The article examines the role of private entrepreneurship as an alternative sphere of employment ... more The article examines the role of private entrepreneurship as an alternative sphere of employment for a significant mass of the population during the years of the NEP. Incentive mechanisms of citizens' involvement in trade are considered, assessments of their activities by the merchants themselves are given. The emphasis is placed on the negative consequences that trade entailed, including disenfranchisement. The conclusion is made about the negative social dynamics or statics in the destinies of private entrepreneurs, which indicates the implementation of the mechanism of negative social selection, which went in parallel with the process of forming a new Soviet man. The elimination of mixed economic system, the unification and hybridisation of economic structures, the socialisation of not only material, but also labour resources, deprived private entrepreneurs of an economic basis. As a result, most of them tried to join the state or cooperative way of life, guaranteeing access to channels of distribution of material goods and certain social protection. A small part joined the ranks of the shadow sector of the economy, which existed throughout the Soviet period. The author concludes that along with the fight against illegal forms of trade, the authorities objectively formed the prerequisites for its existence, since defects in the distribution system and chronic commodity shortages created a steady demand for products and services of the shadow economy and the black market.
Становление советской государственности: выбор пути и его последствия : Материалы XIV Международной научной конференции. Екатеринбург, 22–25 июня. (История сталинизма. Дебаты) , 2022
Статья посвящена процессу формирования и эволюции многоукладной экономики в СССР в 1920–1930 гг. ... more Статья посвящена процессу формирования и эволюции многоукладной экономики в СССР в 1920–1930 гг. В основу анализа положен укладный подход.
Death of Vladimir I. Lenin is considered in the context of the transition to a peaceful stage of ... more Death of Vladimir I. Lenin is considered in the context of the transition to a peaceful stage of development of early Soviet society. This event was used for propaganda purposes, allowed to consolidate the divided society and ensure the transfer of power in the party leadership. The attitude to the death of the country's leader, whose cult began to form during his lifetime, is a significant political marker for every citizen. Public opinion in general and the assessment of individual citizens were the object of attention of the political police, since they allowed 'friend-or-foe' identification of a citizen. Information reports of the OGPU allow not only to analyse public opinion, but also to identify the most acute problems of this period of national history.
В статье рассматриваются проблемы организации и проведения «независимого тестового контроля» по и... more В статье рассматриваются проблемы организации и проведения «независимого тестового контроля» по итогам изучения дисциплин гуманитарного блока; формулируются предложения по совершенствованию данной системы контроля.The article is considered problems of organizing and conducting an “independent control test” on the basis of the study of arts disciplines; there are formulated suggestions for improvement of the control system
Монография посвящена политико-правовым, экономическим и социокультурным аспектам функционирования... more Монография посвящена политико-правовым, экономическим и социокультурным аспектам функционирования частной торговли и кредита на Урале в 1920-е гг. В работе проанализированы основные направления государственной политики в отношении частного сектора хозяйства в 1920-е гг. Частная торговля рассматривается как существенный элемент модели многоукладной экономики, обеспечивающий связь различных секторов и укладов, учитывается региональная специфика в контексте реализации территориально-рыночной модели региональной политики. Книга может представлять интерес для исследователей, занимающихся экономической историей, историей торговли, регионалистикой, социальной историей и историей повседневности раннесоветского общества.Издание поддержано грантом РНФ – Проект № 16-18-10106 «Раннесоветское общество как социальный проект: идеи, механизмы реализации, результаты конструирования»
The consideration of the process of creation and liquidation of Roma kolkhozes in the Urals in th... more The consideration of the process of creation and liquidation of Roma kolkhozes in the Urals in the 1930s on the basis of an economic order approach allows us to analyse the economic, social and cultural aspects of this historical phenomenon. The author substantiates the need to consider a wider range of economic orders in comparison with those highlighted by V. I. Lenin, in particular, the differences between kolkhoz and cooperative orders (Z. V. Rybina). Diasporic and family orders based on consanguinity and ethnic community are very stable economic systems in transition periods. Comparative analysis of the kolkhoz and diasporic orders (W. Sombart) demonstrates both the similarity and very significant differences of these economic systems, which predetermined the failure of the transfer of nomadic Roma to a sedentary lifestyle through the kolkhoz system. This project was based solely on political and class principles, while ethnic and cultural factors were ignored or considered as remnants of the past. The historical experience of state policy towards Roma is relevant, because in modern conditions (in the absence of a commodity shortage), the search for legal economic niches capable of ensuring the economic well-being of Roma communities is a serious problem.
During the period of the New Economic Policy the private trade business was opposed to the state ... more During the period of the New Economic Policy the private trade business was opposed to the state trade and cooperation. It was leaded to the duality of a social status and marginality of legal status of the private dealer. As a result we obtain information about this social group from materials, which presented it in negative context. Based on materials of judical and investigative legal case of 1929 there is reviewed an example of trade practices of brothers Mirkinykh’s shopkeepers in Sverdlovsk. In order to optimize the profit they used the letter code to refer to the cost of goods. The key was the phrase “Let’s live”, which served not only to the utilitarian purposes but also to create positive motivation for the staff. The key phrase clearly discorded with the public policy directed to eliminate of private trade and contrasted with the image of Sverdlovsk as the proletarian capital of the Urals. The reaction of authorities on this phrase was logical and negative because it could be perceived as a challenge and protest.
Известия Уральского федерального университета. Серия 2. Гуманитарные науки., 2016
In the article it is analyzed the materials of forensic investigation case which was initiated o... more In the article it is analyzed the materials of forensic investigation case which was initiated on the facts of bribery and swindle of workers of the Sverdlovsk district and the Ural regional financial departments and private traders in Sverdlovsk in 1929. Based on regional documents it is considered the all-Russian campaign, which started with “Astrakhan case” and aimed at the abolition of private capitalists economic structures in the economy. The aim of research is to examine the interaction between the private entrepreneurs and staff of financial agencies in late 1920s. The object of research is the actors of entrepreneurs activity in the period of NEP. The subject of research is interest of the parties, the nature of the interaction between the employees of the fiscal authorities and the private entrepreneurs. The chronological framework (1928-1929) is predetermined by the “Astrakhan” and “Sverdlovsk” lawsuits. Based on the actor’s model it is considered the interests of the parties as actors of economic activity, motives of their behavior, problems of interaction between private entrepreneurs and employees of financial authorities; reasons for which the staff of the fiscal authorities sabotaged the process of forced liquidation of private owners; the role of the judicial process in the justification of the elimination of the district division within the Ural region.
Известия Уральского федерального университета. Серия 2. Гуманитарные науки. , 2018
This article aims to study the process of organising a campaign with the purpose
of collecting a... more This article aims to study the process of organising a campaign with the purpose
of collecting arrears from private entrepreneurs and for clearing of tax bureaucracy.
The source of the research is the instructions of the Central Headquarters
of the working team for the patronage over the USSR People’s Commissariat for
Finance and the administration of Sverdlovsk Regional Financial Administration
concerning the Sverdlovsk Regional Financial Department (SRFD).
The author studies the problems of adequacy of private sector taxation under
the SRFD policy. This policy was one of the reasons for organising a tax campaign.
The analysis of documents allows the author to conclude that the methods and
means of the campaign planned testify to a radicalisation of the policy of a total and
final exclusion of private sector from the country’s economy, and to the abolition
of the NEP mixed economy.
Apart from fiscal aims proper, the authorities purposed political ones too; their goal
was to demonstrate the determination of the government and to conduct a cleaning up of the financial body which was ‘littered’ with petty-bourgeois elements. To maintain the class equality of the campaign, factory workers were actively involved which led to several legal and organisational problems and caused various instances of abuse.
