The purpose of this study is to examine the possible link between employee and customer satisfact... more The purpose of this study is to examine the possible link between employee and customer satisfaction. The service provided by employees, help to build a good relationship with customers and can help at increasing their loyalty. Published data for job satisfaction and indicators of customer services of banks were gathered from relevant published works which included data from five different countries. The scores of customers and employees satisfaction of the different published works were transformed and normalized to the scale of 1 to 100. The data were analyzed and a regression analysis of the two parameters was used to describe the link between employees satisfaction and customer satisfaction. Assuming that employee satisfaction has a significant influence on customer's service and the resulting customer satisfaction, the reviewed data indicate that employee's satisfaction contributes significantly on the level of customer satisfaction in the Banking sector. There was a si...
The Greek aquaculture industry is second most important economic sector for the growth of the Gre... more The Greek aquaculture industry is second most important economic sector for the growth of the Greek Economy. The purpose of the present work is to present some data for the management challenges that the Aquaculture industry in Greece is currently facing. Currently the Greek aquaculture industry is going through a series of mergers and restructure. The financial status of the different aquaculture companies, the working conditions and management practices may vary according to lending exposure, market mix, company size, and technological parameters of the different fish farm units and rearing systems. Frequently, the aquaculture personnel are exposed to harsh environmental conditions and to occupational risk. Furthermore, there is pressure on the personnel of fish farms to constantly improve their production efficiency and to enhance their work skills to the new methods and practices which are adopted by the aquaculture industry. There is some data to suggest the existence of gender...
Per capita consumption, flow of trade and production of fish of the EU market varies significantl... more Per capita consumption, flow of trade and production of fish of the EU market varies significantly between nations. In the EU about 26% of the total fish market volume is based on Aquaculture and about 13% of this production is based on Mediterranean Marine fish species cultivated in South European countries. Marketing data were collected from published online databases, annual reports of major Greek Aquaculture companies. Some data were also collected on a confidential basis from fish farms (which are not named in the preset manuscript) operating in West Greece. During the last two decades, the ex-farm price of the farmed fish decreased dramatically but the volume of production increased and are currently stabilised. Over the years, while the ex-farm price decreased dramatically, the production cost decreased, mainly due to technological improvements and increased volume of production of the fish farms. The future trends of the aquaculture sector include the possible reduction of t...
International Journal of Energy and Water Resources, 2021
Sustainable development of fresh water (FW) aquaculture requires minimal environmental impact, by... more Sustainable development of fresh water (FW) aquaculture requires minimal environmental impact, by reducing the waste discharged into the surrounding waters. To assess the water quality status and impact of flow-through trout farming in the Louros river (NW Greece), a seasonal evaluation of the trout production in the river was performed. Seasonal samples of river water entering and discharged were obtained to monitor some water quality parameters. The parameters were temperature, pH, ammonium, phosphate, dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) of flow-through trout farms alongside the river. All monitored parameters indicated minimal environmental impact of the fish farms; pH ranged from 7.57 to 8.03, TDS ranged from 151.43 to 242.56 mg/L, DO ranged from 6.28 to 9.16 mg O2/L, BOD ranged from 0 to 2 mg O2/L. As for the nutrients, mean values were below each limit set for freshwater systems. NH4-N ranged from 0 to 0.28 mg/L, and PO4-P ranged from 0.15 to 0.42 mg/L. Based on the comparison of water quality parameters in the outlets and on the Environmental Impacts and Environmental Quality Standards (EQS), it can be concluded that trout fish farms had no significant environmental impact on the river water quality during any of the tested seasons. All parameters presented strong increasing trends during spring and summer and low decreasing trends in autumn and winter. In conclusion, the results indicated minimal aquaculture impact on river Louros water quality.
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
This work assesses the dietary use of two insect meals of Tenebrio molitor (TM) larvae reared in ... more This work assesses the dietary use of two insect meals of Tenebrio molitor (TM) larvae reared in conventional (TM-10) or MAPs-enriched substrates (MAP-TM-10) as fish meal replacements (10%) in the diets of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata). Fish (n=4,500; 207.19 ± 1.47 g) were divided into three groups with triplicates: Control (fed conventional diet), TM-10 and MAP-TM-10 groups.The fish were reared in floating cages for 12 weeks and The dietary effects on white blood cell ac-tivation, heat shock proteins, MAPKs, and apoptosis of the fish were evaluated. The MAP-TM-10 group exhibited the highest eosinophilic induction and plasma cells. Phosphorylated levels of p38 MAPK; p44/42 MAPK; HSP70 and HSP90 increased in the TM-10 and MAP-TM-10. In terms of apoptosis, Bax levels were lower in the TM groups compared to the Control, and the MAP-TM-10 group showed even lower levels than the TM-10 group. Bcl-2 levels increased in the TM-10 compared to the Control, and further increased in the MAP...
