Research on scandals is a privileged way to explore jointly media and political systems, and the ... more Research on scandals is a privileged way to explore jointly media and political systems, and the links between them. In this article, we explore how the coverage of political corruption in digital native and paper newspapers has the characteristics of politically oriented scandals (Mancini, 2019), which are more common in polarized pluralist systems, like the Spanish one. To do so, we have studied the scandals related to the former King of Spain, Juan Carlos I. In the research, we have analyzed the evolution of media coverage on the topic between July 1, 2014, and March 1, 2021 in three different paper newspapers (El País, El Mundo and ABC). During this period, 889 journalistic pieces were published in these three newspapers. Also, we have conducted a quantitative and qualitative analysis of a sample of 334 pieces from the last year covered by the research (2020-2021) on El País, El Mundo and ABC and on digital natives El Español and elDiario.es. The results show a political instrum...
There is empirical evidence of media influence on parliamentary agenda, especially when media cov... more There is empirical evidence of media influence on parliamentary agenda, especially when media coverage privileges conflict framing of reality and negativity. This article addresses the impact of media presence (traditional and social media) and NGOs on European parliamentary discussions about violent conflicts in the Middle East and their role during phases of escalation and pacification. The authors content analysed 7,633 minutes from debates involving the Syrian (from January 2011 to June 2015) and Israeli–Palestinian (from March 2006 to June 2015) conflicts, from the European Parliament (N = 2,541), the German Bundestag (N = 2,138), the UK House of Commons (N = 2,514) and the French Assemblée Nationale (N = 440). Conflict-related paragraphs were filtered and analysed. Using the multilingual and cross-validated dictionary adapted to conflict and media analysis created by Infocore, they measured the presence of media and actors as well as the inclusion of conflict-key concepts within parliamentary discussions. Findings revealed that social media (when compared to traditional media and NGOs) are the main actors quoted in parliamentary minutes when they refer to violent conflicts and that this attention varies over time and is driven by focusing events. The presence of traditional and social media as well as NGOs in the debates was significantly different depending on the parliament studied and the conflict under consideration. The authors found empirical evidence supporting the claim that such concepts as limited violence, crisis, assistance and pacification are correlated with the presence of media and NGOs.
Se analizan las características sociodemográficas y su peso relativo en la brecha de género entre... more Se analizan las características sociodemográficas y su peso relativo en la brecha de género entre los/as periodistas españoles/ as. Para ello se realizó una encuesta nacional representativa a 390 periodistas dentro del estudio internacional “Worlds of journalism study”. Los resultados muestran que los patrones de desigualdad femenina más citados en la bibliografía científica (infrarrepresentación, barreras en la carrera profesional y salarios inferiores) prevalecen en las empresas de comunicación españolas. También confirman la hipótesis de las 3R (la ratio del Residuo Reforzado Recurrente): los hombres ocupan tres cuartas partes de los cargos de máxima responsabilidad gerencial y dos tercios de los puestos de toma de decisiones sobre contenidos, a pesar de que ellas poseen mayor formación académica y mayor nivel de estudios de capacitación en la práctica del periodismo. Ellas obtienen, además, salarios inferiores y tienden a ocupar cargos de mayor responsabilidad editorial en los medios digitales, donde se observan mayores avances hacia la igualdad.
Sociodemographic features and their relative weight related to the gender gap between male and fe... more Sociodemographic features and their relative weight related to the gender gap between male and female journalists in Spain are analyzed. A national representative survey of 390 journalists was carried out as part of an international study “Worlds of journalism”. The results show that patterns of female inequality within Spanish media companies are routinely cited in scientific literature (underrepresentation, barriers in their professional careers, and lower salaries than men). The results also confirm the 3R hypothesis (ratio of Recurrent and Reinforced Residuum): men hold three quarters of the posts with managerial responsibility and make two thirds of the decisions related to content, in spite of the fact that female journalists have higher levels of academic education and are therefore better trained for journalistic practice. Women are also paid lower salaries and tend to hold positions with a higher editorial responsibility in digital media, where the greatest progress towards equality is shown.
International empirical research on the perception that journalists have of their professional ro... more International empirical research on the perception that journalists have of their professional roles and func-tions has increased considerably in recent years, although not in the case of Spain. The present research, included within the transnational comparative study “The Worlds of Journalism Study”, analyses data from a survey conducted in Spain (representative and stratified by type of media and autonomous community) of 390 journalists from 117 media, who were consulted about their work to detect the professional functions they most identified with. The study establishes six roles: watchdog, citizens´ spokesperson, instructor of the audience, promoter of the status quo, infotainment journalist and disseminator of objective information. In line with recent political, economic and social developments in Spain, professionals feel more identified with the role of citizens´ spokesperson. This function downplays the predominant role of disseminator of objective information reflected in recent studies of a similar nature on the subject of Spanish journalists. A further find-ing of the research is the existence of two large groups of journalists: the stimulators and the “narcotizers” of public opinion. Moreover, it is observed that some organizational factors (in particular, media ownership) and other individual ones (gender, age and years of professional experience) significantly influence the percep-tions of professional roles.