Rapid and unexpected mass confiscations at night which happened without prior
notice and on a wide scale, with arrears collected even from relatives and acquaintances of an entrepreneur were similar to a war campaign, resembling an act of intimidation targeted at political opponents. Some points of instructions contradicted the legislature of the time in question; however, this fact was not viewed as a flaw considering the political character of this campaign.
The rightful desire of the government to collect arrears under the dictatorship
of proletariat and under the final stages of the NEP was transformed into a force
operation accompanied by the deprivation of property of the conquered class
in the spirit of the theory of ‘primary socialist accumulation’.
Вестник Тамбовского университета. Серия: Гуманитарные науки, 2018
Рассмотрен механизм контроля над аппаратом финансовых органов, который осуществлялся в рамках кам... more Рассмотрен механизм контроля над аппаратом финансовых органов, который осуществлялся в рамках кампании по взысканию недоимок с частных предпринимателей и чистке налогового аппарата. Источниками являлись методические материалы Центрального штаба рабочей бригады по шефству над Народным комиссариатом финансов СССР и руководства Свердловского областного финансового управления, направленные в адрес Свердловского окружного финансового отдела. В рамках кампании наряду с чисто фискальными преследовались и политические цели-продемонстрировать решительность властей в борьбе с частным сектором хозяйства и провести чистку аппарата финансовых органов от представителей классово-чуждых социальных групп. Гарантией эффективности кампании, по мнению ее организаторов, являлось привлечение «рабочих от станка», способных последовательно осуществить поставленные цели. Активное участие в кампании граждан, которые не обладали необходимой профессиональной квалификацией, создавало предпосылки для злоупотреблений и нарушений действующего законодательства. Однако это обстоятельство, учитывая политический характер кампании, не являлось недостатком в глазах ее организаторов. В инструкции финансовые работники рассматривались как потенциальные нарушители, а их деятельность оценивалась как недостаточно эффективная и идущая вразрез с идеологическими установками. Такой подход противоречил презумпции невиновности, дискредитировал как отдельных сотрудников, так и в целом финансовые организации. Даная кампания свидетельствовала о решительном наступлении на нэп не только на фронтах борьбы с многоукладной экономикой, но и о свертывании институтов, обеспечивающих функционирование рыночного механизма в советской России. Финансово-кредитные организации либо исчезали, либо их деятельность существенно трансформировалась в рамках мобилизационной модели советской экономики.
The aim of the article is to scrutinise autobiography as a part of ‘lishenets’ personal record, t... more The aim of the article is to scrutinise autobiography as a part of ‘lishenets’ personal record, to identify its specific traits typical of such kind of records management autobiographies. The sources for the research are personal records of the citizens who appealed to electoral rights reinstatement after being deprived of such for trading reasons, and legal documents specifying the revocation and reinstatement of electoral rights. Unpublished materials of Regional election commission of Sverdlovsk Regional Executive Committee are stored in Sverdlovsk region State Archive. By using methods of source analysis, the author defines the place and role of autobiography in ‘lishenets’ personal record. The author draws a conclusion that a citizen’s appeal containing autobiographic details can be placed with mass sources and autobiographies as a separate document are not mass documents. The structure and the contents of record management autobiographies were predisposed by administrative procedures under which they were created. The structure was determined not only by chronology (historic, biographic, or plot lines), but also by legal acts regulating the process of reinstatement. The contents of the text were oriented onto the members of the Election commission and as such had to coordinate with their expectations and class orientation. Applicants’ argumentation of life events was based on both rational and emotional bases (appeal to the sense of justice, revolutionary consciousness and common sense). The following conclusion related to the specification of autobiographies of former merchants can be drawn based on the analysis of the texts. The defining characteristics are: autobiography could be both a separate document and a part of an appeal document; it always contained facts that were viewed as the basis for electoral rights reinstatement; it was not balanced as it showed in detail the aspects of life connected with trade and revocation of electoral rights; omissions and part disclosures were present in the texts; biographies contained links to legal acts and facts supporting the truthfulness of the information presented by the applicant; at times it is evident that the texts had ‘co-authors’ as they could have been written by a third party; autobiographies are written in an emotionally coloured style as sometimes they contained very judgemental statements, which is not typical of records management. Investigating into the meaning of autobiographies in the process of electoral rights reinstatement, the author draws a conclusion that these documents were the core elements both for the formation of a ‘lishenets’ personal record and for the reinstatement procedure itself.
The purpose of the article is to analyse the Russian historiography of the 1920s-1980s devoted to... more The purpose of the article is to analyse the Russian historiography of the 1920s-1980s devoted to the study of private trade in the years of the NEP. The material will be useful both for initial acquaintance with the problem, since it will allow the reader to navigate through a variety of publications, and for in-depth study of the topic, for example, when writing historiographical sections of dissertations. The systematisation of the material is based on the problem-chronological approach and includes the traditional stages of Russian historiography. The period of the new economic policy is a dynamic and controversial stage of Russian history, filled with discussions on a wide range of issues, a true "place for discussion" when examining alternatives to the country's development. Mixed economic system predetermined the multilayeredness and debatability of judgements about the events that took place before the eyes of contemporaries, which left its mark on the historiography of the 1920s. On the contrary, the mono economic order and the ideocratic approach in science led to the interpretation of the NEP as a "retreat". In the historiography starting from the 1930s until the first half of the 1980s, private trade was openly marginalised, and the variety of processes in which it was involved was reduced to the struggle of the private sector with the socialised sector, exclusively within the framework of the antagonistic concept of "class struggle". Since the mid-1980s, researchers have again turned to problems that were relevant in the 1920s. The return to the diversity of interpretations took place against the background of the convergence of domestic and foreign historiography, in the process of actively searching for alternatives to the "Marxist-Leninist concept of the historical process".
В статье анализируется современный этап (1990-2000-е гг.), изучения частного торгового предприним... more В статье анализируется современный этап (1990-2000-е гг.), изучения частного торгового предпринимательства в годы нэпа в СССР. Рассматриваются работы, которые позволяют дать анализ данной проблемы в политическом, экономическом и социальном аспектах как на макро-, так и на микроуровне. В историографический обзор включены исследования как отечественных, так и зарубежных авторов. Сделан вывод о специфике данного этапа, определены основные направления изучения частного торгового предпринимательства. Отмечено, что применение междисциплинарного подхода, обширный круг источников являются надежными ориентирами в дальнейшем изучении нэпа накануне его столетнего юбилея.
Magistra Vitae: электронный журнал по историческим наукам и археологии, 2016
The interaction of the private producer (the peasant or the craftsman) under the mediation of pri... more The interaction of the private producer (the peasant or the craftsman) under the mediation of private traders (attracting private credit) with an ordinary consumer – ensured the functioning of the private sector of the economy and gave dynamism to the economy of the NEP. This model of behavior has intensified during the period of pressure on private traders. It was called the “vicious circle of the private sector of the economy”. In fact this “vicious circle” was the private capitalist way, which was very important and essential element of the mixed economy NEP. In other side it was assessed as a threat to the Soviet system and attempt to restore capitalism. As a part of the propaganda campaigns in 1924 and 1929 this pattern was used to justify pressure on private traders. The question about the full closure of the “circle” was called into question during the “Astrakhan process” in 1928-1929 and a number of lawsuits in the Urals in 1929. It was based on accountability not only the private businessmen but also the government officials who were the part of this “circle”. The mobilization model of economy changed priorities and the pace of country’s development, the ratio of administrative and economic measures of state regulation, the proportion of legal and illegal activities, but it could not solve the problem of multiculturalism.