Legislation and interest to protect and restore freshwater and marine ecosystems from aquaculture... more Legislation and interest to protect and restore freshwater and marine ecosystems from aquaculture's environmental impact is global. However, aquaculture induced eutrophication continues to be a major environmental issue. Open freshwater fish farms in particular, providing fish with phosphorus-rich feeds pollute aquatic ecosystems since water soluble phosphorus, uneaten feed, feces, and metabolic waste from farmed fish increase phosphorus concentration in the adjacent waters. Several intestinal enzymes, transporters, and regulating factors are implicated in dietary phosphorus retention of farmed fish. For example, alkaline phosphatase and other transporters help the anterior intestine absorb phosphorus, while pH, calcium, and vitamin D affect these enzymes and transporters.. Intestinal morphology and gut microbiome may also affect this process. Reducing phosphorus pollution from open-flow fish farms requires a thorough understanding of processes that affectnutrient retention and ...
The filleting yield and the chemical composition of farmed sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax); rainb... more The filleting yield and the chemical composition of farmed sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax); rainbow trout (Oncorynchus mykiss) and meagre (Argyrosomus regius) was investigated in farmed fish in NW Greece. The results provide an estimate of the quantity of fish required to produce one kilogram of fillet weight, an estimation which is required for the operational management of fish processing companies. Furthermore in this work, the ratio of feed input required to produce one kilogram of fish fillet (FFCR) is presented for the first time as a useful indicator of the ecological footprint of consuming farmed fish. The lowest lipid content appeared in meagre (1,7%) and the highest in trout (4,91%). The lowest fillet yield and fillet yield feed conversion ratio (FYFCR) was in meagre (FY=42,17%, FFCR=2,48), the best fillet yield (FY=53,8%) and FYFCR (2,10) was exhibited in farmed rainbow trout. This research has been co-financed by the European Union (European Social Fund – ESF) and Greek ...
The present work aims to review and depict the current status of this invasive species along the ... more The present work aims to review and depict the current status of this invasive species along the Ionian coastal zone of the eastern Adriatic and to assess its invasive potential of the species. Blue crab has a long invasion history in the Mediterranean Sea. The available data on the species occurrence in the western Adriatic region of Ionian coast is scarce and fragmented. The proximity of most of the estuaries and lagoons to local ports and to the shipping routes, as well as the swimming/dispersal ability of the adults indicate that range expansion will continue. The abundance and distribution of the species in the region was estimated with the use of a decision support tool (Marine Invertebrate Invasiveness Screening Kit , v1.19). The observed impacts are discussed along with urgent mitigation priorities.. Measures to limit the expansion of this invasive species, may include the management of ballast waters, for example by a strict implementation of ballast water management plan, ...
Acute toxicity and sub-lethal developmental aluminum (Al) toxicity on
zebrafish embryos were det... more Acute toxicity and sub-lethal developmental aluminum (Al) toxicity on
zebrafish embryos were determined in the present work. Four-hour postfertiliza-
tion zebrafish embryos were randomly divided into three experimental groups and
a control. The developing embryos were exposed to 500, 50, and 0.05 mg l−1
Al 2 (SO4 ) 3 solution for 96 h postfertilization. Exposure to Al resulted in delayed
embryonic development and hatching and low levels of survival. The magnitude
of the effects increased with increasing concentrations of Al. Compared to post-
hatching stages, the magnitude of toxicity was higher in the pre-hatching embryonic
stages of development
Wild fish are considered as testier and in fish restaurants are offered at twice the price of far... more Wild fish are considered as testier and in fish restaurants are offered at twice the price of farmed fish. Several chemical and structural differences can affect the consumer's attitudes for farmed fish. The structure and chemical composition of fish muscle is also important for the performance of farmed fish during handling, storage and processing. In the present work we present the chemical and sensory parameters which are used as indicators of fish flesh quality and we investigated the perceptions of consumers for farmed sea bass and the organoleptic differences between samples of wild and farmed sea bass. A questionnaire was distributed to a group of various ages that were regular consumers of sea bass. The questionnaire included a survey on the perceptions on taste and appearance differences between wild and farmed sea bass. A significant percentage (>40%) of the participants stated their perception of superior taste of wild sea bass versus the farmed fish. The participa...
