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Dr. Md. Monjurul Islam

Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, English Language and Literature Department, Faculty of Languages and Communication, Faculty Member

International University Of Business Agriculture and Technology(IUBAT), Languages, Faculty Member

World University of Bangladesh, English, Faculty Member

Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia (USIM), School of Languages Literacies and Translation, Researcher

University of Malaya, Malaysia, Faculty of Education, Graduate Student

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M. Monjurul Islam, PhD, is a senior lecturer in TESL at the Faculty of Languages and Communication at Sultan Idris Education University, Tanjong Malim, Perak, Malaysia. Dr. Islam, a TESL PhD holder from the University of Malaya, has published in esteemed journals like English Teaching & Learning, Teaching and Teacher Education, Asia TEFL, The Qualitative Report and Smart Learning Environments. His research interests include language policy and planning, professional development, English education, applied linguistics, curriculum and instruction, materials development, and technology integration in ESL. He serves on the editorial boards/reviewers of the Journal of Educators Online, Journal of Teaching and Learning, Education and Information Technologies, Educational Research and Evaluation, Teaching and Teacher Education, Interchange and International Journal of Educational Research. His ORCID ID is https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0036-7174
Address: Malaysia

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Papers by Dr. Md. Monjurul Islam

THE USE OF SOCIAL MEDIA: METAPHORICAL EUPHEMISM IN INDONESIAN PRESIDENT'S FACEBOOK COMMENTS

In this era of digitalization, national politicians are increasingly embracing social media as a ... more In this era of digitalization, national politicians are increasingly embracing social media as a means of effective communication with the people they govern. Social media platforms like Facebook have become customary for the ruling class to ensure efficient communication with the public. In their comments on social media, netizens frequently resort to metaphors to express their opinions on topics of general interest. This research examines the usage of metaphorical euphemisms in online comments on Joko Widodo's Facebook posts. This research aims to describe metaphorical euphemisms in President Joko Widodo's Facebook comments. A qualitative approach combined with content analysis has been used in this study. The results reveal that netizens' use of metaphorical euphemisms is influenced by their beliefs, experiences, and socio-cultural perceptions of politics. This study bridges a gap in the literature by investigating how national leaders, particularly in Indonesia, utilize rhetorical strategies on their social media accounts.

Are They Literate on ChatGPT? University Language Students' Perceptions, Benefits and Challenges in Higher Education Learning

Despite the promising potential of artificial intelligence (AI) tools like ChatGPT for enhancing ... more Despite the promising potential of artificial intelligence (AI) tools like ChatGPT for enhancing the learning experience, its integration as an educational tool in higher education poses disruptions that could affect students. This study explored university language students' usage, awareness, readiness, concerns, and perceived benefits and challenges of using ChatGPT in higher education learning. The study used an explanatory sequential mixedmethod design, combining online surveys and semi-structured interviews. A total of 355 language students from five private higher education institutions in Indonesia were recruited using purposive sampling. These participants were asked to complete the closed-ended questionnaire, and nine participants were selected for interview sessions. The data was analyzed using descriptive analysis and thematic analysis. The findings reveal that a majority of students had been using ChatGPT for their learning purposes, especially for writing assignments. The findings also highlight that university language students had a high awareness, readiness, and concerns about using ChatGPT for their academic activities. Additionally, university language students acknowledged the potential benefits of ChatGPT in terms of writing support, personalized learning, increased productivity, brainstorming for generating ideas, and additional resources. However, they also identified the challenges of using ChatGPT, including inaccuracy, lack of critical thinking, plagiarism and AI detection, and technical problems. These findings provide a nuanced understanding of how university language students use and perceive ChatGPT for learning purposes, highlighting the need for support and guidance from higher education providers in the responsible use of AI in academic settings.