The new economic policy could be a typical example of a mixed economic system (“mnogoukladnost'”)... more The new economic policy could be a typical example of a mixed economic system (“mnogoukladnost'”) if it were not implemented in the state of the “dictatorship of the proletariat”, whose leaders declared the primacy of the plan over the market and set themselves the goal of destroying private property. The private sector of the economy was legalised; however, it was placed in unequal conditions, the limits of what was allowed were constantly changing and business entities were discriminated against. Being a model of the transition period, the NEP served as a “gateway” providing a limited opportunity to adapt existing economic orders (“uklad”) to the realities of centralised planned management. Economic actors, being in different positions in the political and economic spectrum of society, determined the degree of the permissible and possible violations of economic laws that allowed the emerging economic and political systems to be kept in relative equilibrium (or protected from collapse). A special role in these processes was played by the private entrepreneurship system, which covered a wide range of population and was an indicator of the degree of market relations acceptance. As a result of the displacement of the private sector at the end of the NEP, this way of life received its most complete expression in the form of a “closed circle of the private sector of the economy”. The economic, political and propaganda struggle against the “circle” that unfolded in the late 1920s resulted in a series of public trials. The desire of the state to gain control over all types of resources, to concentrate them in its own hands and to direct them to priority areas of development became obvious. The “informal order (“uklad”)” of the Soviet period, fed by a chronic commodity shortage, was an inevitable consequence of this policy. The social construction of the new society was aimed at the formation of a “socialised” person, deprived of economic and political subjectivity (autonomy of the individual). These processes form the attributive properties of the mobilisation economy model. Its formation, which began during the Civil War and passed through the “gateway” of the NEP, received its logical conclusion during the first five-year plans. Thus, the economic order (“uklad”) approach allows us to analyse the laws of the existence of the NEP mixed economic system and its role in the formation of the mobilisation economy of the USSR.
The purpose of this work is to consider the trade practices in everyday life of workers of the Ur... more The purpose of this work is to consider the trade practices in everyday life of workers of the Urals in the 1920s. The trade practices were analyzed as an object of research, and prerequisites of their forming and implementation in everyday life of the working Urals enterprises were described as a subject. Methodological bases of a research can be carried to such direction of historical science as "daily occurrence history". The main source was information reports of political section of the Joint Public Political Administration (JPPA) across the Urals for 1924. Authors of these reports were oriented to reveal the obvious and razed conflicts, to detect groups of contradictions. Being a component of system of law enforcement agencies JPPA included in the sphere of its interests the widest range of problems which covered practically all aspects of life of the Soviet society, all varieties of conflicts, truly or potentially posing threat to the existing mode. Reports contain an economic and political survey of a situation in the cities and the rural zone, the analysis of social structure of society, based on professional accessory and types of activity, and on loyalty assessment to the Soviet power, RCP(b) and the Red army. In the period of the New Economic Policy a variety of forms and methods of trade and intermediary activities were caused by a multistructurality of economics, transitional nature of managing model. Imperfection of the centralized state distribution system which seemed an ideal model in the conditions of formation of new society generated daily practices of population’s involvement in trade and intermediary activities. The trading occupation became a mass profession and was deprofessionalized at the same time. The reason of this process was in considering this type of activity as a temporary employment by general population. Workers of the Urals factories weren't an exception. In this article their participation in trade and intermediary activities caused by defects of the state and cooperative system of distribution is analyzed. While acting as the seller of own property, the products of craft and handicraft made in free from factory work time, the worker wasn't connected directly with activities of the factory. In this case these types of trade can be considered as additional earnings. On the other hand, sales on commodity markets of the goods received as a salary instead of cash; resale in the market of slow goods redeemed in cooperative benches; different implementation of coupons and other cash substitutes which were issued instead of money; all these were a direct consequence of defects of a wage system at the factory and centralized supply system. Trading in the market, workers showed obvious unacceptance of a trading activity as such, critically spoke of private trade that was caused by both ideological and economic reasons.
Научные ведомости Белгородского государственного университета. Сер. История. Политология. , 2017
В процессе становления советского строя органы власти декларировали необходимость сближения интер... more В процессе становления советского строя органы власти декларировали необходимость сближения интересов рабочих и крестьян, их интеграцию, «смычку», ориентированную на решение экономических и социальных задач. В публикации рассматриваются способы и приемы адаптации населения к условиям экономики переходного периода, сочетающих в себе как плановые, так и рыночные начала, базирующейся на взаимодействии различных хозяйственных укладов и форм собственности. Автор рассматривает «смычку» не только как часть государственной политики, но и как способ адаптации населения к условиям переходного периода.
In Russia, history teaching today is confronting the traditional bipolar approach to national his... more In Russia, history teaching today is confronting the traditional bipolar approach to national history, a confrontational vision of the world, the question of minorities and regional issues and the influence of administrative reforms on educational processes. This paper analyses the questions raised by the introduction of a historical and cultural standard, that is to say a programmatic document that defines the broad outlines of Russian history and is destined to provide the bases of a standard textbook for history teaching in secondary schools, especially in the context? Of the introduction of a single state examination.
Российские экономические реформы в региональном измерении: сборник материалов Всероссийской научной конференции, посвященной столетию начала НЭПа / отв. ред. В. А. Ильиных, В. М. Рынков; Институт истории СО РАН. – Новосибирск : Параллель, 2021
Процессы экономической трансформации (нэп) и изменения административно-территориального устройств... more Процессы экономической трансформации (нэп) и изменения административно-территориального устройства (районирование) в 1920-е гг. демонстрировали как эффекты резонанса, так и диссонанса, реализовывались в регионах как по универсальным, так и по специфическим алгоритмам. Многоукладная экономика являлась не только объектом, но и субъектом реформирования. Речь идет об оценочной реакции, которую вызывали делимитация и демаркация границ с позиции различных укладов. Со стороны государственного сектора хозяйства возникали возражения, относящиеся к кадровой политике, к вопросам административной подчиненности. Кооперативный уклад реагировал на необходимость погашения задолженности в связи с реорганизацией и аудитом, также волновали вопросы логистики и снабжения. Частный сектор наиболее активно реагировал на изменения границ, так как его деятельность основывалась на сложившихся экономических отношениях, достаточно устойчивых логистических схемах, на системе формальных и неформальных связей с властями. Неподконтрольные напрямую государству уклады могли служить индикатором оценки целесообразности и эффективности районирования, направленного, по замыслу организаторов, на оптимизацию аппарата управления, приближение его к населению и максимальную реализацию потенциала территории, путем совмещения административных и хозяйственных ареалов.
The article examines the role of private entrepreneurship as an alternative sphere of employment ... more The article examines the role of private entrepreneurship as an alternative sphere of employment for a significant mass of the population during the years of the NEP. Incentive mechanisms of citizens' involvement in trade are considered, assessments of their activities by the merchants themselves are given. The emphasis is placed on the negative consequences that trade entailed, including disenfranchisement. The conclusion is made about the negative social dynamics or statics in the destinies of private entrepreneurs, which indicates the implementation of the mechanism of negative social selection, which went in parallel with the process of forming a new Soviet man. The elimination of mixed economic system, the unification and hybridisation of economic structures, the socialisation of not only material, but also labour resources, deprived private entrepreneurs of an economic basis. As a result, most of them tried to join the state or cooperative way of life, guaranteeing access to channels of distribution of material goods and certain social protection. A small part joined the ranks of the shadow sector of the economy, which existed throughout the Soviet period. The author concludes that along with the fight against illegal forms of trade, the authorities objectively formed the prerequisites for its existence, since defects in the distribution system and chronic commodity shortages created a steady demand for products and services of the shadow economy and the black market.
Становление советской государственности: выбор пути и его последствия : Материалы XIV Международной научной конференции. Екатеринбург, 22–25 июня. (История сталинизма. Дебаты) , 2022
Статья посвящена процессу формирования и эволюции многоукладной экономики в СССР в 1920–1930 гг. ... more Статья посвящена процессу формирования и эволюции многоукладной экономики в СССР в 1920–1930 гг. В основу анализа положен укладный подход.