The chemical composition and lipid quality of farmed sea bass from NW Greece was investigated. A ... more The chemical composition and lipid quality of farmed sea bass from NW Greece was investigated. A difference in the proximate composition and filleting yield of farmed sea bass reared in different environmental conditions was observed in the present work. Fish reared in aquaculture lagoons exhibited higher moisture and low lipid compared to the fish farmed in marine floating cages. The results of the present work indicate that farmed fish exhibit variability in the flesh quality which can be attributed to differences in the rearing systems, aquaculture conditions with consequences for the nutritional benefits of consuming farmed fish. This research has been co-financed by the European Union (European Social Fund – ESF) and Greek national funds through the Operational Program "Education and Lifelong Learning" of the National Strategic Reference Framework (NSRF) - Research Funding Program: ARCHIMEDES III. Investing in knowledge society through the European Social Fund.Ispitiv...
The present work aims to review and describe the current status of the invasive species Callinect... more The present work aims to review and describe the current status of the invasive species Callinectes sapidus Rathbun, 1896, along the Ionian coastal zone of Greece and to assess its invasive potential. Blue crab has a long invasion history in the Mediterranean Sea, but the available data on the species occurrence in the Ionian sub-region are scarce and fragmented. The proximity of most of the estuaries and lagoons to local ports and to the shipping routes, as well as the swimming/dispersal ability of the adults of the species, indicate that range expansion will likely continue. The invasiveness risk of the species in the region was estimated with the use of a decision support tool (Marine Invertebrate Invasiveness Screening Kit, version 1.19). The observed impacts are discussed, along with urgent mitigation priorities. Measures to limit the expansion of this invasive species may include the effective management of ballast waters and the targeted increase of fishing pressure on C. sap...
The aim of this study was to present evidence for the health issues related to the fatty acid con... more The aim of this study was to present evidence for the health issues related to the fatty acid content in the edible flesh of farmed fish. The polyunsaturated fatty acids content of two widely farmed fish species in Europe, sea bass and gilthead sea bream, was 33.96% and 32.06% respectively. Linoleic acid (LA) was the dominant fatty acid and the n-3/n-6 ratio was 0.81 and 1.24, respectively. The dominance of LA and the increased n-6/n-3 ratio in the flesh in farmed fish of both species indicates the importance of fish feeds for the nutritional value of the final product. The fatty acids, especially n-3, are essential and important for human's health. Linoleic acid (LA) and Linolenic acid LNA in fish feeds cannot be transformed easily to n-6 and n-3 fatty acids in the flesh of marine fish. The fatty acid profile of fish is a determinant parameter for the health benefits of consuming fish. The data presented in this paper provide evidence of an urgent need to improve the fatty acid...
Fish freshness can be evaluated by sensory, physical and biochemical parameters. The purpose of t... more Fish freshness can be evaluated by sensory, physical and biochemical parameters. The purpose of the present work was to evaluate the potential utilisation of enzyme activity changes as indicators of shelf life in ice-stored sea bass. Changes in the enzyme content and organoleptic score of ungutted ice-stored sea bass were monitored over a two-week period. Organoleptic score and activity of CCO and LDH decreased gradually with a 50% reduction after 10 days of storage in ice. The results show that monitoring the activity of the mitochondrial and cytoplasmic enzymes of fish muscle can be used as an indicator of fish freshness
The purpose of this study is to examine the possible link between employee and customer satisfact... more The purpose of this study is to examine the possible link between employee and customer satisfaction. The service provided by employees, help to build a good relationship with customers and can help at increasing their loyalty. Published data for job satisfaction and indicators of customer services of banks were gathered from relevant published works which included data from five different countries. The scores of customers and employees satisfaction of the different published works were transformed and normalized to the scale of 1 to 100. The data were analyzed and a regression analysis of the two parameters was used to describe the link between employees satisfaction and customer satisfaction. Assuming that employee satisfaction has a significant influence on customer's service and the resulting customer satisfaction, the reviewed data indicate that employee's satisfaction contributes significantly on the level of customer satisfaction in the Banking sector. There was a si...