Examining professional ideology through the perspectives of higher education professionals

Recent societal changes have sparked a growing interest in teachers' professional ideologies and ... more Recent societal changes have sparked a growing interest in teachers' professional ideologies and pedagogical practices in higher education. Our qualitative study examines how market-driven private higher education impacts teachers' professional ideologies. We have employed thematic analysis to interpret our data and generate themes. The themes explore eight teachers' diverse views on professional ideology, its importance in teaching, and the societal perception of private higher education. Participants also expressed concerns about the commercialization of higher education and societal biases against private universities. The study recommends implementing specialized management strategies and awareness campaigns to foster a professional culture that aligns with educational goals.

Exploring United Arab Emirates School Teachers' Perceptions, Motivation and Benefits of Game-Based Teaching and Learning Environments

Inequalities in Private Tutoring

This phenomenological qualitative study analyzes the lived experiences of eleven Bangladeshi high... more This phenomenological qualitative study analyzes the lived experiences of eleven Bangladeshi higher secondary students in mainstream schools to provide insight into their thoughts, feelings, beliefs, values, and assumptions of private tutoring in English (PT-E). The study also focused on PT-E that contribute to inequalities between students who have access to private tutoring and those who do not. Each participant participated in a one-to-one in-depth semi-structured interview. Using phenomenological analysis, 321 significant statements and three themes emerged. The data show that unequal practice, discrimination due to financial capability, and social psyche for PT-E that influences students to widen the negative impacts of PT-E between students, particularly those who do not have an access in private tutoring of English (PT-E).

A pragmatic language policy in relation to English: Bangladesh contexts

Flipped classroom pedagogy in higher education in EFL contexts: Findings and implications for further research

Forum for Linguistic Studies

The primary aim of this article is to examine the existing findings of flipped classroom (FC) ped... more The primary aim of this article is to examine the existing findings of flipped classroom (FC) pedagogy in higher education institutions (HEIs) for teaching English as a foreign language (EFL) context. Relevant studies have been scrutinised based on keywords, such as higher education, online learning, blended or hybrid teaching, flipped classrooms, and English language instruction in EFL environment. A total of 54 out of the selected 162 articles were analysed using the critical review process as the research methodology, and data were analysed using the content analysis technique. The findings revealed that flipped classroom (FC) had been applied in different parts of the world over many years. But, most of the studies are in science and engineering. Flipped classroom (FC) in the English as foreign language context has remained untapped. Most of the studies conclude that flipped classroom (FC) has more benefits compared to its drawbacks. This review makes several recommendations for...

Promises of English and English Language Learners in Rural Bangladesh

The journal of Asia TEFL, Mar 31, 2023

Correction: UAE university students’ experiences of virtual classroom learning during Covid 19

Smart Learning Environments, Feb 7, 2023

The spread of private tutoring in English in developing societies: exploring students’ perceptions

Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education, 2017

A Pragmatic Language Policy in Relation to English: Bangladesh Contexts

Medium of instruction policies and language practices, ideologies and institutional divides: voices of teachers and students in a private university in Bangladesh

Current Issues in Language Planning, 2013

ABSTRACT The use of English as a medium of instruction (MOI) in polities across the world has dra... more ABSTRACT The use of English as a medium of instruction (MOI) in polities across the world has drawn attention of language policy and planning scholars and researchers. Increasingly, research on MOI policy and practice focuses on how macro-level policies are translated into action by ‘actors’ including teachers and students in the micro-context. However, there has been limited research on teachers&#39; and students&#39; language practices and ideologies that potentially reproduce divisive MOI policies for different sectors of education. This article reports a case study involving teachers and students in a private university in Bangladesh to illustrate how national MOI policies provide a framework for actors in the micro-context to construct identities for languages and institutions by means of ‘othering’. Higher education in Bangladesh is divided between the public and private sectors and the divide is marked by MOI – English and Bangla in the former and English only in the latter. Based on our analysis of interview data, we argue that through their language practices and beliefs, students and teachers construct hierarchies of languages and institutions, using the rules of self- and other-representation and thereby perpetuating the macro-level divide. We suggest implications of the macro-level MOI policies and micro-level practices for students&#39; content knowledge and English proficiency development in a globalizing world where English is widely believed to hold immense potential for individuals and societies because of its role in human capital development.