Death of Vladimir I. Lenin is considered in the context of the transition to a peaceful stage of ... more Death of Vladimir I. Lenin is considered in the context of the transition to a peaceful stage of development of early Soviet society. This event was used for propaganda purposes, allowed to consolidate the divided society and ensure the transfer of power in the party leadership. The attitude to the death of the country's leader, whose cult began to form during his lifetime, is a significant political marker for every citizen. Public opinion in general and the assessment of individual citizens were the object of attention of the political police, since they allowed 'friend-or-foe' identification of a citizen. Information reports of the OGPU allow not only to analyse public opinion, but also to identify the most acute problems of this period of national history.
В статье рассматриваются проблемы организации и проведения «независимого тестового контроля» по и... more В статье рассматриваются проблемы организации и проведения «независимого тестового контроля» по итогам изучения дисциплин гуманитарного блока; формулируются предложения по совершенствованию данной системы контроля.The article is considered problems of organizing and conducting an “independent control test” on the basis of the study of arts disciplines; there are formulated suggestions for improvement of the control system
Монография посвящена политико-правовым, экономическим и социокультурным аспектам функционирования... more Монография посвящена политико-правовым, экономическим и социокультурным аспектам функционирования частной торговли и кредита на Урале в 1920-е гг. В работе проанализированы основные направления государственной политики в отношении частного сектора хозяйства в 1920-е гг. Частная торговля рассматривается как существенный элемент модели многоукладной экономики, обеспечивающий связь различных секторов и укладов, учитывается региональная специфика в контексте реализации территориально-рыночной модели региональной политики. Книга может представлять интерес для исследователей, занимающихся экономической историей, историей торговли, регионалистикой, социальной историей и историей повседневности раннесоветского общества.Издание поддержано грантом РНФ – Проект № 16-18-10106 «Раннесоветское общество как социальный проект: идеи, механизмы реализации, результаты конструирования»
The consideration of the process of creation and liquidation of Roma kolkhozes in the Urals in th... more The consideration of the process of creation and liquidation of Roma kolkhozes in the Urals in the 1930s on the basis of an economic order approach allows us to analyse the economic, social and cultural aspects of this historical phenomenon. The author substantiates the need to consider a wider range of economic orders in comparison with those highlighted by V. I. Lenin, in particular, the differences between kolkhoz and cooperative orders (Z. V. Rybina). Diasporic and family orders based on consanguinity and ethnic community are very stable economic systems in transition periods. Comparative analysis of the kolkhoz and diasporic orders (W. Sombart) demonstrates both the similarity and very significant differences of these economic systems, which predetermined the failure of the transfer of nomadic Roma to a sedentary lifestyle through the kolkhoz system. This project was based solely on political and class principles, while ethnic and cultural factors were ignored or considered as remnants of the past. The historical experience of state policy towards Roma is relevant, because in modern conditions (in the absence of a commodity shortage), the search for legal economic niches capable of ensuring the economic well-being of Roma communities is a serious problem.
During the period of the New Economic Policy the private trade business was opposed to the state ... more During the period of the New Economic Policy the private trade business was opposed to the state trade and cooperation. It was leaded to the duality of a social status and marginality of legal status of the private dealer. As a result we obtain information about this social group from materials, which presented it in negative context. Based on materials of judical and investigative legal case of 1929 there is reviewed an example of trade practices of brothers Mirkinykh’s shopkeepers in Sverdlovsk. In order to optimize the profit they used the letter code to refer to the cost of goods. The key was the phrase “Let’s live”, which served not only to the utilitarian purposes but also to create positive motivation for the staff. The key phrase clearly discorded with the public policy directed to eliminate of private trade and contrasted with the image of Sverdlovsk as the proletarian capital of the Urals. The reaction of authorities on this phrase was logical and negative because it could be perceived as a challenge and protest.
Известия Уральского федерального университета. Серия 2. Гуманитарные науки., 2016
In the article it is analyzed the materials of forensic investigation case which was initiated o... more In the article it is analyzed the materials of forensic investigation case which was initiated on the facts of bribery and swindle of workers of the Sverdlovsk district and the Ural regional financial departments and private traders in Sverdlovsk in 1929. Based on regional documents it is considered the all-Russian campaign, which started with “Astrakhan case” and aimed at the abolition of private capitalists economic structures in the economy. The aim of research is to examine the interaction between the private entrepreneurs and staff of financial agencies in late 1920s. The object of research is the actors of entrepreneurs activity in the period of NEP. The subject of research is interest of the parties, the nature of the interaction between the employees of the fiscal authorities and the private entrepreneurs. The chronological framework (1928-1929) is predetermined by the “Astrakhan” and “Sverdlovsk” lawsuits. Based on the actor’s model it is considered the interests of the parties as actors of economic activity, motives of their behavior, problems of interaction between private entrepreneurs and employees of financial authorities; reasons for which the staff of the fiscal authorities sabotaged the process of forced liquidation of private owners; the role of the judicial process in the justification of the elimination of the district division within the Ural region.
Известия Уральского федерального университета. Серия 2. Гуманитарные науки. , 2018
This article aims to study the process of organising a campaign with the purpose
of collecting a... more This article aims to study the process of organising a campaign with the purpose
of collecting arrears from private entrepreneurs and for clearing of tax bureaucracy.
The source of the research is the instructions of the Central Headquarters
of the working team for the patronage over the USSR People’s Commissariat for
Finance and the administration of Sverdlovsk Regional Financial Administration
concerning the Sverdlovsk Regional Financial Department (SRFD).
The author studies the problems of adequacy of private sector taxation under
the SRFD policy. This policy was one of the reasons for organising a tax campaign.
The analysis of documents allows the author to conclude that the methods and
means of the campaign planned testify to a radicalisation of the policy of a total and
final exclusion of private sector from the country’s economy, and to the abolition
of the NEP mixed economy.
Apart from fiscal aims proper, the authorities purposed political ones too; their goal
was to demonstrate the determination of the government and to conduct a cleaning up of the financial body which was ‘littered’ with petty-bourgeois elements. To maintain the class equality of the campaign, factory workers were actively involved which led to several legal and organisational problems and caused various instances of abuse.
Rapid and unexpected mass confiscations at night which happened without prior
notice and on a wide scale, with arrears collected even from relatives and acquaintances of an entrepreneur were similar to a war campaign, resembling an act of intimidation targeted at political opponents. Some points of instructions contradicted the legislature of the time in question; however, this fact was not viewed as a flaw considering the political character of this campaign.
The rightful desire of the government to collect arrears under the dictatorship
of proletariat and under the final stages of the NEP was transformed into a force
operation accompanied by the deprivation of property of the conquered class
in the spirit of the theory of ‘primary socialist accumulation’.
Вестник Тамбовского университета. Серия: Гуманитарные науки, 2018
Рассмотрен механизм контроля над аппаратом финансовых органов, который осуществлялся в рамках кам... more Рассмотрен механизм контроля над аппаратом финансовых органов, который осуществлялся в рамках кампании по взысканию недоимок с частных предпринимателей и чистке налогового аппарата. Источниками являлись методические материалы Центрального штаба рабочей бригады по шефству над Народным комиссариатом финансов СССР и руководства Свердловского областного финансового управления, направленные в адрес Свердловского окружного финансового отдела. В рамках кампании наряду с чисто фискальными преследовались и политические цели-продемонстрировать решительность властей в борьбе с частным сектором хозяйства и провести чистку аппарата финансовых органов от представителей классово-чуждых социальных групп. Гарантией эффективности кампании, по мнению ее организаторов, являлось привлечение «рабочих от станка», способных последовательно осуществить поставленные цели. Активное участие в кампании граждан, которые не обладали необходимой профессиональной квалификацией, создавало предпосылки для злоупотреблений и нарушений действующего законодательства. Однако это обстоятельство, учитывая политический характер кампании, не являлось недостатком в глазах ее организаторов. В инструкции финансовые работники рассматривались как потенциальные нарушители, а их деятельность оценивалась как недостаточно эффективная и идущая вразрез с идеологическими установками. Такой подход противоречил презумпции невиновности, дискредитировал как отдельных сотрудников, так и в целом финансовые организации. Даная кампания свидетельствовала о решительном наступлении на нэп не только на фронтах борьбы с многоукладной экономикой, но и о свертывании институтов, обеспечивающих функционирование рыночного механизма в советской России. Финансово-кредитные организации либо исчезали, либо их деятельность существенно трансформировалась в рамках мобилизационной модели советской экономики.