The Greek aquaculture industry is second most important economic sector for the growth of the Gre... more The Greek aquaculture industry is second most important economic sector for the growth of the Greek Economy. The purpose of the present work is to present some data for the management challenges that the Aquaculture industry in Greece is currently facing. Currently the Greek aquaculture industry is going through a series of mergers and restructure. The financial status of the different aquaculture companies, the working conditions and management practices may vary according to lending exposure, market mix, company size, and technological parameters of the different fish farm units and rearing systems. Frequently, the aquaculture personnel are exposed to harsh environmental conditions and to occupational risk. Furthermore, there is pressure on the personnel of fish farms to constantly improve their production efficiency and to enhance their work skills to the new methods and practices which are adopted by the aquaculture industry. There is some data to suggest the existence of gender...
Per capita consumption, flow of trade and production of fish of the EU market varies significantl... more Per capita consumption, flow of trade and production of fish of the EU market varies significantly between nations. In the EU about 26% of the total fish market volume is based on Aquaculture and about 13% of this production is based on Mediterranean Marine fish species cultivated in South European countries. Marketing data were collected from published online databases, annual reports of major Greek Aquaculture companies. Some data were also collected on a confidential basis from fish farms (which are not named in the preset manuscript) operating in West Greece. During the last two decades, the ex-farm price of the farmed fish decreased dramatically but the volume of production increased and are currently stabilised. Over the years, while the ex-farm price decreased dramatically, the production cost decreased, mainly due to technological improvements and increased volume of production of the fish farms. The future trends of the aquaculture sector include the possible reduction of t...
International Journal of Energy and Water Resources, 2021
Sustainable development of fresh water (FW) aquaculture requires minimal environmental impact, by... more Sustainable development of fresh water (FW) aquaculture requires minimal environmental impact, by reducing the waste discharged into the surrounding waters. To assess the water quality status and impact of flow-through trout farming in the Louros river (NW Greece), a seasonal evaluation of the trout production in the river was performed. Seasonal samples of river water entering and discharged were obtained to monitor some water quality parameters. The parameters were temperature, pH, ammonium, phosphate, dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) of flow-through trout farms alongside the river. All monitored parameters indicated minimal environmental impact of the fish farms; pH ranged from 7.57 to 8.03, TDS ranged from 151.43 to 242.56 mg/L, DO ranged from 6.28 to 9.16 mg O2/L, BOD ranged from 0 to 2 mg O2/L. As for the nutrients, mean values were below each limit set for freshwater systems. NH4-N ranged from 0 to 0.28 mg/L, and PO4-P ranged from 0.15 to 0.42 mg/L. Based on the comparison of water quality parameters in the outlets and on the Environmental Impacts and Environmental Quality Standards (EQS), it can be concluded that trout fish farms had no significant environmental impact on the river water quality during any of the tested seasons. All parameters presented strong increasing trends during spring and summer and low decreasing trends in autumn and winter. In conclusion, the results indicated minimal aquaculture impact on river Louros water quality.
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
This work assesses the dietary use of two insect meals of Tenebrio molitor (TM) larvae reared in ... more This work assesses the dietary use of two insect meals of Tenebrio molitor (TM) larvae reared in conventional (TM-10) or MAPs-enriched substrates (MAP-TM-10) as fish meal replacements (10%) in the diets of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata). Fish (n=4,500; 207.19 ± 1.47 g) were divided into three groups with triplicates: Control (fed conventional diet), TM-10 and MAP-TM-10 groups.The fish were reared in floating cages for 12 weeks and The dietary effects on white blood cell ac-tivation, heat shock proteins, MAPKs, and apoptosis of the fish were evaluated. The MAP-TM-10 group exhibited the highest eosinophilic induction and plasma cells. Phosphorylated levels of p38 MAPK; p44/42 MAPK; HSP70 and HSP90 increased in the TM-10 and MAP-TM-10. In terms of apoptosis, Bax levels were lower in the TM groups compared to the Control, and the MAP-TM-10 group showed even lower levels than the TM-10 group. Bcl-2 levels increased in the TM-10 compared to the Control, and further increased in the MAP...