ENHANCING STUDENTS' ONLINE CLASSROOM LEARNING AND PARTICIPATION THROUGH THE USE OF KAHOOT

by Dr. Md. Monjurul Islam and Puteri Zarina M. Khalid

This review of related literature in the use of Kahoot! application aims to shed light on the sig... more This review of related literature in the use of Kahoot! application aims to shed light on the significance of incorporating this application into online classroom instruction to improve students' learning and engagement during the lessons. It can be assumed that the incorporation of effective teaching materials is one of the major influences on student learning and classroom participation. Nevertheless, given the apex of 21st-century learning, it is difficult for teachers to devise instructional tools that can captivate modern students. Consequently, the existence of educational games such as Kahoot! is useful for teachers who wish to infuse some fun and interactive elements into their lessons, which could ultimately improve students' learning and involvement in online classrooms. This study also emphasises the drawbacks of using this application. Based on the review, it is clear that using educational games like Kahoot! is an excellent method for teachers to use to help improve their students' learning and involvement in online classes. The association between educational games, student learning, and involvement in online classrooms has been greatly justified by this research.

THE USE OF SOCIAL MEDIA: METAPHORICAL EUPHEMISM IN INDONESIAN PRESIDENT'S FACEBOOK COMMENTS

In this era of digitalization, national politicians are increasingly embracing social media as a ... more In this era of digitalization, national politicians are increasingly embracing social media as a means of effective communication with the people they govern. Social media platforms like Facebook have become customary for the ruling class to ensure efficient communication with the public. In their comments on social media, netizens frequently resort to metaphors to express their opinions on topics of general interest. This research examines the usage of metaphorical euphemisms in online comments on Joko Widodo's Facebook posts. This research aims to describe metaphorical euphemisms in President Joko Widodo's Facebook comments. A qualitative approach combined with content analysis has been used in this study. The results reveal that netizens' use of metaphorical euphemisms is influenced by their beliefs, experiences, and socio-cultural perceptions of politics. This study bridges a gap in the literature by investigating how national leaders, particularly in Indonesia, utilize rhetorical strategies on their social media accounts.

Flipped classroom pedagogy in higher education in EFL contexts: Findings and implications for further research

Article , 2023

The primary aim of this article is to examine the existing findings of flipped classroom (FC) ped... more The primary aim of this article is to examine the existing findings of flipped classroom (FC) pedagogy in higher education institutions (HEIs) for teaching English as a foreign language (EFL) context. Relevant studies have been scrutinised based on keywords, such as higher education, online learning, blended or hybrid teaching, flipped classrooms, and English language instruction in EFL environment. A total of 54 out of the selected 162 articles were analysed using the critical review process as the research methodology, and data were analysed using the content analysis technique. The findings revealed that flipped classroom (FC) had been applied in different parts of the world over many years. But, most of the studies are in science and engineering. Flipped classroom (FC) in the English as foreign language context has remained untapped. Most of the studies conclude that flipped classroom (FC) has more benefits compared to its drawbacks. This review makes several recommendations for further study.

Schoolteachers in Out-of-School Hours Education: Blurring Schoolteachers in Out-of-School Hours Education: Blurring Professional Ideology in Recent Times Professional Ideology in Recent Times

Teachers' professional ideology and their involvement in out-of-school hours (OoSH) practices hav... more Teachers' professional ideology and their involvement in out-of-school hours (OoSH) practices have been questioned in recent times. This study explores how schoolteachers understand their professional ideology in relation to their OoSH practices and how they explain their participation in private tutoring in addition to formal schooling. This study deploys a qualitative approach using in-depth semi-structured interviews with nine secondary school teachers in Bangladesh. The thematic analysis highlights a substantial gap between Bangladeshi school teachers' professional ideologies and their involvement in private tutoring. The findings from the study reveal that the respondents perceive their dual roles as schoolteachers and tutors as controversial and detrimental to discharging their professional duties in an ideological way. They recurrently struggle to justify the dual roles that contribute to the dilemma of professional ideologies. As such, private tutoring does not just create a problem in classroom teaching but affects professional ideology and commitment to teaching principles. The study recommends policymakers and professionals look into these issues to gain a deeper insight into the existing private tutoring literature concerning teachers' professional ideologies.