The aim of the article is to scrutinise autobiography as a part of ‘lishenets’ personal record, t... more The aim of the article is to scrutinise autobiography as a part of ‘lishenets’ personal record, to identify its specific traits typical of such kind of records management autobiographies. The sources for the research are personal records of the citizens who appealed to electoral rights reinstatement after being deprived of such for trading reasons, and legal documents specifying the revocation and reinstatement of electoral rights. Unpublished materials of Regional election commission of Sverdlovsk Regional Executive Committee are stored in Sverdlovsk region State Archive. By using methods of source analysis, the author defines the place and role of autobiography in ‘lishenets’ personal record. The author draws a conclusion that a citizen’s appeal containing autobiographic details can be placed with mass sources and autobiographies as a separate document are not mass documents. The structure and the contents of record management autobiographies were predisposed by administrative procedures under which they were created. The structure was determined not only by chronology (historic, biographic, or plot lines), but also by legal acts regulating the process of reinstatement. The contents of the text were oriented onto the members of the Election commission and as such had to coordinate with their expectations and class orientation. Applicants’ argumentation of life events was based on both rational and emotional bases (appeal to the sense of justice, revolutionary consciousness and common sense). The following conclusion related to the specification of autobiographies of former merchants can be drawn based on the analysis of the texts. The defining characteristics are: autobiography could be both a separate document and a part of an appeal document; it always contained facts that were viewed as the basis for electoral rights reinstatement; it was not balanced as it showed in detail the aspects of life connected with trade and revocation of electoral rights; omissions and part disclosures were present in the texts; biographies contained links to legal acts and facts supporting the truthfulness of the information presented by the applicant; at times it is evident that the texts had ‘co-authors’ as they could have been written by a third party; autobiographies are written in an emotionally coloured style as sometimes they contained very judgemental statements, which is not typical of records management. Investigating into the meaning of autobiographies in the process of electoral rights reinstatement, the author draws a conclusion that these documents were the core elements both for the formation of a ‘lishenets’ personal record and for the reinstatement procedure itself.
The purpose of the article is to analyse the Russian historiography of the 1920s-1980s devoted to... more The purpose of the article is to analyse the Russian historiography of the 1920s-1980s devoted to the study of private trade in the years of the NEP. The material will be useful both for initial acquaintance with the problem, since it will allow the reader to navigate through a variety of publications, and for in-depth study of the topic, for example, when writing historiographical sections of dissertations. The systematisation of the material is based on the problem-chronological approach and includes the traditional stages of Russian historiography. The period of the new economic policy is a dynamic and controversial stage of Russian history, filled with discussions on a wide range of issues, a true "place for discussion" when examining alternatives to the country's development. Mixed economic system predetermined the multilayeredness and debatability of judgements about the events that took place before the eyes of contemporaries, which left its mark on the historiography of the 1920s. On the contrary, the mono economic order and the ideocratic approach in science led to the interpretation of the NEP as a "retreat". In the historiography starting from the 1930s until the first half of the 1980s, private trade was openly marginalised, and the variety of processes in which it was involved was reduced to the struggle of the private sector with the socialised sector, exclusively within the framework of the antagonistic concept of "class struggle". Since the mid-1980s, researchers have again turned to problems that were relevant in the 1920s. The return to the diversity of interpretations took place against the background of the convergence of domestic and foreign historiography, in the process of actively searching for alternatives to the "Marxist-Leninist concept of the historical process".
В статье анализируется современный этап (1990-2000-е гг.), изучения частного торгового предприним... more В статье анализируется современный этап (1990-2000-е гг.), изучения частного торгового предпринимательства в годы нэпа в СССР. Рассматриваются работы, которые позволяют дать анализ данной проблемы в политическом, экономическом и социальном аспектах как на макро-, так и на микроуровне. В историографический обзор включены исследования как отечественных, так и зарубежных авторов. Сделан вывод о специфике данного этапа, определены основные направления изучения частного торгового предпринимательства. Отмечено, что применение междисциплинарного подхода, обширный круг источников являются надежными ориентирами в дальнейшем изучении нэпа накануне его столетнего юбилея.
Magistra Vitae: электронный журнал по историческим наукам и археологии, 2016
The interaction of the private producer (the peasant or the craftsman) under the mediation of pri... more The interaction of the private producer (the peasant or the craftsman) under the mediation of private traders (attracting private credit) with an ordinary consumer – ensured the functioning of the private sector of the economy and gave dynamism to the economy of the NEP. This model of behavior has intensified during the period of pressure on private traders. It was called the “vicious circle of the private sector of the economy”. In fact this “vicious circle” was the private capitalist way, which was very important and essential element of the mixed economy NEP. In other side it was assessed as a threat to the Soviet system and attempt to restore capitalism. As a part of the propaganda campaigns in 1924 and 1929 this pattern was used to justify pressure on private traders. The question about the full closure of the “circle” was called into question during the “Astrakhan process” in 1928-1929 and a number of lawsuits in the Urals in 1929. It was based on accountability not only the private businessmen but also the government officials who were the part of this “circle”. The mobilization model of economy changed priorities and the pace of country’s development, the ratio of administrative and economic measures of state regulation, the proportion of legal and illegal activities, but it could not solve the problem of multiculturalism.
The new economic policy could be a typical example of a mixed economic system (“mnogoukladnost'”)... more The new economic policy could be a typical example of a mixed economic system (“mnogoukladnost'”) if it were not implemented in the state of the “dictatorship of the proletariat”, whose leaders declared the primacy of the plan over the market and set themselves the goal of destroying private property. The private sector of the economy was legalised; however, it was placed in unequal conditions, the limits of what was allowed were constantly changing and business entities were discriminated against. Being a model of the transition period, the NEP served as a “gateway” providing a limited opportunity to adapt existing economic orders (“uklad”) to the realities of centralised planned management. Economic actors, being in different positions in the political and economic spectrum of society, determined the degree of the permissible and possible violations of economic laws that allowed the emerging economic and political systems to be kept in relative equilibrium (or protected from collapse). A special role in these processes was played by the private entrepreneurship system, which covered a wide range of population and was an indicator of the degree of market relations acceptance. As a result of the displacement of the private sector at the end of the NEP, this way of life received its most complete expression in the form of a “closed circle of the private sector of the economy”. The economic, political and propaganda struggle against the “circle” that unfolded in the late 1920s resulted in a series of public trials. The desire of the state to gain control over all types of resources, to concentrate them in its own hands and to direct them to priority areas of development became obvious. The “informal order (“uklad”)” of the Soviet period, fed by a chronic commodity shortage, was an inevitable consequence of this policy. The social construction of the new society was aimed at the formation of a “socialised” person, deprived of economic and political subjectivity (autonomy of the individual). These processes form the attributive properties of the mobilisation economy model. Its formation, which began during the Civil War and passed through the “gateway” of the NEP, received its logical conclusion during the first five-year plans. Thus, the economic order (“uklad”) approach allows us to analyse the laws of the existence of the NEP mixed economic system and its role in the formation of the mobilisation economy of the USSR.
