Ilyas Khan

Background: Liver cirrhosis is one among most common causes of death throughout the world. Pakistan is known as cirrhotic state with high number of cirrhosis anywhere in the world. Aims: The objectives of this study were to assess risk factors, clinical features and complications of liver cirrhosis. Method: This study was done at medical wards of Khyber Teaching Hospital and Lady Reading Hospital Peshawar. Data was
collected from 74 patients with cirrhosis through structured questionnaire. Results revealed that in our results showed that Prevalence of liver cirrhosis is high in age group > 45 years(68.9%) and in male patients(79.7%),
low in intermediate age group (29.7%) and infrequent in young age group (1.4%). Out of 74 cases 38 were
attributed to HCV only, 12 to HBV and HCV co-infection, 7 to HBV only, 6 to HBV and Alcohol and HCV and
Alcohol each, 3 to HBV, HCV and Alcohol acting conjointly and 1 to Fatty liver disease. For 1 patient the cause was unknown. More than 75% hepatitis (B and C) was associated with clinical mal-practices. Most frequent signs and symptoms in decreasing order were anorexia and weight loss (100%), jaundice (90.5 %), abdominal disturbances and spleenomegaly (75%), bleeding tendencies, decreasing mental function, itching and palmer
erythema (<20%). Complications were ascites (97.3%), peripheral oedema(73%), recurrent infections (43.2),
hepatic encephalopathy (28%), GIT bleeding (4.1%) and hepatocellular carcinoma (1.4%). Serum ALT and total
Bilirubin were raised in 80 % and 90.7% patients respectively. Conclusion: Hepatitis C is the most frequent cause of liver cirrhosis mostly acquired through prick by contaminated syringes or blades or through blood transfusion.

Grape (Vitis vinifera) usually grows well in temperate countries. Many study show that consumption of grape and various other parts of the fruit, especially the seeds, provides many health benefits. The purpose of this study was to explore the antimicrobial activity of Vitis vinifera leaf extract. Sample consisting of fresh healthy leaves that were tested for their properties to inhibit growth of four species of bacteria, namely,
Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis. Disc diffusion test method was used to determine the ability of the extract to inhibit the bacteria growth. The inhibition zones
against the tested bacteria were ranging from 23.7 to 30 mm. The highest zone of inhibition produced by hot
water extract S. aureus was (30 mm), E. faecalis (28.9 mm), E. coli was (28 mm) and P. aeruginosa (23.7mm).
The extract of Vitis vinifera leaf was found to be valuable antibacterial agent. Leaves extract was able to inhibit the growth of S. aureus, E. faecalis, E. coli and P. aeruginosa, but their inhibitory activity against P. aeruginosa was less. This study confirms that Vitis vinifera leaf extract has antimicrobial activity that could be beneficial to human health.

Escherichia coli are Gram negative, facultative anaerobic bacteria. It constitute about 0.1% of normal gut flora of Human and is commonly found in lower intestine. In this study we have determined the frequency of carbapenems resistance in Escherichia
coli in different clinical isolates by simply disk diffusion method. This study was conducted from 26th January 2010 to 29th
December 2011, in Ziauddin university hospital Karachi Pakistan. Sum of 2710 consecutive clinical isolates of Escherichia coli were collected and identified by conventional microbiological techniques. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing and all ESBL positive bacteria antibiotic susceptibility pattern to meropenem (10 ug), and imipenem (Becton Dickinson, USA) (10 ug) was recorded for this study. By Kirby-Bauer method, as per NCCLS guidelines, isolates were considered as resistant to
carbapenems. A total 2710 isolates of Escherichia coli were obtained during the study period. The isolates from females
patients were 1716/2710 (63.32%), while the isolates from male patients were 994/2710 (36.68%). Female to Male ratio was
1.73:1. In these total isolates the number of Carbapenems resistant Escherichia coli is 13 which is 0.48%.The emergence of
metallo-beta lactamases producing Escherichia coli which are resistant to carbapenems are becoming a severe therapeutic
problem worldwide. There is strongly need to emphasize on the rational and judicious use of antimicrobials and adhere to the
concept of “reserve drugs” to minimize the misuse of available antimicrobials. In addition, more effective infection control
measures and regular antimicrobial susceptibility is also an essential component in reducing the emergence of these resistant organisms and should be prompted.