Promises of English and English Language Learners in Rural Bangladesh

Asia TEFL Journal , 2023

English has been promoted as a language of hope, desire, and mobility in Bangladesh, as elsewhere... more English has been promoted as a language of hope, desire, and mobility in Bangladesh, as elsewhere in the world. In this article, we investigate how rural students in Bangladesh may relate to these promises of English in seeking escape from rural poverty and disadvantage. We draw on findings and insights from three doctoral studies that were conducted in a disadvantaged region in the north of the country. The three studies engaged with students, teachers, and parents, and captured life, experiences, and struggles of poor students attending poor schools and learning poor English. Bringing the studies together enables a holistic understanding of English learning experiences and outcomes taking into account curricular, non-curricular, familial, and social factors shaping English language pedagogy in the region. We contrast key findings from the studies with the many promises of English that have been articulated by national and global education policies and policy actors. Urban-rural divides in academic achievement in general and English learning in particular have been reported in Bangladesh, as elsewhere. These outcomes challenge us to reflect for whom English works as a linguistic capital and for whom it may be otherwise. We argue for focused policy thinking about English teaching and learning in rural communities in Bangladesh and other developing societies.

An Evaluation of English Language Textbook from Teachers' Perspectives

by Dr. Md. Monjurul Islam and Md.Monjurul Islam

The study aimed at evaluating 9-10 th grade textbook from teachers' perspective. This study highl... more The study aimed at evaluating 9-10 th grade textbook from teachers' perspective. This study highlights the perception of teachers on an evaluation of English language textbook. To achieve this goal, an evaluation scale was developed on the basis of language teaching and learning criteria that determine the specifications of good quality textbook. The sample of the study consisted of 45 male and female secondary school teachers. The researchers developed a 31-item questionnaire and one open-ended to evaluate the textbook. Alpha formula was used in order to determine the reliability of the questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were carried out to interpret the data. The questionnaire included six main domains: attractiveness of the text and physical make-up, subject and content, exercises and activities, language type, language skills and context. The findings showed that the degree of evaluation was moderate. However, there were no significant differences in the degree of evaluation of the textbook.

UAE university students' experiences of virtual classroom learning during Covid 19

Virtual Classroom (VC) learning approaches have recently drawn considerable attention because the... more Virtual Classroom (VC) learning approaches have recently drawn considerable attention because they have the potential to encourage student engagement to ensure active and collaborative learning. Although research on online learning has gained visibility in recent times, VC learning has not received notable attention, especially in Gulf countries like the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The study examines students' perception and experience of VC in a university in UAE during the COVID-19 pandemic in terms of its necessity and helpfulness. This research also examines the situational pressure of VC and aims to explain the reasons for its desirability and inevitability. As a current learning space beyond the conventional face-to-face classroom learning, VC learning is available in various forms and quality depending on creating opportunities for the learners' participation. However, there are issues with VC practice too. Our analysis of survey data (N = 334) leads to portraying autonomous learning freedom in different learning environments in VC. We argue that students may resort to VC not because of its proven effectiveness but because of the necessity to continue addressing their learning needs. This study contributes to the general understanding of the online and traditional inperson classroom learning and virtual learning resources in the teaching of English as a globally desired language.

