Martin Lavička received his bachelor’s degree in Chinese and Japanese philology at Palacký University Olomouc (PUO), the Czech Republic, master’s degree in International Relations at National Chengchi University in Taiwan, and in 2021, a Ph.D. in Political Science at PUO defending his dissertation The Right To Internal Self-Determination of the Uyghur Minority in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, 1949–2019: Implications for the Evolution of Uyghur-Chinese State Relations. He is an Assistant Professor at the Department of Asian Studies at Palacký University Olomouc, teaching modern Chinese history, Taiwan history, and Chinese politics. His research focuses on the socio-legal aspects of China’s ethnic policies, religious freedoms, and the rule of law.
A concise policy brief examining the new amendments to Xinjiang's Religious Affairs Regulations, ... more A concise policy brief examining the new amendments to Xinjiang's Religious Affairs Regulations, effective February 1, 2024, within the broader context of China's current religious policies.
With the incorporation of the State Administration for Religious Affairs (SARA) into the Chinese ... more With the incorporation of the State Administration for Religious Affairs (SARA) into the Chinese Communist Party's (CCP) United Front Work Department in 2018, religious affairs have been brought back into the direct control of the Party. While SARA has retained its name, it is no longer an independent state agency. Five further legal measures were introduced from 2019 to 2021. This review essay examines these legal changes in order to update the dominant understanding of Xi Jinping's attempt to reshape religious order in the hands of the CCP. The specific creation of regulations on Islamic affairs and the Internet also responds to Xi's perceived problems regarding religious affairs in the contemporary era. Under the new measures, the state has demanded clear administration of religious groups, creating functions and positions like those in the Party's branches. Beijing has further increased its control over religious personnel by establishing files on each of them, including details of any misconduct, in order to assess their trustworthiness. This essay concludes that the CCP continues to work toward the final eradication of religions in a Marxist manner and that China's practices differ from existing international legal norms to which, at least nominally, China adheres as a signatory.
This volume consists of 19 chapters that reflect the titular theme – Voiced and Voiceless in Asia... more This volume consists of 19 chapters that reflect the titular theme – Voiced and Voiceless in Asia – from a variety of angles, making use of diverse scholarly approaches and disciplines, while focusing specifically on China, India, Japan, and Taiwan. The chapters are broadly divided into two parts: (1) Politics and Society, and (2) Arts and Literature, although the texts included in the second part also deal with social themes. In addition to historical topics, such as Japanese colonialism or Chinese agricultural reforms in the 1950s, the volume also addresses current issues, including restrictive Chinese policies in Xinjiang, Japanese activist movements against gender-based violence and discrimination, or the problems of migrant laborers in India and performing arts in Japan during the COVID-19 pandemic. Likewise, it provides insight into satirical woodblock prints from the Boshin War period or works of literature produced in Japanese leprosariums in the first half of the 20th century, as well as into selected topics in contemporary Chinese, Japanese, and Sinophone Tibetan literature. Collectively, the chapters comprised in this volume narrate the multifaceted relationship between ‘voice’ and ‘power,’ thus highlighting the fact that the question of ‘voice’ is closely intertwined with a variety of social, political, and cultural issues.
The current situation of Uyghurs in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (XUAR) is considered by... more The current situation of Uyghurs in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (XUAR) is considered by many as one of the most pressing human rights violations of the last few decades. The Uyghurs, being an ethnic minority in China, are voiceless under the current political leadership, which suppresses anything deviating from the official course set up by the Party leaders in Beijing. The legal guarantees, stipulated by Chinese law, are nothing more than a pretend world in which the Uyghurs are only second-class citizens. This chapter looks at one of the Chinese government channels employed to raise public awareness among Uyghurs about the new laws and regulations. It discusses the content of an officially published Uyghur-written booklet Din esebiyliki ademni nabut qilidu (Religious extremism kills/destroys people) and analyses in what way legal regulations are explained to the “common” Uyghurs. This chapter also identifies various propaganda strategies within the official narrative of the Chinese government.
