Professor at (GAMGC) University of Sargodha-Pakistan. Areas of interest: 1- Water politics and Riparian Rights 2- Cooperation, Competition and Conflict over the waters of the Indus Rivers System.3- Politics of Water resource management4- Pakistan Movement5- Constitutional and Political History of Pakistan6- Comparative politics Address: Pakistan
Judiciary is considered an important pillar of every political system. It always tried to ensure ... more Judiciary is considered an important pillar of every political system. It always tried to ensure the rule of law and guarantees civil liberties and fundamental rights to the citizens. To perform these functions effectively, independence of judiciary must be ensured. Unfortunately, in Pakistan judiciary faced severe hurdles in its smooth functioning due to legal framework orders and provisional constitutional orders issued from time to time by military rulers. Resultantly independence of judiciary suffered severely. This paper is an attempt to assess the level of judicial independence in political system of Pakistan from 1947 to 1999. Historical and analytical approaches of research with secondary sources of data have been used to find the results. Introduction:
No country in the world is self-reliant. Some states have surplus resources and at the same time ... more No country in the world is self-reliant. Some states have surplus resources and at the same time some other states have shortage of those resources. To fill up the gap of demand and supply, states establish relations but these relations are established under the foreign policy of a state. So, it is very important for a country to formulate a sound and viable foreign policy. Foreign policy tells how a country will act economically, socially and politically in response of other states. Every foreign policy is formulated on the basis of some fundamental principles. In this paper, the researchers have tried to explore the principles of foreign policy of an Islamic state from the Quran and Sunnah. Both primary and secondary sources have been used to conclude the arguments.
Liberal Arts and Social Sciences International Journal (LASSIJ)
Indian society was diverse and complex in nature from its emergence and was marred with communal ... more Indian society was diverse and complex in nature from its emergence and was marred with communal conflicts. Hence, it was inevitable for the founding fathers of the Indian state to adopt an inclusive political system based on democracy, secularism, and pluralism to achieve unity in diversity. Due to the self-centric mindset of succeeding politicians who began to drift away from these ideals, secularism has been declining for a long time. The appalling political behaviour of the ruling elite has been enlarging the gulf between the theory and practice of secularism since the rule of the Indian National Congress, starting from the demise of Nehru. It has been damaging the idea of composite cultural nationalism by narrowing its societal space. That practice has also created an ideological vacuum filled by religious nationalism over time and reached its culminating point when Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) came into power in India. This article analytically explores the consequences of the...
In the wake of independence, Indian founding fathers realized that in a country highly divided in... more In the wake of independence, Indian founding fathers realized that in a country highly divided into communal differences based on caste, creed, religion, ethnicity, and regionalism of conflicting nature, only secularism could work as a great cementing force for the diverse communities of India. That dream appeared short-lived and space for secular ideology faded away creating a vacuum and providing Hindutva with an opportunity for its growth by filling the vacuum in the Society. Over time, it has appeared as a dominant social movement than ever before and has, ultimately attained political dominance as a unique wave in the electoral success of a political party of Hindu nationalists, the BJP, under the leadership of Narendra Modi. As the domestic policies and strategic decisions under the Modi regime have been mostly influenced by the Hindu extremist ideology of RSS, the BJP government has made this narrative a social reality with its overarching implications on India"s political landscape and its subsequent reflection on regional and international peace as well. Besides, an exclusive and non-accommodative strategy of Modi-led BJP in the guise of Hindu majoritarian norms has currently led India"s transition into a destabilized parochial polity with regional consequences. The article attempts to search out historical evolution of Hindutva ideology, its features and dominance in the period of the BJP government from 2014 onwards. It also highlights the emerging nature of society in India as well as the threat to environment of the region.