Flipped classroom pedagogy in higher education in EFL contexts: Findings and implications for further research

The primary aim of this article is to examine the existing findings of flipped classroom (FC) ped... more The primary aim of this article is to examine the existing findings of flipped classroom (FC) pedagogy in higher education institutions (HEIs) for teaching English as a foreign language (EFL) context. Relevant studies have been scrutinised based on keywords, such as higher education, online learning, blended or hybrid teaching, flipped classrooms, and English language instruction in EFL environment. A total of 54 out of the selected 162 articles were analysed using the critical review process as the research methodology, and data were analysed using the content analysis technique. The findings revealed that flipped classroom (FC) had been applied in different parts of the world over many years. But, most of the studies are in science and engineering. Flipped classroom (FC) in the English as foreign language context has remained untapped. Most of the studies conclude that flipped classroom (FC) has more benefits compared to its drawbacks. This review makes several recommendations for further study.

THE USE OF SOCIAL MEDIA: METAPHORICAL EUPHEMISM IN INDONESIAN PRESIDENT'S FACEBOOK COMMENTS

In this era of digitalization, national politicians are increasingly embracing social media as a ... more In this era of digitalization, national politicians are increasingly embracing social media as a means of effective communication with the people they govern. Social media platforms like Facebook have become customary for the ruling class to ensure efficient communication with the public. In their comments on social media, netizens frequently resort to metaphors to express their opinions on topics of general interest. This research examines the usage of metaphorical euphemisms in online comments on Joko Widodo's Facebook posts. This research aims to describe metaphorical euphemisms in President Joko Widodo's Facebook comments. A qualitative approach combined with content analysis has been used in this study. The results reveal that netizens' use of metaphorical euphemisms is influenced by their beliefs, experiences, and socio-cultural perceptions of politics. This study bridges a gap in the literature by investigating how national leaders, particularly in Indonesia, utilize rhetorical strategies on their social media accounts.

Are They Literate on ChatGPT? University Language Students' Perceptions, Benefits and Challenges in Higher Education Learning

Despite the promising potential of artificial intelligence (AI) tools like ChatGPT for enhancing ... more Despite the promising potential of artificial intelligence (AI) tools like ChatGPT for enhancing the learning experience, its integration as an educational tool in higher education poses disruptions that could affect students. This study explored university language students' usage, awareness, readiness, concerns, and perceived benefits and challenges of using ChatGPT in higher education learning. The study used an explanatory sequential mixedmethod design, combining online surveys and semi-structured interviews. A total of 355 language students from five private higher education institutions in Indonesia were recruited using purposive sampling. These participants were asked to complete the closed-ended questionnaire, and nine participants were selected for interview sessions. The data was analyzed using descriptive analysis and thematic analysis. The findings reveal that a majority of students had been using ChatGPT for their learning purposes, especially for writing assignments. The findings also highlight that university language students had a high awareness, readiness, and concerns about using ChatGPT for their academic activities. Additionally, university language students acknowledged the potential benefits of ChatGPT in terms of writing support, personalized learning, increased productivity, brainstorming for generating ideas, and additional resources. However, they also identified the challenges of using ChatGPT, including inaccuracy, lack of critical thinking, plagiarism and AI detection, and technical problems. These findings provide a nuanced understanding of how university language students use and perceive ChatGPT for learning purposes, highlighting the need for support and guidance from higher education providers in the responsible use of AI in academic settings.

Examining professional ideology through the perspectives of higher education professionals

Recent societal changes have sparked a growing interest in teachers' professional ideologies and ... more Recent societal changes have sparked a growing interest in teachers' professional ideologies and pedagogical practices in higher education. Our qualitative study examines how market-driven private higher education impacts teachers' professional ideologies. We have employed thematic analysis to interpret our data and generate themes. The themes explore eight teachers' diverse views on professional ideology, its importance in teaching, and the societal perception of private higher education. Participants also expressed concerns about the commercialization of higher education and societal biases against private universities. The study recommends implementing specialized management strategies and awareness campaigns to foster a professional culture that aligns with educational goals.