此篇論文係以歐洲人權公約第八條隱私權為中心,繼而論述個人和集體人權間所存在之關係將牴觸歐洲人權公約之一致性。本研究分析是以歐洲人權法院針對同時抵觸歐洲人權公約第八條所涵蓋之個人與集體隱私權做出的... more 此篇論文係以歐洲人權公約第八條隱私權為中心,繼而論述個人和集體人權間所存在之關係將牴觸歐洲人權公約之一致性。本研究分析是以歐洲人權法院針對同時抵觸歐洲人權公約第八條所涵蓋之個人與集體隱私權做出的判決為依據,希冀藉此尋找一可能的判決模式以解釋個人與集體人權對歐洲人權法院而言,孰優孰劣之關係。之所以著重於歐洲人權公約第八條是因其涵蓋範圍較廣,除了民族、性別、弱勢宗教自由權外,更涉及了反恐機制、以及環境保護等議題。這進而說明了個別人權與集體人權間的關係不僅可應用於截然不同的領域,亦可類推至其他人權機制。This thesis focuses on the relationship between individual and collective human rights in light of the Article 8: Right to respect for private and family life of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). The main argument is that there is a specific relationship between these two groups of rights, which could possibly contest the consistency of the ECHR. This thesis looks for possible explanations and patterns, which would explain the decisive argument for either individual or collective human rights, to prevail at the European Court of Human Rights. The analysis is based on various judgments from the European Court of Human Rights, dealing with rights predominantly covered by the Article 8, where individual and collective human r...
The Uyghurs in Xinjiang are experiencing one of the most intense persecutions in recent times. De... more The Uyghurs in Xinjiang are experiencing one of the most intense persecutions in recent times. Despite the nominal legal protection for religious freedom under Chinese laws, the reality is vastly different. Xinjiang is being used as a testing ground for national religious policy by the Chinese government, in addition to being a testing ground for surveillance, governance models, and technologies.
Policies introduced by the Chinese government in the name of fighting terrorism, religious extrem... more Policies introduced by the Chinese government in the name of fighting terrorism, religious extremism and separatism have significantly reshaped the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (XUAR) – even though securitization has not brought the ‘stability’ that the PRC government claims in its continuous defense of its policies. Analysis of Chinese legal documents can provide a clearer picture of the government’s intentions in the region, since they are almost free from the propaganda ballast abundant in Chinese policy documents. This article analyses recent amendments to two legal documents, the Religious Affairs Regulations and the Regulations of Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region on Religious Affairs. It discusses why certain articles were omitted, modified or added and what this can tell us about the situation in China and in particular in Xinjiang. It also suggests that Xinjiang has been a testing site for national religious policy, not just new surveillance methods.
For this study, more than one thousand of Japanese company and brand names was analysed. Only tho... more For this study, more than one thousand of Japanese company and brand names was analysed. Only those available in China were selected, and the mode of adaptation into Chinese was examined. Six different categories and seven subcategories were utilised to differentiate and evaluate the strategies various Japanese companies use to make their brand name more suitable and understandable for Chinese consumers. This article also discusses the specific nature of Chinese loanword strategies and the peculiarity of the ideographic writing system, which makes it more difficult for foreign companies to understand the cultural and linguistic background behind it.
The main aim of this article is to develop a discussion on folklorization or how identity is comm... more The main aim of this article is to develop a discussion on folklorization or how identity is commodified and reduced to only some cultural traits. Currently, folklorization is one of the main devices in PRC’s cultural and political policies in Central Asia. Authors analyze folklorization both inter-state with a particular focus on Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, and intra-state, with focus on Xinjiang, based on empirical data collected in these countries. The discussion provided is about China’s soft power and how it is projected to Central Asia under the administration of Xi Jinping. Moreover, it is concerned about folklorization as a political tool, utilized by the PRC government to mitigate tensions in the Xinjiang region, but also folklorized landscapes to be found also in Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan.
The paper describes research findings that focus on the analysis of foreign proper names and thei... more The paper describes research findings that focus on the analysis of foreign proper names and their language transfer into Chinese. The first section introduces the subject of the research, with the second section presenting the methodology of the study. The third section’s primary focus is on the obtained data, which are presented and interpreted, with conclusions being drawn as well. The research tests the following hypothesis: when a foreign word is transferred into Chinese, an established rule, which guides the transfer, is utilized. According to this research, the existence of such a rule cannot be confirmed. The obtained results reveal that the adaptation of foreign proper names does not obey any fixed rules or norms and the coinage of final replicas is arbitrary. However, the adaptation reflects certain regularities of the original language systems, such as statistical regularities. The research indicates that the adaptation might relate to the frequency of letters in the respective donor language.