Chinese and South Asian interactions can be found back into history in 3rd century BC. Besides a ... more Chinese and South Asian interactions can be found back into history in 3rd century BC. Besides a long shared history their relationship never remained strong but limited to culture, religion and hardly ever commerce. The political interactions between them started in late 1940s when British Raj ended in subcontinent and new establishment took over the charge in China. The relations between them earlier to this are not much significant. Ensuing the foundation of Communist China in 1949, it has started interacting with Asian and farther nations. South Asia gained significance in China's foreign policy priorities in accordance with the general ideological shove whereby it normally opposed the role of United States and other western powers sentenced the UN and emphasized on the unity among Afro-Asia in the post-colonial era. This paper is an attempt to explore the nature of relationship between China and countries
Liberal Arts and Social Sciences International Journal, 2022
Indian society was diverse and complex in nature from its emergence and was marred with communal ... more Indian society was diverse and complex in nature from its emergence and was marred with communal conflicts. Hence, it was inevitable for the founding fathers of the Indian state to adopt an inclusive political system based on democracy, secularism, and pluralism to achieve unity in diversity. Due to the self-centric mindset of succeeding politicians who began to drift away from these ideals, secularism has been declining for a long time. The appalling political behaviour of the ruling elite has been enlarging the gulf between the theory and practice of secularism since the rule of the Indian National Congress, starting from the demise of Nehru. It has been damaging the idea of composite cultural nationalism by narrowing its societal space. That practice has also created an ideological vacuum filled by religious nationalism over time and reached its culminating point when Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) came into power in India. This article analytically explores the consequences of the narrowing space of secularism and the resultant rise of Hindutva. It also delineates the destabilization of the domestic environment and an alarming regional security situation affected by the emerging extremist ideology in place of secularism in India.
The threat of nuclear terrorism is as old as the existence of nuclear weapons on the face of the ... more The threat of nuclear terrorism is as old as the existence of nuclear weapons on the face of the earth. Nonetheless, this earned popularity in the 1980s when the international community was aware of the attempts made by the terrorist organizations to acquire this lethal technology for destructive purposes. As of today, not a single act of nuclear terrorism has been marked. But the motivation and attempts to acquire one of the radioactive materials are on the board. Out of all these efforts made by terrorists or individuals, there is a significant portion of illicit activities which happened in India. Being one of the largest states in the region, India seems more vulnerable to the threats of nuclear terrorism as compared to any other nuclear-weapon state. It is because of the threats and challenges posed by the separatists or terrorist organization prevalent in India. The presence of Nuclear facilities in areas inhibiting separatists and terrorist movements is not only alarming for ...
It has been decades since legislative issues have thought about social, defense, and compassionat... more It has been decades since legislative issues have thought about social, defense, and compassionate issues of migration which has become a touchstone in U.S strategy discussion. Mexican migration to the U.S started in 1848. It has proceeded to the present with no critical interference, something that makes this work movement very particular as a basic segment of the American work advertise. Generally started with enormous development, driven by starvation, political problems, open doors in the U.S; that point eased back, tightened, or unexpectedly finished, from 1850 to 1882, similar to the case of the Chinese. The details show that Mexico is a key source of settlers in U.S and has long been a major source of enemy contact with refugees, but so many have been focusing on Mexico and not the other countries which have also become major sources of illegal immigrants. The United States and Mexico are bordered with California, San Diego, and Baja California, Tijuana, and the Pacific Ocean...
Liberal Arts and Social Sciences International Journal (LASSIJ), 2020
The British Government of India divided the Muslim majority province of Punjab into Eastern and W... more The British Government of India divided the Muslim majority province of Punjab into Eastern and Western Punjab. But the partition line was drawn in a manner that headworks remained in India and irrigated land in Pakistan. The partition of Punjab was not scheduled in the original plan of the division of India. Why was it partitioned? To answer this question, the study in the first instance tries to explore circumstances, reasons, and conspiracies which led to the partition of Punjab which led to the division of the canal irrigation system and secondly, the impact of partition on water resource management in the Indus River Basin. Descriptive, historical, and analytical methods of research have been used to draw a conclusion. The study highlights the mindset of Indian National Congress to cripple down the newly emerging state of Pakistan that became a root cause of the partition of Punjab. The paper also highlights why India stopped water flowing into Pakistan on 1st April 1948 and th...
The Military s involvement in the political system of Pakistan began from the mid-1950s and conti... more The Military s involvement in the political system of Pakistan began from the mid-1950s and continued verily as a guardian, a praetorian, or ruler on various occasions. Its disengagement, after the direct intervention, remained usually slow and gradual. Hence, it took a long time for disengagement and created a power-sharing model instead of transferring power to the civilian elite. The pattern of civilianization adopted by the Ayub Khan and Zia-ul-Haq was also adopted by the Musharraf regime with few changes. In his early days, though, General Pervaiz Musharraf demonstrated intention for economic revival, accountability, devolution of power, and democratic consolidation as his foremost goals and took some steps towards that direction but he abruptly reversed those steps when he sensed a threat to his dominating position in a self-created system. This paper is an attempt to critically analyze the process of civilianization during the period under consideration based on the theoretic...