Exploring United Arab Emirates School Teachers' Perceptions, Motivation and Benefits of Game-Based Teaching and Learning Environments

Inequalities in Private Tutoring

This phenomenological qualitative study analyzes the lived experiences of eleven Bangladeshi high... more This phenomenological qualitative study analyzes the lived experiences of eleven Bangladeshi higher secondary students in mainstream schools to provide insight into their thoughts, feelings, beliefs, values, and assumptions of private tutoring in English (PT-E). The study also focused on PT-E that contribute to inequalities between students who have access to private tutoring and those who do not. Each participant participated in a one-to-one in-depth semi-structured interview. Using phenomenological analysis, 321 significant statements and three themes emerged. The data show that unequal practice, discrimination due to financial capability, and social psyche for PT-E that influences students to widen the negative impacts of PT-E between students, particularly those who do not have an access in private tutoring of English (PT-E).

A pragmatic language policy in relation to English: Bangladesh contexts

Flipped classroom pedagogy in higher education in EFL contexts: Findings and implications for further research

Forum for Linguistic Studies

The primary aim of this article is to examine the existing findings of flipped classroom (FC) ped... more The primary aim of this article is to examine the existing findings of flipped classroom (FC) pedagogy in higher education institutions (HEIs) for teaching English as a foreign language (EFL) context. Relevant studies have been scrutinised based on keywords, such as higher education, online learning, blended or hybrid teaching, flipped classrooms, and English language instruction in EFL environment. A total of 54 out of the selected 162 articles were analysed using the critical review process as the research methodology, and data were analysed using the content analysis technique. The findings revealed that flipped classroom (FC) had been applied in different parts of the world over many years. But, most of the studies are in science and engineering. Flipped classroom (FC) in the English as foreign language context has remained untapped. Most of the studies conclude that flipped classroom (FC) has more benefits compared to its drawbacks. This review makes several recommendations for...

Promises of English and English Language Learners in Rural Bangladesh

The journal of Asia TEFL, Mar 31, 2023

Correction: UAE university students’ experiences of virtual classroom learning during Covid 19

Smart Learning Environments, Feb 7, 2023

The spread of private tutoring in English in developing societies: exploring students’ perceptions

Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education, 2017

A Pragmatic Language Policy in Relation to English: Bangladesh Contexts

Medium of instruction policies and language practices, ideologies and institutional divides: voices of teachers and students in a private university in Bangladesh

Current Issues in Language Planning, 2013

ABSTRACT The use of English as a medium of instruction (MOI) in polities across the world has dra... more ABSTRACT The use of English as a medium of instruction (MOI) in polities across the world has drawn attention of language policy and planning scholars and researchers. Increasingly, research on MOI policy and practice focuses on how macro-level policies are translated into action by ‘actors’ including teachers and students in the micro-context. However, there has been limited research on teachers&#39; and students&#39; language practices and ideologies that potentially reproduce divisive MOI policies for different sectors of education. This article reports a case study involving teachers and students in a private university in Bangladesh to illustrate how national MOI policies provide a framework for actors in the micro-context to construct identities for languages and institutions by means of ‘othering’. Higher education in Bangladesh is divided between the public and private sectors and the divide is marked by MOI – English and Bangla in the former and English only in the latter. Based on our analysis of interview data, we argue that through their language practices and beliefs, students and teachers construct hierarchies of languages and institutions, using the rules of self- and other-representation and thereby perpetuating the macro-level divide. We suggest implications of the macro-level MOI policies and micro-level practices for students&#39; content knowledge and English proficiency development in a globalizing world where English is widely believed to hold immense potential for individuals and societies because of its role in human capital development.