Trust is a societal value that is difficult to gain and easy to lose. This article deals with the... more Trust is a societal value that is difficult to gain and easy to lose. This article deals with the levels of trust that journalists working in eight post-authoritarian and post-totalitarian countries (Argentina, Bangladesh, Brazil, Czech Republic, Indonesia, Latvia, South Africa and Tanzania) have in various social institutions using data from the present Worlds of Journalism Study. In each country, results showed the level of trust in journalists’ own institution—the media—is higher than the level of trust in both political and regulative institutions. The expression of low trust, particularly in regulative institutions, in the sampled countries represents significantly different results from previous studies about journalists’ trust in countries with longer democratic traditions.
The goal of this paper is to describe the level of trust in political institutions and perceived ... more The goal of this paper is to describe the level of trust in political institutions and perceived influences among Spanish TV journalists, comparing TV vs. other media, as well as private TV vs. public TV. As part of the international Worlds of Journalism Study we surveyed 390 Spanish journalists (70 from the TV sector). We found that: private TV journalists had significantly higher levels of trust in government than those from public TV; and that TV journalists were more influenced by political and organisational dimensions than those working for other media. Moreover, data shows that private TV journalists perceived economic and group of reference influences to be higher when compared with those from public TV. In all cases, professional and organisational influences were higher than political, economic and group of reference influences. We discuss how media type and ownership were related to journalists' perceptions of their own profession and cultural routines. Finally, more theoretical efforts are suggested in order to build models that explain journalists´perceived influences and trust.
Los objetivos de este artículo son estudiar los niveles de confianza en las instituciones polític... more Los objetivos de este artículo son estudiar los niveles de confianza en las instituciones políticas y las distintas fuentes de influencia percibidas por los periodistas de televisión en España. Además, se analizan las diferencias existentes entre quienes ejercen la profesión en las televisiones públicas y en las privadas. En el marco del proyecto internacional Worlds of Journalism Study y a través de una encuesta representativa a 390 periodistas españoles (70 de ellos de televisión), encontramos que quienes trabajan en las televisiones privadas confían más en el gobierno y que los periodistas de televisión reconocen mayores influencias políticas y organizativas que los profesionales de otros medios. Asimismo, observamos que en las televisiones privadas se muestran más influenciados por aspectos económicos y por los grupos de referencia que sus colegas de la televisión pública y que, en todos los casos, las influencias de las rutinas profesionales y las organizativas resultaron ser más altas que las políticas, económicas o de los grupos de referencia. Se explica cómo el tipo y propiedad del medio están relacionados con las percepciones sobre la propia cultura profesional. Se sugiere seguir profundizando en modelos que puedan explicar en mayor medida las varianzas encontradas en los dos tipos de percepciones.
The scientific community has shown an increasing interest in exploring the practices and routines... more The scientific community has shown an increasing interest in exploring the practices and routines of journalists in different contexts (Hanitzsch et al., 2011). The trust journalists place in public institutions is a key variable to understand their professional culture (Hanitzsch & Berganza, 2012; Brants, de Vreese, Möller & van Praag, 2010; van Dalen, Albæk & de Vreese, 2011), as well as citizens’ interest and trust in politics (Cappella & Jamieson, 1997). The goal of this paper is to identify the level of trust of Spanish journalists in public institutions and to verify whether media type, regional scope and ownership influence these trust levels. As part of the “Worlds of Journalism Study”, an international research project, we surveyed a probabilistic sample (n=390) of Spanish journalists, stratified by media type and region, from March 2014 to May 2015. In comparison to the results of the last survey carried out by Hanitzsch & Berganza (2014), the findings of this study show a significant decrease in trust levels (specially towards politicians), probably as a consequence of the economic crisis. The analysis also revealed partial differences in journalists’ trust levels according to media type (TV, radio, printed press, online press, etc.), but showed homogeneous trust levels among journalists working for media with different geographical reach (regional, national) and ownership (public, private, etc.). It is necessary to further develop this line of research with explanatory models that allow delving into the origins of the distrust of Spanish journalists.