The purpose of this work is to consider the trade practices in everyday life of workers of the Ur... more The purpose of this work is to consider the trade practices in everyday life of workers of the Urals in the 1920s. The trade practices were analyzed as an object of research, and prerequisites of their forming and implementation in everyday life of the working Urals enterprises were described as a subject. Methodological bases of a research can be carried to such direction of historical science as "daily occurrence history". The main source was information reports of political section of the Joint Public Political Administration (JPPA) across the Urals for 1924. Authors of these reports were oriented to reveal the obvious and razed conflicts, to detect groups of contradictions. Being a component of system of law enforcement agencies JPPA included in the sphere of its interests the widest range of problems which covered practically all aspects of life of the Soviet society, all varieties of conflicts, truly or potentially posing threat to the existing mode. Reports contain an economic and political survey of a situation in the cities and the rural zone, the analysis of social structure of society, based on professional accessory and types of activity, and on loyalty assessment to the Soviet power, RCP(b) and the Red army. In the period of the New Economic Policy a variety of forms and methods of trade and intermediary activities were caused by a multistructurality of economics, transitional nature of managing model. Imperfection of the centralized state distribution system which seemed an ideal model in the conditions of formation of new society generated daily practices of population’s involvement in trade and intermediary activities. The trading occupation became a mass profession and was deprofessionalized at the same time. The reason of this process was in considering this type of activity as a temporary employment by general population. Workers of the Urals factories weren't an exception. In this article their participation in trade and intermediary activities caused by defects of the state and cooperative system of distribution is analyzed. While acting as the seller of own property, the products of craft and handicraft made in free from factory work time, the worker wasn't connected directly with activities of the factory. In this case these types of trade can be considered as additional earnings. On the other hand, sales on commodity markets of the goods received as a salary instead of cash; resale in the market of slow goods redeemed in cooperative benches; different implementation of coupons and other cash substitutes which were issued instead of money; all these were a direct consequence of defects of a wage system at the factory and centralized supply system. Trading in the market, workers showed obvious unacceptance of a trading activity as such, critically spoke of private trade that was caused by both ideological and economic reasons.
Научные ведомости Белгородского государственного университета. Сер. История. Политология. , 2017
В процессе становления советского строя органы власти декларировали необходимость сближения интер... more В процессе становления советского строя органы власти декларировали необходимость сближения интересов рабочих и крестьян, их интеграцию, «смычку», ориентированную на решение экономических и социальных задач. В публикации рассматриваются способы и приемы адаптации населения к условиям экономики переходного периода, сочетающих в себе как плановые, так и рыночные начала, базирующейся на взаимодействии различных хозяйственных укладов и форм собственности. Автор рассматривает «смычку» не только как часть государственной политики, но и как способ адаптации населения к условиям переходного периода.
In Russia, history teaching today is confronting the traditional bipolar approach to national his... more In Russia, history teaching today is confronting the traditional bipolar approach to national history, a confrontational vision of the world, the question of minorities and regional issues and the influence of administrative reforms on educational processes. This paper analyses the questions raised by the introduction of a historical and cultural standard, that is to say a programmatic document that defines the broad outlines of Russian history and is destined to provide the bases of a standard textbook for history teaching in secondary schools, especially in the context? Of the introduction of a single state examination.
Российские экономические реформы в региональном измерении: сборник материалов Всероссийской научной конференции, посвященной столетию начала НЭПа / отв. ред. В. А. Ильиных, В. М. Рынков; Институт истории СО РАН. – Новосибирск : Параллель, 2021
Процессы экономической трансформации (нэп) и изменения административно-территориального устройств... more Процессы экономической трансформации (нэп) и изменения административно-территориального устройства (районирование) в 1920-е гг. демонстрировали как эффекты резонанса, так и диссонанса, реализовывались в регионах как по универсальным, так и по специфическим алгоритмам. Многоукладная экономика являлась не только объектом, но и субъектом реформирования. Речь идет об оценочной реакции, которую вызывали делимитация и демаркация границ с позиции различных укладов. Со стороны государственного сектора хозяйства возникали возражения, относящиеся к кадровой политике, к вопросам административной подчиненности. Кооперативный уклад реагировал на необходимость погашения задолженности в связи с реорганизацией и аудитом, также волновали вопросы логистики и снабжения. Частный сектор наиболее активно реагировал на изменения границ, так как его деятельность основывалась на сложившихся экономических отношениях, достаточно устойчивых логистических схемах, на системе формальных и неформальных связей с властями. Неподконтрольные напрямую государству уклады могли служить индикатором оценки целесообразности и эффективности районирования, направленного, по замыслу организаторов, на оптимизацию аппарата управления, приближение его к населению и максимальную реализацию потенциала территории, путем совмещения административных и хозяйственных ареалов.
В монографии проанализированы политико-правовой, экономический и социокультурный аспекты функцион... more В монографии проанализированы политико-правовой, экономический и социокультурный аспекты функционирования частной торговли и кредита на Урале в 1920-е гг. В работе проанализированы основные направления государственной политики в отношении частного сектора хозяйства в 1920-е гг. Частная торговля рассматривается как существенный элемент модели многоукладной экономики, обеспечивающий связь различных секторов и укладов, в том числе региональная специфика в рамках реализации территориально-рыночной модели региональной политики. Книга может представлять интерес для исследователей, занимающихся экономической историей, историей торговли, регионалистикой, социальной историей и историей повседневности раннесоветского общества.
В монографии рассмотрены проблемы становления и эволюции раннесоветского общества в контексте про... more В монографии рассмотрены проблемы становления и эволюции раннесоветского общества в контексте проектного подхода, что позволяет концептуально переосмыслить историю советского общества в 1917–1936 годах, рассмотреть процессы «социалистического строительства» как опыт проектирования "идеального" общества, опиравшийся в значительной степени на утопические представления о коммунизме. The book discusses the formation and evolution of early Soviet society in the context of the social engineering theory, which sheds a new light on Soviet history in 1917–1936. ‘Socialist building’ is seen as an experience of constructing an ‘ideal’ society, based on utopian communist ideas.
Раннесоветское общество как социальный проект, 1917– 1930-е гг. Ч. 1., 2018
В монографии рассмотрены проблемы становления и эволюции раннесоветского общества в контексте про... more В монографии рассмотрены проблемы становления и эволюции раннесоветского общества в контексте проектного подхода, что позволяет концептуально переосмыслить историю советского общества в 1917–1936 годах, рассмотреть процессы «социалистического строительства» как опыт проектирования «идеального» общества, опиравшийся в значительной степени на утопические представления о коммунизме. Книга адресована как профессиональным историкам, так и всем, кто интересуется российской историей XX века / The book discusses the formation and evolution of early Soviet society in the context of the social engineering theory, which sheds a new light on Soviet history in 1917–1936. ‘Socialist building’ is seen as an experience of constructing an ‘ideal’ society, based on utopian communist ideas. This book is meant for professional historians and for readers interested in the twentieth-century Russian history.
В сборнике представлены статьи, посвященные различным аспектам советского проекта и его реализаци... more В сборнике представлены статьи, посвященные различным аспектам советского проекта и его реализации. Большое внимание уделено идеям и мифам социалистической реконструкции, программам социальных преобразований в политической, экономической, культурной сферах, технологиям и механизмам реализации задач социалистического строительства.
В сборнике представлены статьи, посвященные различным аспектам революции 1917 года – идеям и мифа... more В сборнике представлены статьи, посвященные различным аспектам революции 1917 года – идеям и мифам социалистической реконструкции нового общества, революционным практикам и социальным технологиям реализации революционного проекта.