ENHANCING STUDENTS' ONLINE CLASSROOM LEARNING AND PARTICIPATION THROUGH THE USE OF KAHOOT

by Dr. Md. Monjurul Islam and Puteri Zarina M. Khalid

This review of related literature in the use of Kahoot! application aims to shed light on the sig... more This review of related literature in the use of Kahoot! application aims to shed light on the significance of incorporating this application into online classroom instruction to improve students' learning and engagement during the lessons. It can be assumed that the incorporation of effective teaching materials is one of the major influences on student learning and classroom participation. Nevertheless, given the apex of 21st-century learning, it is difficult for teachers to devise instructional tools that can captivate modern students. Consequently, the existence of educational games such as Kahoot! is useful for teachers who wish to infuse some fun and interactive elements into their lessons, which could ultimately improve students' learning and involvement in online classrooms. This study also emphasises the drawbacks of using this application. Based on the review, it is clear that using educational games like Kahoot! is an excellent method for teachers to use to help improve their students' learning and involvement in online classes. The association between educational games, student learning, and involvement in online classrooms has been greatly justified by this research.

THE USE OF SOCIAL MEDIA: METAPHORICAL EUPHEMISM IN INDONESIAN PRESIDENT'S FACEBOOK COMMENTS

In this era of digitalization, national politicians are increasingly embracing social media as a ... more In this era of digitalization, national politicians are increasingly embracing social media as a means of effective communication with the people they govern. Social media platforms like Facebook have become customary for the ruling class to ensure efficient communication with the public. In their comments on social media, netizens frequently resort to metaphors to express their opinions on topics of general interest. This research examines the usage of metaphorical euphemisms in online comments on Joko Widodo's Facebook posts. This research aims to describe metaphorical euphemisms in President Joko Widodo's Facebook comments. A qualitative approach combined with content analysis has been used in this study. The results reveal that netizens' use of metaphorical euphemisms is influenced by their beliefs, experiences, and socio-cultural perceptions of politics. This study bridges a gap in the literature by investigating how national leaders, particularly in Indonesia, utilize rhetorical strategies on their social media accounts.

Flipped classroom pedagogy in higher education in EFL contexts: Findings and implications for further research

Article , 2023

The primary aim of this article is to examine the existing findings of flipped classroom (FC) ped... more The primary aim of this article is to examine the existing findings of flipped classroom (FC) pedagogy in higher education institutions (HEIs) for teaching English as a foreign language (EFL) context. Relevant studies have been scrutinised based on keywords, such as higher education, online learning, blended or hybrid teaching, flipped classrooms, and English language instruction in EFL environment. A total of 54 out of the selected 162 articles were analysed using the critical review process as the research methodology, and data were analysed using the content analysis technique. The findings revealed that flipped classroom (FC) had been applied in different parts of the world over many years. But, most of the studies are in science and engineering. Flipped classroom (FC) in the English as foreign language context has remained untapped. Most of the studies conclude that flipped classroom (FC) has more benefits compared to its drawbacks. This review makes several recommendations for further study.

Schoolteachers in Out-of-School Hours Education: Blurring Schoolteachers in Out-of-School Hours Education: Blurring Professional Ideology in Recent Times Professional Ideology in Recent Times

Teachers' professional ideology and their involvement in out-of-school hours (OoSH) practices hav... more Teachers' professional ideology and their involvement in out-of-school hours (OoSH) practices have been questioned in recent times. This study explores how schoolteachers understand their professional ideology in relation to their OoSH practices and how they explain their participation in private tutoring in addition to formal schooling. This study deploys a qualitative approach using in-depth semi-structured interviews with nine secondary school teachers in Bangladesh. The thematic analysis highlights a substantial gap between Bangladeshi school teachers' professional ideologies and their involvement in private tutoring. The findings from the study reveal that the respondents perceive their dual roles as schoolteachers and tutors as controversial and detrimental to discharging their professional duties in an ideological way. They recurrently struggle to justify the dual roles that contribute to the dilemma of professional ideologies. As such, private tutoring does not just create a problem in classroom teaching but affects professional ideology and commitment to teaching principles. The study recommends policymakers and professionals look into these issues to gain a deeper insight into the existing private tutoring literature concerning teachers' professional ideologies.