This paper studies the economic status of Women legislators through data from their assets submit... more This paper studies the economic status of Women legislators through data from their assets submitted to the Election Commission of Pakistan from 2002-2013. The findings indicate that strong financial status is an important pre-requisite for successful entry into the politics. This study found that the majority of elected women belong to an elite class. It is also evident that the common Pakistani woman is still miles away from the corridors of power because she does not have sufficient economic resources to participate in politics.
Bilateral relations of India and Pakistan have been under the shadow of misunderstanding, tension... more Bilateral relations of India and Pakistan have been under the shadow of misunderstanding, tensions and wars since the inception of both countries in 1947. India is ambitious to play a hegemonic role in South Asia, but Pakistan is considered a big challenge by the Indian policy makers. To counter Pakistan, India has embarked upon a bi-dimensional strategy towards Pakistan. First, it has intensified its campaign to diplomatically isolate Pakistan through blame game of terrorism. Secondly, it has inclined to use hard force when faced with terrorism and cross old lines. To achieve these targets, India has always used a multifaceted approach to wear away Pakistan's position in the international community. This paper mainly concentrates on the Narendra Modi’s foreign policy to isolate Pakistan among the international community.
The Indus water treaty was signed on 19th September 1960 by India and Pakistan under the aegis of... more The Indus water treaty was signed on 19th September 1960 by India and Pakistan under the aegis of the World Bank. Bilateral principles regarding water apportionment between both states were ensured by the Treaty. As a result, waters of the eastern rivers; Sutlej, Beas and Ravi, were assigned exclusively to India, while Pakistan received exclusive water rights of the western rivers; the Indus, Jhelum and Chenab but India is allowed to irrigate some specific land in Indian occupied Jammu and Kashmir and to generate hydroelectric power through run-off-the river projects. Following the Uri incident, the Indian government and media are generating ideas to discard the Indus water treaty. This paper focuses on legal and international implications if India attempts to unilaterally revoke the Treaty.
Judiciary is considered an important pillar of every political system. It always tried to ensure ... more Judiciary is considered an important pillar of every political system. It always tried to ensure the rule of law and guarantees civil liberties and fundamental rights to the citizens. To perform these functions effectively, independence of judiciary must be ensured. Unfortunately, in Pakistan judiciary faced severe hurdles in its smooth functioning due to legal framework orders and provisional constitutional orders issued from time to time by military rulers. Resultantly independence of judiciary suffered severely. This paper is an attempt to assess the level of judicial independence in political system of Pakistan from 1947 to 1999. Historical and analytical approaches of research with secondary sources of data have been used to find the results. Introduction:
No country in the world is self-reliant. Some states have surplus resources and at the same time ... more No country in the world is self-reliant. Some states have surplus resources and at the same time some other states have shortage of those resources. To fill up the gap of demand and supply, states establish relations but these relations are established under the foreign policy of a state. So, it is very important for a country to formulate a sound and viable foreign policy. Foreign policy tells how a country will act economically, socially and politically in response of other states. Every foreign policy is formulated on the basis of some fundamental principles. In this paper, the researchers have tried to explore the principles of foreign policy of an Islamic state from the Quran and Sunnah. Both primary and secondary sources have been used to conclude the arguments.
Liberal Arts and Social Sciences International Journal (LASSIJ)
Indian society was diverse and complex in nature from its emergence and was marred with communal ... more Indian society was diverse and complex in nature from its emergence and was marred with communal conflicts. Hence, it was inevitable for the founding fathers of the Indian state to adopt an inclusive political system based on democracy, secularism, and pluralism to achieve unity in diversity. Due to the self-centric mindset of succeeding politicians who began to drift away from these ideals, secularism has been declining for a long time. The appalling political behaviour of the ruling elite has been enlarging the gulf between the theory and practice of secularism since the rule of the Indian National Congress, starting from the demise of Nehru. It has been damaging the idea of composite cultural nationalism by narrowing its societal space. That practice has also created an ideological vacuum filled by religious nationalism over time and reached its culminating point when Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) came into power in India. This article analytically explores the consequences of the...