Legislation and interest to protect and restore freshwater and marine ecosystems from aquaculture... more Legislation and interest to protect and restore freshwater and marine ecosystems from aquaculture's environmental impact is global. However, aquaculture induced eutrophication continues to be a major environmental issue. Open freshwater fish farms in particular, providing fish with phosphorus-rich feeds pollute aquatic ecosystems since water soluble phosphorus, uneaten feed, feces, and metabolic waste from farmed fish increase phosphorus concentration in the adjacent waters. Several intestinal enzymes, transporters, and regulating factors are implicated in dietary phosphorus retention of farmed fish. For example, alkaline phosphatase and other transporters help the anterior intestine absorb phosphorus, while pH, calcium, and vitamin D affect these enzymes and transporters.. Intestinal morphology and gut microbiome may also affect this process. Reducing phosphorus pollution from open-flow fish farms requires a thorough understanding of processes that affectnutrient retention and ...
The filleting yield and the chemical composition of farmed sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax); rainb... more The filleting yield and the chemical composition of farmed sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax); rainbow trout (Oncorynchus mykiss) and meagre (Argyrosomus regius) was investigated in farmed fish in NW Greece. The results provide an estimate of the quantity of fish required to produce one kilogram of fillet weight, an estimation which is required for the operational management of fish processing companies. Furthermore in this work, the ratio of feed input required to produce one kilogram of fish fillet (FFCR) is presented for the first time as a useful indicator of the ecological footprint of consuming farmed fish. The lowest lipid content appeared in meagre (1,7%) and the highest in trout (4,91%). The lowest fillet yield and fillet yield feed conversion ratio (FYFCR) was in meagre (FY=42,17%, FFCR=2,48), the best fillet yield (FY=53,8%) and FYFCR (2,10) was exhibited in farmed rainbow trout. This research has been co-financed by the European Union (European Social Fund – ESF) and Greek ...
The present work aims to review and depict the current status of this invasive species along the ... more The present work aims to review and depict the current status of this invasive species along the Ionian coastal zone of the eastern Adriatic and to assess its invasive potential of the species. Blue crab has a long invasion history in the Mediterranean Sea. The available data on the species occurrence in the western Adriatic region of Ionian coast is scarce and fragmented. The proximity of most of the estuaries and lagoons to local ports and to the shipping routes, as well as the swimming/dispersal ability of the adults indicate that range expansion will continue. The abundance and distribution of the species in the region was estimated with the use of a decision support tool (Marine Invertebrate Invasiveness Screening Kit , v1.19). The observed impacts are discussed along with urgent mitigation priorities.. Measures to limit the expansion of this invasive species, may include the management of ballast waters, for example by a strict implementation of ballast water management plan, ...
Acute toxicity and sub-lethal developmental aluminum (Al) toxicity on
zebrafish embryos were det... more Acute toxicity and sub-lethal developmental aluminum (Al) toxicity on
zebrafish embryos were determined in the present work. Four-hour postfertiliza-
tion zebrafish embryos were randomly divided into three experimental groups and
a control. The developing embryos were exposed to 500, 50, and 0.05 mg l−1
Al 2 (SO4 ) 3 solution for 96 h postfertilization. Exposure to Al resulted in delayed
embryonic development and hatching and low levels of survival. The magnitude
of the effects increased with increasing concentrations of Al. Compared to post-
hatching stages, the magnitude of toxicity was higher in the pre-hatching embryonic
stages of development
Wild fish are considered as testier and in fish restaurants are offered at twice the price of far... more Wild fish are considered as testier and in fish restaurants are offered at twice the price of farmed fish. Several chemical and structural differences can affect the consumer's attitudes for farmed fish. The structure and chemical composition of fish muscle is also important for the performance of farmed fish during handling, storage and processing. In the present work we present the chemical and sensory parameters which are used as indicators of fish flesh quality and we investigated the perceptions of consumers for farmed sea bass and the organoleptic differences between samples of wild and farmed sea bass. A questionnaire was distributed to a group of various ages that were regular consumers of sea bass. The questionnaire included a survey on the perceptions on taste and appearance differences between wild and farmed sea bass. A significant percentage (>40%) of the participants stated their perception of superior taste of wild sea bass versus the farmed fish. The participa...