ABSTRACT In this article, we analyze political parties' campaign communication during the... more ABSTRACT In this article, we analyze political parties' campaign communication during the 2009 European Parliamentary election in 11 countries (Austria, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, The Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, and the UK). We study which types of issues Euroskeptic fringe and Euroskeptic mainstream parties put on their campaign agendas and the kind and extent of EU opposition they voice. Further, we seek to understand whether Euroskeptic and non-Euroskeptic parties co-orient themselves toward each other within their national party systems with regard to their campaigns. To understand the role of Euroskeptic parties in the 2009 European Parliamentary elections, we draw on a systematic content analysis of parties' posters and televised campaign spots. Our results show that it is Euroskeptic parties at the edges of the political spectrum who discuss polity questions of EU integration and who most openly criticize the union. Principled opposition against the project of EU integration, however, can only be observed in the UK. Finally, we find indicators for co-orientation effects regarding the tone of EU mobilization: In national political environments where Euroskeptic parties strongly criticize the EU, pro-European parties at the same time publicly advance pro-EU positions.
El presente estudio comprueba la teoría de la exposición selectiva durante las elecciones naciona... more El presente estudio comprueba la teoría de la exposición selectiva durante las elecciones nacionales españolas de 1996. Se analizan dos hipótesis principales. En la primera de ellas se exploran las relaciones entre el recuerdo de voto y el consumo de medios de difusión, es decir, la tendencia de los ciudadanos a preferir aquellos medios que son consonantes con su ideología y creencias políticas y a rechazar aquellos que perciben que son disonantes con ellas. La segunda hipótesis está dirigida a comprobar que los medios españoles poseen una agenda altamente politizada mediante un análisis de contenido de algunos periódicos nacionales (El País y El Mundo), locales (Diario de Navarra y Diario de Noticias) y dos cadenas de televisión (TVE1 y Antena 3). --- The present study tests the theory of selective exposure during 1996 national election campaign in Spain. Two main hypothesis are explored. The first one concerns the relationships between vote recall and media consumption, that is to...
Personal influence is extensively documented as a determinant of public opinion and political beh... more Personal influence is extensively documented as a determinant of public opinion and political behavior. In this paper, we examine how the unequal distribution and use of digital information and communication technologies (DICT) affects opinion leadership, and how the digital divide may determine the perpetuation of existing endogenous and exogenous social-political inequalities (within and across EU nations). Employing Eurobarometer cross-sectional data, we evidence how media information-seeking behaviors differ across national contexts, though levels of interpersonal political discussion and socio-psychological traits do not. We also demonstrate, according to opinion leadership theory, a significant variation in the characteristics of influentials determined by disparities in development, IT infrastructures, IT implementation opportunities, and usage of the DICT. Although opinion leaders are present at all social strata, being for the most part politically aware and socially active...
Research on scandals is a privileged way to explore jointly media and political systems, and the ... more Research on scandals is a privileged way to explore jointly media and political systems, and the links between them. In this article, we explore how the coverage of political corruption in digital native and paper newspapers has the characteristics of politically oriented scandals (Mancini, 2019), which are more common in polarized pluralist systems, like the Spanish one. To do so, we have studied the scandals related to the former King of Spain, Juan Carlos I. In the research, we have analyzed the evolution of media coverage on the topic between July 1, 2014, and March 1, 2021 in three different paper newspapers (El País, El Mundo and ABC). During this period, 889 journalistic pieces were published in these three newspapers. Also, we have conducted a quantitative and qualitative analysis of a sample of 334 pieces from the last year covered by the research (2020-2021) on El País, El Mundo and ABC and on digital natives El Español and elDiario.es. The results show a political instrum...
There is empirical evidence of media influence on parliamentary agenda, especially when media cov... more There is empirical evidence of media influence on parliamentary agenda, especially when media coverage privileges conflict framing of reality and negativity. This article addresses the impact of media presence (traditional and social media) and NGOs on European parliamentary discussions about violent conflicts in the Middle East and their role during phases of escalation and pacification. The authors content analysed 7,633 minutes from debates involving the Syrian (from January 2011 to June 2015) and Israeli–Palestinian (from March 2006 to June 2015) conflicts, from the European Parliament (N = 2,541), the German Bundestag (N = 2,138), the UK House of Commons (N = 2,514) and the French Assemblée Nationale (N = 440). Conflict-related paragraphs were filtered and analysed. Using the multilingual and cross-validated dictionary adapted to conflict and media analysis created by Infocore, they measured the presence of media and actors as well as the inclusion of conflict-key concepts within parliamentary discussions. Findings revealed that social media (when compared to traditional media and NGOs) are the main actors quoted in parliamentary minutes when they refer to violent conflicts and that this attention varies over time and is driven by focusing events. The presence of traditional and social media as well as NGOs in the debates was significantly different depending on the parliament studied and the conflict under consideration. The authors found empirical evidence supporting the claim that such concepts as limited violence, crisis, assistance and pacification are correlated with the presence of media and NGOs.