In the wake of independence, Indian founding fathers realized that in a country highly divided in... more In the wake of independence, Indian founding fathers realized that in a country highly divided into communal differences based on caste, creed, religion, ethnicity, and regionalism of conflicting nature, only secularism could work as a great cementing force for the diverse communities of India. That dream appeared short-lived and space for secular ideology faded away creating a vacuum and providing Hindutva with an opportunity for its growth by filling the vacuum in the Society. Over time, it has appeared as a dominant social movement than ever before and has, ultimately attained political dominance as a unique wave in the electoral success of a political party of Hindu nationalists, the BJP, under the leadership of Narendra Modi. As the domestic policies and strategic decisions under the Modi regime have been mostly influenced by the Hindu extremist ideology of RSS, the BJP government has made this narrative a social reality with its overarching implications on India"s political landscape and its subsequent reflection on regional and international peace as well. Besides, an exclusive and non-accommodative strategy of Modi-led BJP in the guise of Hindu majoritarian norms has currently led India"s transition into a destabilized parochial polity with regional consequences. The article attempts to search out historical evolution of Hindutva ideology, its features and dominance in the period of the BJP government from 2014 onwards. It also highlights the emerging nature of society in India as well as the threat to environment of the region.
Chinese and South Asian interactions can be found back into history in 3rd century BC. Besides a ... more Chinese and South Asian interactions can be found back into history in 3rd century BC. Besides a long shared history their relationship never remained strong but limited to culture, religion and hardly ever commerce. The political interactions between them started in late 1940s when British Raj ended in subcontinent and new establishment took over the charge in China. The relations between them earlier to this are not much significant. Ensuing the foundation of Communist China in 1949, it has started interacting with Asian and farther nations. South Asia gained significance in China's foreign policy priorities in accordance with the general ideological shove whereby it normally opposed the role of United States and other western powers sentenced the UN and emphasized on the unity among Afro-Asia in the post-colonial era. This paper is an attempt to explore the nature of relationship between China and countries
Liberal Arts and Social Sciences International Journal, 2022
Indian society was diverse and complex in nature from its emergence and was marred with communal ... more Indian society was diverse and complex in nature from its emergence and was marred with communal conflicts. Hence, it was inevitable for the founding fathers of the Indian state to adopt an inclusive political system based on democracy, secularism, and pluralism to achieve unity in diversity. Due to the self-centric mindset of succeeding politicians who began to drift away from these ideals, secularism has been declining for a long time. The appalling political behaviour of the ruling elite has been enlarging the gulf between the theory and practice of secularism since the rule of the Indian National Congress, starting from the demise of Nehru. It has been damaging the idea of composite cultural nationalism by narrowing its societal space. That practice has also created an ideological vacuum filled by religious nationalism over time and reached its culminating point when Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) came into power in India. This article analytically explores the consequences of the narrowing space of secularism and the resultant rise of Hindutva. It also delineates the destabilization of the domestic environment and an alarming regional security situation affected by the emerging extremist ideology in place of secularism in India.
The threat of nuclear terrorism is as old as the existence of nuclear weapons on the face of the ... more The threat of nuclear terrorism is as old as the existence of nuclear weapons on the face of the earth. Nonetheless, this earned popularity in the 1980s when the international community was aware of the attempts made by the terrorist organizations to acquire this lethal technology for destructive purposes. As of today, not a single act of nuclear terrorism has been marked. But the motivation and attempts to acquire one of the radioactive materials are on the board. Out of all these efforts made by terrorists or individuals, there is a significant portion of illicit activities which happened in India. Being one of the largest states in the region, India seems more vulnerable to the threats of nuclear terrorism as compared to any other nuclear-weapon state. It is because of the threats and challenges posed by the separatists or terrorist organization prevalent in India. The presence of Nuclear facilities in areas inhibiting separatists and terrorist movements is not only alarming for ...
It has been decades since legislative issues have thought about social, defense, and compassionat... more It has been decades since legislative issues have thought about social, defense, and compassionate issues of migration which has become a touchstone in U.S strategy discussion. Mexican migration to the U.S started in 1848. It has proceeded to the present with no critical interference, something that makes this work movement very particular as a basic segment of the American work advertise. Generally started with enormous development, driven by starvation, political problems, open doors in the U.S; that point eased back, tightened, or unexpectedly finished, from 1850 to 1882, similar to the case of the Chinese. The details show that Mexico is a key source of settlers in U.S and has long been a major source of enemy contact with refugees, but so many have been focusing on Mexico and not the other countries which have also become major sources of illegal immigrants. The United States and Mexico are bordered with California, San Diego, and Baja California, Tijuana, and the Pacific Ocean...