This article draws on original Czech archival research and is complemented by reference to second... more This article draws on original Czech archival research and is complemented by reference to secondary sources. It deals with the thawing of Czechoslovak – Chinese relations in 1968, the year of the Prague Spring, in particular with the Chinese reaction to the invasion and the ramifications it had for Chinese foreign policy decisions in the following years and decades, particularly on the improvement in US–Chinese relations. The author thoroughly documents the course of 1968, during which both parties had very timidly, slowly, yet consistently, worked at improving the already stalled relationship. The abrupt end to such an endeavor, brought about by The Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia on the 20th and 21st August is also recorded. Specifically, the article deals with both the rhetoric and the objectives that lay behind the Chinese reaction to the invasion. In conclusion, it is argued that the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia was the final event that triggered the break-up of the homogenous socialist camp and, as such, it was a Pyrrhic victory for the Soviets, already foreshadowing their eventual demise. already foreshadowing its eventual demise.
This article introduces the reader to the complicated nature of the triangular relations between ... more This article introduces the reader to the complicated nature of the triangular relations between the Czech Republic, the People's Republic of China, and the Republic of China (Taiwan). It briefly illustrates the tendency of Czech foreign policy to shift from the more confrontational (human rights oriented) stance towards the more "harmonious" bussiness oriented approach.
This article analyses the content of a propaganda poster entitled the Parade of Clowns, created b... more This article analyses the content of a propaganda poster entitled the Parade of Clowns, created by the Chinese painter Weng Rulan in 1967. The examined propaganda poster contains 39 political and cultural figures from the first half of the 1960s, who were to become the first victims of the purges associated with the Cultural Revolution. A detailed analysis of each character and their "sins" against the Cultural Revolution, as well as various symbols and slogans, are all explained within the historical context of the so-called manic phase of the Cultural Revolution. The article thus illustrates the complete disintegration of Chinese society during this period.
With the incorporation of the State Administration for Religious Affairs (SARA) into the Chinese ... more With the incorporation of the State Administration for Religious Affairs (SARA) into the Chinese Communist Party’s (CCP) United Front Work Department in 2018, religious affairs have been brought back into the direct control of the Party. While SARA has retained its name, it is no longer an independent state agency. Five further legal measures were introduced from 2019 to 2021. This review essay examines these legal changes in order to update the dominant understanding of Xi Jinping’s attempt to reshape religious order in the hands of the CCP. The specific creation of regulations on Islamic affairs and the Internet also responds to Xi’s perceived problems regarding religious affairs in the contemporary era. Under the new measures, the state has demanded clear administration of religious groups, creating functions and positions like those in the Party’s branches. Beijing has further increased its control over religious personnel by establishing files on each of them, including details...
This book provides an in-depth analysis of the relations between China and the EU, tracing the de... more This book provides an in-depth analysis of the relations between China and the EU, tracing the development of this complex, yet intriguing, relationship between two substantially different actors. To uncover a deeper understanding of this unlikely partnership, the authors analyze the partnership through the prism of contending norms and worldviews. The China-EU strategic partnership has evolved through fits and starts but despite continuous trade disputes and severe diplomatic misunderstandings, the EU and China pledge to uphold, even deepen, the partnership. Policy experts and scholars will learn how such contending bilateral relationships can be managed and establish a better understanding of deep-seated conceptual differences between these two entities.
Many recent works on Muslim societies have pointed to the development of ‘de-culturalization’ and... more Many recent works on Muslim societies have pointed to the development of ‘de-culturalization’ and ‘purification’ of Islamic practices. Instead, by exploring architectural designs, preaching activit ...
A concise policy brief examining the new amendments to Xinjiang's Religious Affairs Regulations, ... more A concise policy brief examining the new amendments to Xinjiang's Religious Affairs Regulations, effective February 1, 2024, within the broader context of China's current religious policies.
