial wastewater. These are:
1. Physico-chemical methods.
2. Advanced oxidation methods.
3. Biological sludge methods.