The present study demonstrate the prevalence of active Hepatitis C viral infection and identification of its common genotypes
circulating in district Mardan. A total of 582 patients were enrolled in this study in which 267 were male and 315 were
female. Out of 582 samples, 329 were found HCV RNA positive through real-time PCR. The rates of active HCV infection
were 59.9% in male while 53.6% in female. Age group above 60 were found with high rate of HCV infection, that is 80%.
Out of 329 samples. Further a sum of 220 PCR based HCV RNA positive samples were screened for identification of HCV
genotypes. Out of 220 positive samples Genotype 3a was found in 68.1%, 1a in 11.3%, 1b in 4.5%, Mixed-genotype in 4%
and 3b in 2.7% while Untypable genotype in 9.5%. It was concluded from the present study that occurrence of active HCV
infection rate were high in District Mardan and 3a was the most common genotype present in District Mardan.

Abstract: The aim of this study is to find out the occurrence of Toxoplasma gondii in pregnant women of
district Swabi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The present research was conducted during the period July to
October 2013. The latex reagent method was used. A total of 805 samples were collected, out of which the
155 (19.25%) were positive and 650 (80.75%) were negative for the T. gondii. The age wise distribution shows
that the high number of cases 92 was reported in age group 25-34 years where the lowest number of cases 17
was reported in age group >34 years. The area wise occurrence showed that the high number of cases 13 (26%)
is recorded from Sodher and Yaqoobi while, the low cases was reported in Gohati and Dagi 5 (10%). From this
study it was concluded that the high prevalence was reported in the younger age.

Escherichia coli are Gram negative, facultative anaerobic bacteria. It constitute about 0.1% normal gut flora of human it’s commonly found in lower intestine. In this study we have determined the frequency of carbapenems resistance in Escherichia coli in different clinical isolates by simply disk diffusion method. This study was conducted from 26th January 2010 to 29th December 2011, in Ziauddin university hospital Karachi Pakistan. Sum of 2710 consecutive clinical isolates of Escherichia coli were collected and identified by conventional microbiological techniques. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing and all ESBL positive bacteria antibiotic susceptibility pattern to meropenem (10 ug), and imipenem (Becton Dickinson, USA) (10 ug) was recorded for this study. By Kirby-Bauer method, as per NCCLS guidelines, isolates were considered as resistant to carbapenems. A total 2710 isolates of Escherichia coli were obtained during the study period. The isolates from females patients were 1716/2710 (63.32%), while the isolates from male patients were 994/2710 (36.68%). Female to Male ratio was 1.73:1. In these total isolates the number of Carbapenems resistant Escherichia coli is 13 which is 0.48%.The emergence of metallo-beta lactamases producing Escherichia coli which are resistant to carbapenems are becoming a severe therapeutic problem worldwide. There is strongly need to emphasize on the rational and judicious use of antimicrobials and adhere to the concept of “reserve drugs” to minimize the misuse of available antimicrobials. In addition, more effective infection control measures and regular antimicrobial susceptibility is also an essential component in reducing the emergence of these resistant organisms and should be prompted.

The objective of the present study was to find out the prevalence of different genotype of Hepatitis C virus (HCV)
in different area of Pakistan include, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, Punjab province, Sindh province and
Islamabad Capital Territory. The data were collected from the different Labs and Hospitals. The present study
was carried out during January 2011 to December 2012. The overall result shows that the female are more
infected as compare to male 190 (50.5%) and 186 (49.5%) respectively. The high number of cases was reported
from the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 201 (53.4%) where the lowest number of cases was reported in Sindh 32 (8.5%).
The overall result shows that the 3a is the most common genotype while the genotype 1b is reported in lowest
number. The age wise distribution shows that the high number of cases 135 (35.9%) was reported in age group
31-40 years while the low number of cases 6 (1.6%) was occurred in age group >60 years. The statistical analysis
of the data shows that the P-value is less than 0.05 were considered as significant. From this study it was
concluded that the genotype 3a is the most common genotype in different region of Pakistan.