With the incorporation of the State Administration for Religious Affairs (SARA) into the Chinese ... more With the incorporation of the State Administration for Religious Affairs (SARA) into the Chinese Communist Party's (CCP) United Front Work Department in 2018, religious affairs have been brought back into the direct control of the Party. While SARA has retained its name, it is no longer an independent state agency. Five further legal measures were introduced from 2019 to 2021. This review essay examines these legal changes in order to update the dominant understanding of Xi Jinping's attempt to reshape religious order in the hands of the CCP. The specific creation of regulations on Islamic affairs and the Internet also responds to Xi's perceived problems regarding religious affairs in the contemporary era. Under the new measures, the state has demanded clear administration of religious groups, creating functions and positions like those in the Party's branches. Beijing has further increased its control over religious personnel by establishing files on each of them, including details of any misconduct, in order to assess their trustworthiness. This essay concludes that the CCP continues to work toward the final eradication of religions in a Marxist manner and that China's practices differ from existing international legal norms to which, at least nominally, China adheres as a signatory.
This volume consists of 19 chapters that reflect the titular theme – Voiced and Voiceless in Asia... more This volume consists of 19 chapters that reflect the titular theme – Voiced and Voiceless in Asia – from a variety of angles, making use of diverse scholarly approaches and disciplines, while focusing specifically on China, India, Japan, and Taiwan. The chapters are broadly divided into two parts: (1) Politics and Society, and (2) Arts and Literature, although the texts included in the second part also deal with social themes. In addition to historical topics, such as Japanese colonialism or Chinese agricultural reforms in the 1950s, the volume also addresses current issues, including restrictive Chinese policies in Xinjiang, Japanese activist movements against gender-based violence and discrimination, or the problems of migrant laborers in India and performing arts in Japan during the COVID-19 pandemic. Likewise, it provides insight into satirical woodblock prints from the Boshin War period or works of literature produced in Japanese leprosariums in the first half of the 20th century, as well as into selected topics in contemporary Chinese, Japanese, and Sinophone Tibetan literature. Collectively, the chapters comprised in this volume narrate the multifaceted relationship between ‘voice’ and ‘power,’ thus highlighting the fact that the question of ‘voice’ is closely intertwined with a variety of social, political, and cultural issues.
The current situation of Uyghurs in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (XUAR) is considered by... more The current situation of Uyghurs in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (XUAR) is considered by many as one of the most pressing human rights violations of the last few decades. The Uyghurs, being an ethnic minority in China, are voiceless under the current political leadership, which suppresses anything deviating from the official course set up by the Party leaders in Beijing. The legal guarantees, stipulated by Chinese law, are nothing more than a pretend world in which the Uyghurs are only second-class citizens. This chapter looks at one of the Chinese government channels employed to raise public awareness among Uyghurs about the new laws and regulations. It discusses the content of an officially published Uyghur-written booklet Din esebiyliki ademni nabut qilidu (Religious extremism kills/destroys people) and analyses in what way legal regulations are explained to the “common” Uyghurs. This chapter also identifies various propaganda strategies within the official narrative of the Chinese government.
此篇論文係以歐洲人權公約第八條隱私權為中心,繼而論述個人和集體人權間所存在之關係將牴觸歐洲人權公約之一致性。本研究分析是以歐洲人權法院針對同時抵觸歐洲人權公約第八條所涵蓋之個人與集體隱私權做出的... more 此篇論文係以歐洲人權公約第八條隱私權為中心,繼而論述個人和集體人權間所存在之關係將牴觸歐洲人權公約之一致性。本研究分析是以歐洲人權法院針對同時抵觸歐洲人權公約第八條所涵蓋之個人與集體隱私權做出的判決為依據,希冀藉此尋找一可能的判決模式以解釋個人與集體人權對歐洲人權法院而言,孰優孰劣之關係。之所以著重於歐洲人權公約第八條是因其涵蓋範圍較廣,除了民族、性別、弱勢宗教自由權外,更涉及了反恐機制、以及環境保護等議題。這進而說明了個別人權與集體人權間的關係不僅可應用於截然不同的領域,亦可類推至其他人權機制。This thesis focuses on the relationship between individual and collective human rights in light of the Article 8: Right to respect for private and family life of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). The main argument is that there is a specific relationship between these two groups of rights, which could possibly contest the consistency of the ECHR. This thesis looks for possible explanations and patterns, which would explain the decisive argument for either individual or collective human rights, to prevail at the European Court of Human Rights. The analysis is based on various judgments from the European Court of Human Rights, dealing with rights predominantly covered by the Article 8, where individual and collective human r...