В учебном пособии рассматриваются различные аспекты информационно-аналитической деятельности в ко... more В учебном пособии рассматриваются различные аспекты информационно-аналитической деятельности в контексте построения информационного общества, выработки информационной политики государства и формирования единого информационного пространства региона. На основе обобщения теоретического материала, анализа официальных сайтов и проблемно-ориентированных интернет-ресурсов проанализированы организационные принципы деятельности информационно-аналитических служб, требования к их кадровому составу, проведен сравнительный анализ информационно-аналитических документов. Для студентов, исследователей, специалистов информационно-аналитических служб, государственных и муниципальных служащих.
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The aim of research is to examine the interaction between the private entrepreneurs and staff of financial agencies in late 1920s. The object of research is the actors of entrepreneurs activity in the period of NEP. The subject of research is interest of the parties, the nature of the interaction between the employees of the fiscal authorities and the private entrepreneurs. The chronological framework (1928-1929) is predetermined by the “Astrakhan” and “Sverdlovsk” lawsuits. Based on the actor’s model it is considered the interests of the parties as actors of economic activity, motives of their behavior, problems of interaction between private entrepreneurs and employees of financial authorities; reasons for which the staff of the fiscal authorities sabotaged the process of forced liquidation of private owners; the role of the judicial process in the justification of the elimination of the district division within the Ural region.
of collecting arrears from private entrepreneurs and for clearing of tax bureaucracy.
The source of the research is the instructions of the Central Headquarters
of the working team for the patronage over the USSR People’s Commissariat for
Finance and the administration of Sverdlovsk Regional Financial Administration
concerning the Sverdlovsk Regional Financial Department (SRFD).
The author studies the problems of adequacy of private sector taxation under
the SRFD policy. This policy was one of the reasons for organising a tax campaign.
The analysis of documents allows the author to conclude that the methods and
means of the campaign planned testify to a radicalisation of the policy of a total and
final exclusion of private sector from the country’s economy, and to the abolition
of the NEP mixed economy.
Apart from fiscal aims proper, the authorities purposed political ones too; their goal
was to demonstrate the determination of the government and to conduct a cleaning up of the financial body which was ‘littered’ with petty-bourgeois elements. To maintain the class equality of the campaign, factory workers were actively involved which led to several legal and organisational problems and caused various instances of abuse.
Rapid and unexpected mass confiscations at night which happened without prior
notice and on a wide scale, with arrears collected even from relatives and acquaintances of an entrepreneur were similar to a war campaign, resembling an act of intimidation targeted at political opponents. Some points of instructions contradicted the legislature of the time in question; however, this fact was not viewed as a flaw considering the political character of this campaign.
The rightful desire of the government to collect arrears under the dictatorship
of proletariat and under the final stages of the NEP was transformed into a force
operation accompanied by the deprivation of property of the conquered class
in the spirit of the theory of ‘primary socialist accumulation’.
The sources for the research are personal records of the citizens who appealed to electoral rights reinstatement after being deprived of such for trading reasons, and legal documents specifying the revocation and reinstatement of electoral rights. Unpublished materials of Regional election commission of Sverdlovsk Regional Executive Committee are stored in Sverdlovsk region State Archive.
By using methods of source analysis, the author defines the place and role of autobiography in ‘lishenets’ personal record. The author draws a conclusion that a citizen’s appeal containing autobiographic details can be placed with mass sources and autobiographies as a separate document are not mass documents. The structure and the contents of record management autobiographies were predisposed by administrative procedures under which they were created. The structure was determined not only by chronology (historic, biographic, or plot lines), but also by legal acts regulating the process of reinstatement. The contents of the text were oriented onto the members of the Election commission and as such had to coordinate with their expectations and class orientation. Applicants’ argumentation of life events was based on both rational and emotional bases (appeal to the sense of justice, revolutionary consciousness and common sense).
The following conclusion related to the specification of autobiographies of former merchants can be drawn based on the analysis of the texts. The defining characteristics are: autobiography could be both a separate document and a part of an appeal document; it always contained facts that were viewed as the basis for electoral rights reinstatement; it was not balanced as it showed in detail the aspects of life connected with trade and revocation of electoral rights; omissions and part disclosures were present in the texts; biographies contained links to legal acts and facts supporting the truthfulness of the information presented by the applicant; at times it is evident that the texts had ‘co-authors’ as they could have been written by a third party; autobiographies are written in an emotionally coloured style as sometimes they contained very judgemental statements, which is not typical of records management.
Investigating into the meaning of autobiographies in the process of electoral rights reinstatement, the author draws a conclusion that these documents were the core elements both for the formation of a ‘lishenets’ personal record and for the reinstatement procedure itself.
The period of the new economic policy is a dynamic and controversial stage of Russian history, filled with discussions on a wide range of issues, a true "place for discussion" when examining alternatives to the country's development. Mixed economic system predetermined the multilayeredness and debatability of judgements about the events that took place before the eyes of contemporaries, which left its mark on the historiography of the 1920s. On the contrary, the mono economic order and the ideocratic approach in science led to the interpretation of the NEP as a "retreat". In the historiography starting from the 1930s until the first half of the 1980s, private trade was openly marginalised, and the variety of processes in which it was involved was reduced to the struggle of the private sector with the socialised sector, exclusively within the framework of the antagonistic concept of "class struggle". Since the mid-1980s, researchers have again turned to problems that were relevant in the 1920s. The return to the diversity of interpretations took place against the background of the convergence of domestic and foreign historiography, in the process of actively searching for alternatives to the "Marxist-Leninist concept of the historical process".
This model of behavior has intensified during the period of pressure on private traders. It was called the “vicious circle of the private sector of the economy”.
In fact this “vicious circle” was the private capitalist way, which was very important and essential element of the mixed economy NEP. In other side it was assessed as a threat to the Soviet system and attempt to restore capitalism. As a part of the propaganda campaigns in 1924 and 1929 this pattern was used to justify pressure on private traders. The question about the full closure of the “circle” was called into question during the “Astrakhan process” in 1928-1929 and a number of lawsuits in the Urals in 1929. It was based on accountability not only the private businessmen but also the government officials who were the part of this “circle”. The mobilization model of economy changed priorities and the pace of country’s development, the ratio of administrative and economic measures of state regulation, the proportion of legal and illegal activities, but it could not solve the problem of multiculturalism.
In the period of the New Economic Policy a variety of forms and methods of trade and intermediary activities were caused by a multistructurality of economics, transitional nature of managing model. Imperfection of the centralized state distribution system which seemed an ideal model in the conditions of formation of new society generated daily practices of population’s involvement in trade and intermediary activities. The trading occupation became a mass profession and was deprofessionalized at the same time. The reason of this process was in considering this type of activity as a temporary employment by general population. Workers of the Urals factories weren't an exception. In this article their participation in trade and intermediary activities caused by defects of the state and cooperative system of distribution is analyzed. While acting as the seller of own property, the products of craft and handicraft made in free from factory work time, the worker wasn't connected directly with activities of the factory. In this case these types of trade can be considered as additional earnings. On the other hand, sales on commodity markets of the goods received as a salary instead of cash; resale in the market of slow goods redeemed in cooperative benches; different implementation of coupons and other cash substitutes which were issued instead of money; all these were a direct consequence of defects of a wage system at the factory and centralized supply system. Trading in the market, workers showed obvious unacceptance of a trading activity as such, critically spoke of private trade that was caused by both ideological and economic reasons.