Liberal Arts and Social Sciences International Journal (LASSIJ), 2020
The British Government of India divided the Muslim majority province of Punjab into Eastern and W... more The British Government of India divided the Muslim majority province of Punjab into Eastern and Western Punjab. But the partition line was drawn in a manner that headworks remained in India and irrigated land in Pakistan. The partition of Punjab was not scheduled in the original plan of the division of India. Why was it partitioned? To answer this question, the study in the first instance tries to explore circumstances, reasons, and conspiracies which led to the partition of Punjab which led to the division of the canal irrigation system and secondly, the impact of partition on water resource management in the Indus River Basin. Descriptive, historical, and analytical methods of research have been used to draw a conclusion. The study highlights the mindset of Indian National Congress to cripple down the newly emerging state of Pakistan that became a root cause of the partition of Punjab. The paper also highlights why India stopped water flowing into Pakistan on 1st April 1948 and th...
The Military s involvement in the political system of Pakistan began from the mid-1950s and conti... more The Military s involvement in the political system of Pakistan began from the mid-1950s and continued verily as a guardian, a praetorian, or ruler on various occasions. Its disengagement, after the direct intervention, remained usually slow and gradual. Hence, it took a long time for disengagement and created a power-sharing model instead of transferring power to the civilian elite. The pattern of civilianization adopted by the Ayub Khan and Zia-ul-Haq was also adopted by the Musharraf regime with few changes. In his early days, though, General Pervaiz Musharraf demonstrated intention for economic revival, accountability, devolution of power, and democratic consolidation as his foremost goals and took some steps towards that direction but he abruptly reversed those steps when he sensed a threat to his dominating position in a self-created system. This paper is an attempt to critically analyze the process of civilianization during the period under consideration based on the theoretic...
This paper studies the economic status of Women legislators through data from their assets submit... more This paper studies the economic status of Women legislators through data from their assets submitted to the Election Commission of Pakistan from 2002-2013. The findings indicate that strong financial status is an important pre-requisite for successful entry into the politics. This study found that the majority of elected women belong to an elite class. It is also evident that the common Pakistani woman is still miles away from the corridors of power because she does not have sufficient economic resources to participate in politics.
Bilateral relations of India and Pakistan have been under the shadow of misunderstanding, tension... more Bilateral relations of India and Pakistan have been under the shadow of misunderstanding, tensions and wars since the inception of both countries in 1947. India is ambitious to play a hegemonic role in South Asia, but Pakistan is considered a big challenge by the Indian policy makers. To counter Pakistan, India has embarked upon a bi-dimensional strategy towards Pakistan. First, it has intensified its campaign to diplomatically isolate Pakistan through blame game of terrorism. Secondly, it has inclined to use hard force when faced with terrorism and cross old lines. To achieve these targets, India has always used a multifaceted approach to wear away Pakistan's position in the international community. This paper mainly concentrates on the Narendra Modi’s foreign policy to isolate Pakistan among the international community.
The Indus water treaty was signed on 19th September 1960 by India and Pakistan under the aegis of... more The Indus water treaty was signed on 19th September 1960 by India and Pakistan under the aegis of the World Bank. Bilateral principles regarding water apportionment between both states were ensured by the Treaty. As a result, waters of the eastern rivers; Sutlej, Beas and Ravi, were assigned exclusively to India, while Pakistan received exclusive water rights of the western rivers; the Indus, Jhelum and Chenab but India is allowed to irrigate some specific land in Indian occupied Jammu and Kashmir and to generate hydroelectric power through run-off-the river projects. Following the Uri incident, the Indian government and media are generating ideas to discard the Indus water treaty. This paper focuses on legal and international implications if India attempts to unilaterally revoke the Treaty.
Pakistan is one among the countries terribly affected by the novel contagious disease named "COVI... more Pakistan is one among the countries terribly affected by the novel contagious disease named "COVID-19". The severe economic shortfall caused by the pandemic is likely to worsen the already frangible situation of political stability. A country of over 220 million people with a fragile democracy, brittle health system, and the sinking economy is vulnerable to the drastic politico-economic implications of COVID-19. Hence, the present study aims to analyze the politico-economic implications of this ongoing pandemic for Pakistan. Mixed-method research design has been employed to investigate the research question, as the only quantitative or qualitative analysis was not much appropriate to develop a better understanding of the problem investigated in the study. The simultaneous application of both the numerical and opinion-based data provided a comprehensive framework to reach logical findings. The study concludes that the inadequate health facilities and less coordinated response, along with a substantial decline in GDP, will make the post-pandemic scenario more challenging and cumbersome. The study suggests an integrated and coordinated approach to cope with this deadly phenomenon presently and to minimize the unfavourable implications in the future.
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Papers by Muhammad Nawaz Bhatti