The Uyghurs in Xinjiang are experiencing one of the most intense persecutions in recent times. De... more The Uyghurs in Xinjiang are experiencing one of the most intense persecutions in recent times. Despite the nominal legal protection for religious freedom under Chinese laws, the reality is vastly different. Xinjiang is being used as a testing ground for national religious policy by the Chinese government, in addition to being a testing ground for surveillance, governance models, and technologies.
Policies introduced by the Chinese government in the name of fighting terrorism, religious extrem... more Policies introduced by the Chinese government in the name of fighting terrorism, religious extremism and separatism have significantly reshaped the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (XUAR) – even though securitization has not brought the ‘stability’ that the PRC government claims in its continuous defense of its policies. Analysis of Chinese legal documents can provide a clearer picture of the government’s intentions in the region, since they are almost free from the propaganda ballast abundant in Chinese policy documents. This article analyses recent amendments to two legal documents, the Religious Affairs Regulations and the Regulations of Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region on Religious Affairs. It discusses why certain articles were omitted, modified or added and what this can tell us about the situation in China and in particular in Xinjiang. It also suggests that Xinjiang has been a testing site for national religious policy, not just new surveillance methods.
For this study, more than one thousand of Japanese company and brand names was analysed. Only tho... more For this study, more than one thousand of Japanese company and brand names was analysed. Only those available in China were selected, and the mode of adaptation into Chinese was examined. Six different categories and seven subcategories were utilised to differentiate and evaluate the strategies various Japanese companies use to make their brand name more suitable and understandable for Chinese consumers. This article also discusses the specific nature of Chinese loanword strategies and the peculiarity of the ideographic writing system, which makes it more difficult for foreign companies to understand the cultural and linguistic background behind it.
The main aim of this article is to develop a discussion on folklorization or how identity is comm... more The main aim of this article is to develop a discussion on folklorization or how identity is commodified and reduced to only some cultural traits. Currently, folklorization is one of the main devices in PRC’s cultural and political policies in Central Asia. Authors analyze folklorization both inter-state with a particular focus on Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, and intra-state, with focus on Xinjiang, based on empirical data collected in these countries. The discussion provided is about China’s soft power and how it is projected to Central Asia under the administration of Xi Jinping. Moreover, it is concerned about folklorization as a political tool, utilized by the PRC government to mitigate tensions in the Xinjiang region, but also folklorized landscapes to be found also in Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan.
The paper describes research findings that focus on the analysis of foreign proper names and thei... more The paper describes research findings that focus on the analysis of foreign proper names and their language transfer into Chinese. The first section introduces the subject of the research, with the second section presenting the methodology of the study. The third section’s primary focus is on the obtained data, which are presented and interpreted, with conclusions being drawn as well. The research tests the following hypothesis: when a foreign word is transferred into Chinese, an established rule, which guides the transfer, is utilized. According to this research, the existence of such a rule cannot be confirmed. The obtained results reveal that the adaptation of foreign proper names does not obey any fixed rules or norms and the coinage of final replicas is arbitrary. However, the adaptation reflects certain regularities of the original language systems, such as statistical regularities. The research indicates that the adaptation might relate to the frequency of letters in the respective donor language.
This article draws on original Czech archival research and is complemented by reference to second... more This article draws on original Czech archival research and is complemented by reference to secondary sources. It deals with the thawing of Czechoslovak – Chinese relations in 1968, the year of the Prague Spring, in particular with the Chinese reaction to the invasion and the ramifications it had for Chinese foreign policy decisions in the following years and decades, particularly on the improvement in US–Chinese relations. The author thoroughly documents the course of 1968, during which both parties had very timidly, slowly, yet consistently, worked at improving the already stalled relationship. The abrupt end to such an endeavor, brought about by The Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia on the 20th and 21st August is also recorded. Specifically, the article deals with both the rhetoric and the objectives that lay behind the Chinese reaction to the invasion. In conclusion, it is argued that the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia was the final event that triggered the break-up of the homogenous socialist camp and, as such, it was a Pyrrhic victory for the Soviets, already foreshadowing their eventual demise. already foreshadowing its eventual demise.