The aim of research is to examine the interaction between the private entrepreneurs and staff of financial agencies in late 1920s. The object of research is the actors of entrepreneurs activity in the period of NEP. The subject of research is interest of the parties, the nature of the interaction between the employees of the fiscal authorities and the private entrepreneurs. The chronological framework (1928-1929) is predetermined by the “Astrakhan” and “Sverdlovsk” lawsuits. Based on the actor’s model it is considered the interests of the parties as actors of economic activity, motives of their behavior, problems of interaction between private entrepreneurs and employees of financial authorities; reasons for which the staff of the fiscal authorities sabotaged the process of forced liquidation of private owners; the role of the judicial process in the justification of the elimination of the district division within the Ural region.
of collecting arrears from private entrepreneurs and for clearing of tax bureaucracy.
The source of the research is the instructions of the Central Headquarters
of the working team for the patronage over the USSR People’s Commissariat for
Finance and the administration of Sverdlovsk Regional Financial Administration
concerning the Sverdlovsk Regional Financial Department (SRFD).
The author studies the problems of adequacy of private sector taxation under
the SRFD policy. This policy was one of the reasons for organising a tax campaign.
The analysis of documents allows the author to conclude that the methods and
means of the campaign planned testify to a radicalisation of the policy of a total and
final exclusion of private sector from the country’s economy, and to the abolition
of the NEP mixed economy.
Apart from fiscal aims proper, the authorities purposed political ones too; their goal
was to demonstrate the determination of the government and to conduct a cleaning up of the financial body which was ‘littered’ with petty-bourgeois elements. To maintain the class equality of the campaign, factory workers were actively involved which led to several legal and organisational problems and caused various instances of abuse.
Rapid and unexpected mass confiscations at night which happened without prior
notice and on a wide scale, with arrears collected even from relatives and acquaintances of an entrepreneur were similar to a war campaign, resembling an act of intimidation targeted at political opponents. Some points of instructions contradicted the legislature of the time in question; however, this fact was not viewed as a flaw considering the political character of this campaign.
The rightful desire of the government to collect arrears under the dictatorship
of proletariat and under the final stages of the NEP was transformed into a force
operation accompanied by the deprivation of property of the conquered class
in the spirit of the theory of ‘primary socialist accumulation’.
The sources for the research are personal records of the citizens who appealed to electoral rights reinstatement after being deprived of such for trading reasons, and legal documents specifying the revocation and reinstatement of electoral rights. Unpublished materials of Regional election commission of Sverdlovsk Regional Executive Committee are stored in Sverdlovsk region State Archive.
By using methods of source analysis, the author defines the place and role of autobiography in ‘lishenets’ personal record. The author draws a conclusion that a citizen’s appeal containing autobiographic details can be placed with mass sources and autobiographies as a separate document are not mass documents. The structure and the contents of record management autobiographies were predisposed by administrative procedures under which they were created. The structure was determined not only by chronology (historic, biographic, or plot lines), but also by legal acts regulating the process of reinstatement. The contents of the text were oriented onto the members of the Election commission and as such had to coordinate with their expectations and class orientation. Applicants’ argumentation of life events was based on both rational and emotional bases (appeal to the sense of justice, revolutionary consciousness and common sense).
The following conclusion related to the specification of autobiographies of former merchants can be drawn based on the analysis of the texts. The defining characteristics are: autobiography could be both a separate document and a part of an appeal document; it always contained facts that were viewed as the basis for electoral rights reinstatement; it was not balanced as it showed in detail the aspects of life connected with trade and revocation of electoral rights; omissions and part disclosures were present in the texts; biographies contained links to legal acts and facts supporting the truthfulness of the information presented by the applicant; at times it is evident that the texts had ‘co-authors’ as they could have been written by a third party; autobiographies are written in an emotionally coloured style as sometimes they contained very judgemental statements, which is not typical of records management.
Investigating into the meaning of autobiographies in the process of electoral rights reinstatement, the author draws a conclusion that these documents were the core elements both for the formation of a ‘lishenets’ personal record and for the reinstatement procedure itself.
The period of the new economic policy is a dynamic and controversial stage of Russian history, filled with discussions on a wide range of issues, a true "place for discussion" when examining alternatives to the country's development. Mixed economic system predetermined the multilayeredness and debatability of judgements about the events that took place before the eyes of contemporaries, which left its mark on the historiography of the 1920s. On the contrary, the mono economic order and the ideocratic approach in science led to the interpretation of the NEP as a "retreat". In the historiography starting from the 1930s until the first half of the 1980s, private trade was openly marginalised, and the variety of processes in which it was involved was reduced to the struggle of the private sector with the socialised sector, exclusively within the framework of the antagonistic concept of "class struggle". Since the mid-1980s, researchers have again turned to problems that were relevant in the 1920s. The return to the diversity of interpretations took place against the background of the convergence of domestic and foreign historiography, in the process of actively searching for alternatives to the "Marxist-Leninist concept of the historical process".
This model of behavior has intensified during the period of pressure on private traders. It was called the “vicious circle of the private sector of the economy”.
In fact this “vicious circle” was the private capitalist way, which was very important and essential element of the mixed economy NEP. In other side it was assessed as a threat to the Soviet system and attempt to restore capitalism. As a part of the propaganda campaigns in 1924 and 1929 this pattern was used to justify pressure on private traders. The question about the full closure of the “circle” was called into question during the “Astrakhan process” in 1928-1929 and a number of lawsuits in the Urals in 1929. It was based on accountability not only the private businessmen but also the government officials who were the part of this “circle”. The mobilization model of economy changed priorities and the pace of country’s development, the ratio of administrative and economic measures of state regulation, the proportion of legal and illegal activities, but it could not solve the problem of multiculturalism.
In the period of the New Economic Policy a variety of forms and methods of trade and intermediary activities were caused by a multistructurality of economics, transitional nature of managing model. Imperfection of the centralized state distribution system which seemed an ideal model in the conditions of formation of new society generated daily practices of population’s involvement in trade and intermediary activities. The trading occupation became a mass profession and was deprofessionalized at the same time. The reason of this process was in considering this type of activity as a temporary employment by general population. Workers of the Urals factories weren't an exception. In this article their participation in trade and intermediary activities caused by defects of the state and cooperative system of distribution is analyzed. While acting as the seller of own property, the products of craft and handicraft made in free from factory work time, the worker wasn't connected directly with activities of the factory. In this case these types of trade can be considered as additional earnings. On the other hand, sales on commodity markets of the goods received as a salary instead of cash; resale in the market of slow goods redeemed in cooperative benches; different implementation of coupons and other cash substitutes which were issued instead of money; all these were a direct consequence of defects of a wage system at the factory and centralized supply system. Trading in the market, workers showed obvious unacceptance of a trading activity as such, critically spoke of private trade that was caused by both ideological and economic reasons.
В работе проанализированы основные направления государственной политики в отношении частного сектора хозяйства в 1920-е гг. Частная торговля рассматривается как существенный элемент модели многоукладной экономики, обеспечивающий связь различных секторов и укладов, в том числе региональная специфика в рамках реализации территориально-рыночной модели региональной политики.
Книга может представлять интерес для исследователей, занимающихся экономической историей, историей торговли, регионалистикой, социальной историей и историей повседневности раннесоветского общества.
Книга адресована как профессиональным историкам, так и всем, кто интересуется российской историей XX века / The book discusses the formation and evolution of early Soviet society in the context of the social engineering theory, which sheds a new light on Soviet history in 1917–1936. ‘Socialist building’ is seen as an experience of constructing an ‘ideal’ society, based on utopian communist ideas.
This book is meant for professional historians and for readers interested in the twentieth-century Russian history.
обобщения теоретического материала, анализа официальных сайтов и проблемно-ориентированных интернет-ресурсов проанализированы организационные принципы деятельности информационно-аналитических служб,
требования к их кадровому составу, проведен сравнительный анализ информационно-аналитических документов.
Для студентов, исследователей, специалистов информационно-аналитических служб, государственных и муниципальных служащих.