Promises of English and English Language Learners in Rural Bangladesh

Asia TEFL Journal , 2023

English has been promoted as a language of hope, desire, and mobility in Bangladesh, as elsewhere... more English has been promoted as a language of hope, desire, and mobility in Bangladesh, as elsewhere in the world. In this article, we investigate how rural students in Bangladesh may relate to these promises of English in seeking escape from rural poverty and disadvantage. We draw on findings and insights from three doctoral studies that were conducted in a disadvantaged region in the north of the country. The three studies engaged with students, teachers, and parents, and captured life, experiences, and struggles of poor students attending poor schools and learning poor English. Bringing the studies together enables a holistic understanding of English learning experiences and outcomes taking into account curricular, non-curricular, familial, and social factors shaping English language pedagogy in the region. We contrast key findings from the studies with the many promises of English that have been articulated by national and global education policies and policy actors. Urban-rural divides in academic achievement in general and English learning in particular have been reported in Bangladesh, as elsewhere. These outcomes challenge us to reflect for whom English works as a linguistic capital and for whom it may be otherwise. We argue for focused policy thinking about English teaching and learning in rural communities in Bangladesh and other developing societies.

An Evaluation of English Language Textbook from Teachers' Perspectives

by Dr. Md. Monjurul Islam and Md.Monjurul Islam

The study aimed at evaluating 9-10 th grade textbook from teachers' perspective. This study highl... more The study aimed at evaluating 9-10 th grade textbook from teachers' perspective. This study highlights the perception of teachers on an evaluation of English language textbook. To achieve this goal, an evaluation scale was developed on the basis of language teaching and learning criteria that determine the specifications of good quality textbook. The sample of the study consisted of 45 male and female secondary school teachers. The researchers developed a 31-item questionnaire and one open-ended to evaluate the textbook. Alpha formula was used in order to determine the reliability of the questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were carried out to interpret the data. The questionnaire included six main domains: attractiveness of the text and physical make-up, subject and content, exercises and activities, language type, language skills and context. The findings showed that the degree of evaluation was moderate. However, there were no significant differences in the degree of evaluation of the textbook.

UAE university students' experiences of virtual classroom learning during Covid 19

Virtual Classroom (VC) learning approaches have recently drawn considerable attention because the... more Virtual Classroom (VC) learning approaches have recently drawn considerable attention because they have the potential to encourage student engagement to ensure active and collaborative learning. Although research on online learning has gained visibility in recent times, VC learning has not received notable attention, especially in Gulf countries like the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The study examines students' perception and experience of VC in a university in UAE during the COVID-19 pandemic in terms of its necessity and helpfulness. This research also examines the situational pressure of VC and aims to explain the reasons for its desirability and inevitability. As a current learning space beyond the conventional face-to-face classroom learning, VC learning is available in various forms and quality depending on creating opportunities for the learners' participation. However, there are issues with VC practice too. Our analysis of survey data (N = 334) leads to portraying autonomous learning freedom in different learning environments in VC. We argue that students may resort to VC not because of its proven effectiveness but because of the necessity to continue addressing their learning needs. This study contributes to the general understanding of the online and traditional inperson classroom learning and virtual learning resources in the teaching of English as a globally desired language.

Flipped classroom pedagogy in higher education in EFL contexts: Findings and implications for further research

The primary aim of this article is to examine the existing findings of flipped classroom (FC) ped... more The primary aim of this article is to examine the existing findings of flipped classroom (FC) pedagogy in higher education institutions (HEIs) for teaching English as a foreign language (EFL) context. Relevant studies have been scrutinised based on keywords, such as higher education, online learning, blended or hybrid teaching, flipped classrooms, and English language instruction in EFL environment. A total of 54 out of the selected 162 articles were analysed using the critical review process as the research methodology, and data were analysed using the content analysis technique. The findings revealed that flipped classroom (FC) had been applied in different parts of the world over many years. But, most of the studies are in science and engineering. Flipped classroom (FC) in the English as foreign language context has remained untapped. Most of the studies conclude that flipped classroom (FC) has more benefits compared to its drawbacks. This review makes several recommendations for further study.