This article introduces the reader to the complicated nature of the triangular relations between ... more This article introduces the reader to the complicated nature of the triangular relations between the Czech Republic, the People's Republic of China, and the Republic of China (Taiwan). It briefly illustrates the tendency of Czech foreign policy to shift from the more confrontational (human rights oriented) stance towards the more "harmonious" bussiness oriented approach.
This article analyses the content of a propaganda poster entitled the Parade of Clowns, created b... more This article analyses the content of a propaganda poster entitled the Parade of Clowns, created by the Chinese painter Weng Rulan in 1967. The examined propaganda poster contains 39 political and cultural figures from the first half of the 1960s, who were to become the first victims of the purges associated with the Cultural Revolution. A detailed analysis of each character and their "sins" against the Cultural Revolution, as well as various symbols and slogans, are all explained within the historical context of the so-called manic phase of the Cultural Revolution. The article thus illustrates the complete disintegration of Chinese society during this period.
With the incorporation of the State Administration for Religious Affairs (SARA) into the Chinese ... more With the incorporation of the State Administration for Religious Affairs (SARA) into the Chinese Communist Party’s (CCP) United Front Work Department in 2018, religious affairs have been brought back into the direct control of the Party. While SARA has retained its name, it is no longer an independent state agency. Five further legal measures were introduced from 2019 to 2021. This review essay examines these legal changes in order to update the dominant understanding of Xi Jinping’s attempt to reshape religious order in the hands of the CCP. The specific creation of regulations on Islamic affairs and the Internet also responds to Xi’s perceived problems regarding religious affairs in the contemporary era. Under the new measures, the state has demanded clear administration of religious groups, creating functions and positions like those in the Party’s branches. Beijing has further increased its control over religious personnel by establishing files on each of them, including details...
This book provides an in-depth analysis of the relations between China and the EU, tracing the de... more This book provides an in-depth analysis of the relations between China and the EU, tracing the development of this complex, yet intriguing, relationship between two substantially different actors. To uncover a deeper understanding of this unlikely partnership, the authors analyze the partnership through the prism of contending norms and worldviews. The China-EU strategic partnership has evolved through fits and starts but despite continuous trade disputes and severe diplomatic misunderstandings, the EU and China pledge to uphold, even deepen, the partnership. Policy experts and scholars will learn how such contending bilateral relationships can be managed and establish a better understanding of deep-seated conceptual differences between these two entities.
Many recent works on Muslim societies have pointed to the development of ‘de-culturalization’ and... more Many recent works on Muslim societies have pointed to the development of ‘de-culturalization’ and ‘purification’ of Islamic practices. Instead, by exploring architectural designs, preaching activit ...
This volume consists of 19 chapters that reflect the titular theme – Voiced and Voiceless in Asia... more This volume consists of 19 chapters that reflect the titular theme – Voiced and Voiceless in Asia – from a variety of angles, making use of diverse scholarly approaches and disciplines, while focusing specifically on China, India, Japan, and Taiwan. The chapters are broadly divided into two parts: (1) Politics and Society, and (2) Arts and Literature, although the texts included in the second part also deal with social themes. In addition to historical topics, such as Japanese colonialism or Chinese agricultural reforms in the 1950s, the volume also addresses current issues, including restrictive Chinese policies in Xinjiang, Japanese activist movements against gender-based violence and discrimination, or the problems of migrant laborers in India and performing arts in Japan during the COVID-19 pandemic. Likewise, it provides insight into satirical woodblock prints from the Boshin War period or works of literature produced in Japanese leprosariums in the first half of the 20th century, as well as into selected topics in contemporary Chinese, Japanese, and Sinophone Tibetan literature. Collectively, the chapters comprised in this volume narrate the multifaceted relationship between ‘voice’ and ‘power,’ thus highlighting the fact that the question of ‘voice’ is closely intertwined with a variety of social, political, and cultural issues.
The history of the People’s Republic of China from 1949 to 2018 presents to the Czech reader the ... more The history of the People’s Republic of China from 1949 to 2018 presents to the Czech reader the first comprehensive historical assessment of this vast and most populous country and major, albeit new, geopolitical entity. It begins with the founding of the People‘s Republic and ends at the end of 2018 with the symbolic Chinese probe successful landing on the far side of the Moon on 4 January 2019. It attempts to systematically map out not only the political events and international context but also to pinpoint the most critical social and cultural trends of the seventy years of China’s upheavals, revolutions and reforms.
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