The chemical composition and lipid quality of farmed sea bass from NW Greece was investigated. A ... more The chemical composition and lipid quality of farmed sea bass from NW Greece was investigated. A difference in the proximate composition and filleting yield of farmed sea bass reared in different environmental conditions was observed in the present work. Fish reared in aquaculture lagoons exhibited higher moisture and low lipid compared to the fish farmed in marine floating cages. The results of the present work indicate that farmed fish exhibit variability in the flesh quality which can be attributed to differences in the rearing systems, aquaculture conditions with consequences for the nutritional benefits of consuming farmed fish. This research has been co-financed by the European Union (European Social Fund – ESF) and Greek national funds through the Operational Program "Education and Lifelong Learning" of the National Strategic Reference Framework (NSRF) - Research Funding Program: ARCHIMEDES III. Investing in knowledge society through the European Social Fund.Ispitiv...
The present work aims to review and describe the current status of the invasive species Callinect... more The present work aims to review and describe the current status of the invasive species Callinectes sapidus Rathbun, 1896, along the Ionian coastal zone of Greece and to assess its invasive potential. Blue crab has a long invasion history in the Mediterranean Sea, but the available data on the species occurrence in the Ionian sub-region are scarce and fragmented. The proximity of most of the estuaries and lagoons to local ports and to the shipping routes, as well as the swimming/dispersal ability of the adults of the species, indicate that range expansion will likely continue. The invasiveness risk of the species in the region was estimated with the use of a decision support tool (Marine Invertebrate Invasiveness Screening Kit, version 1.19). The observed impacts are discussed, along with urgent mitigation priorities. Measures to limit the expansion of this invasive species may include the effective management of ballast waters and the targeted increase of fishing pressure on C. sap...
The aim of this study was to present evidence for the health issues related to the fatty acid con... more The aim of this study was to present evidence for the health issues related to the fatty acid content in the edible flesh of farmed fish. The polyunsaturated fatty acids content of two widely farmed fish species in Europe, sea bass and gilthead sea bream, was 33.96% and 32.06% respectively. Linoleic acid (LA) was the dominant fatty acid and the n-3/n-6 ratio was 0.81 and 1.24, respectively. The dominance of LA and the increased n-6/n-3 ratio in the flesh in farmed fish of both species indicates the importance of fish feeds for the nutritional value of the final product. The fatty acids, especially n-3, are essential and important for human's health. Linoleic acid (LA) and Linolenic acid LNA in fish feeds cannot be transformed easily to n-6 and n-3 fatty acids in the flesh of marine fish. The fatty acid profile of fish is a determinant parameter for the health benefits of consuming fish. The data presented in this paper provide evidence of an urgent need to improve the fatty acid...
Fish freshness can be evaluated by sensory, physical and biochemical parameters. The purpose of t... more Fish freshness can be evaluated by sensory, physical and biochemical parameters. The purpose of the present work was to evaluate the potential utilisation of enzyme activity changes as indicators of shelf life in ice-stored sea bass. Changes in the enzyme content and organoleptic score of ungutted ice-stored sea bass were monitored over a two-week period. Organoleptic score and activity of CCO and LDH decreased gradually with a 50% reduction after 10 days of storage in ice. The results show that monitoring the activity of the mitochondrial and cytoplasmic enzymes of fish muscle can be used as an indicator of fish freshness
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Papers by Cosmas Nathanailides
zebrafish embryos were determined in the present work. Four-hour postfertiliza-
tion zebrafish embryos were randomly divided into three experimental groups and
a control. The developing embryos were exposed to 500, 50, and 0.05 mg l−1
Al 2 (SO4 ) 3 solution for 96 h postfertilization. Exposure to Al resulted in delayed
embryonic development and hatching and low levels of survival. The magnitude
of the effects increased with increasing concentrations of Al. Compared to post-
hatching stages, the magnitude of toxicity was higher in the pre-hatching embryonic
stages of development
zebrafish embryos were determined in the present work. Four-hour postfertiliza-
tion zebrafish embryos were randomly divided into three experimental groups and
a control. The developing embryos were exposed to 500, 50, and 0.05 mg l−1
Al 2 (SO4 ) 3 solution for 96 h postfertilization. Exposure to Al resulted in delayed
embryonic development and hatching and low levels of survival. The magnitude
of the effects increased with increasing concentrations of Al. Compared to post-
hatching stages, the magnitude of toxicity was higher in the pre-hatching embryonic
stages of development