Se analizan las características sociodemográficas y su peso relativo en la brecha de género entre... more Se analizan las características sociodemográficas y su peso relativo en la brecha de género entre los/as periodistas españoles/ as. Para ello se realizó una encuesta nacional representativa a 390 periodistas dentro del estudio internacional “Worlds of journalism study”. Los resultados muestran que los patrones de desigualdad femenina más citados en la bibliografía científica (infrarrepresentación, barreras en la carrera profesional y salarios inferiores) prevalecen en las empresas de comunicación españolas. También confirman la hipótesis de las 3R (la ratio del Residuo Reforzado Recurrente): los hombres ocupan tres cuartas partes de los cargos de máxima responsabilidad gerencial y dos tercios de los puestos de toma de decisiones sobre contenidos, a pesar de que ellas poseen mayor formación académica y mayor nivel de estudios de capacitación en la práctica del periodismo. Ellas obtienen, además, salarios inferiores y tienden a ocupar cargos de mayor responsabilidad editorial en los medios digitales, donde se observan mayores avances hacia la igualdad.
Sociodemographic features and their relative weight related to the gender gap between male and fe... more Sociodemographic features and their relative weight related to the gender gap between male and female journalists in Spain are analyzed. A national representative survey of 390 journalists was carried out as part of an international study “Worlds of journalism”. The results show that patterns of female inequality within Spanish media companies are routinely cited in scientific literature (underrepresentation, barriers in their professional careers, and lower salaries than men). The results also confirm the 3R hypothesis (ratio of Recurrent and Reinforced Residuum): men hold three quarters of the posts with managerial responsibility and make two thirds of the decisions related to content, in spite of the fact that female journalists have higher levels of academic education and are therefore better trained for journalistic practice. Women are also paid lower salaries and tend to hold positions with a higher editorial responsibility in digital media, where the greatest progress towards equality is shown.
International empirical research on the perception that journalists have of their professional ro... more International empirical research on the perception that journalists have of their professional roles and func-tions has increased considerably in recent years, although not in the case of Spain. The present research, included within the transnational comparative study “The Worlds of Journalism Study”, analyses data from a survey conducted in Spain (representative and stratified by type of media and autonomous community) of 390 journalists from 117 media, who were consulted about their work to detect the professional functions they most identified with. The study establishes six roles: watchdog, citizens´ spokesperson, instructor of the audience, promoter of the status quo, infotainment journalist and disseminator of objective information. In line with recent political, economic and social developments in Spain, professionals feel more identified with the role of citizens´ spokesperson. This function downplays the predominant role of disseminator of objective information reflected in recent studies of a similar nature on the subject of Spanish journalists. A further find-ing of the research is the existence of two large groups of journalists: the stimulators and the “narcotizers” of public opinion. Moreover, it is observed that some organizational factors (in particular, media ownership) and other individual ones (gender, age and years of professional experience) significantly influence the percep-tions of professional roles.
Trust is a societal value that is difficult to gain and easy to lose. This article deals with the... more Trust is a societal value that is difficult to gain and easy to lose. This article deals with the levels of trust that journalists working in eight post-authoritarian and post-totalitarian countries (Argentina, Bangladesh, Brazil, Czech Republic, Indonesia, Latvia, South Africa and Tanzania) have in various social institutions using data from the present Worlds of Journalism Study. In each country, results showed the level of trust in journalists’ own institution—the media—is higher than the level of trust in both political and regulative institutions. The expression of low trust, particularly in regulative institutions, in the sampled countries represents significantly different results from previous studies about journalists’ trust in countries with longer democratic traditions.
The goal of this paper is to describe the level of trust in political institutions and perceived ... more The goal of this paper is to describe the level of trust in political institutions and perceived influences among Spanish TV journalists, comparing TV vs. other media, as well as private TV vs. public TV. As part of the international Worlds of Journalism Study we surveyed 390 Spanish journalists (70 from the TV sector). We found that: private TV journalists had significantly higher levels of trust in government than those from public TV; and that TV journalists were more influenced by political and organisational dimensions than those working for other media. Moreover, data shows that private TV journalists perceived economic and group of reference influences to be higher when compared with those from public TV. In all cases, professional and organisational influences were higher than political, economic and group of reference influences. We discuss how media type and ownership were related to journalists' perceptions of their own profession and cultural routines. Finally, more theoretical efforts are suggested in order to build models that explain journalists´perceived influences and trust.
Los objetivos de este artículo son estudiar los niveles de confianza en las instituciones polític... more Los objetivos de este artículo son estudiar los niveles de confianza en las instituciones políticas y las distintas fuentes de influencia percibidas por los periodistas de televisión en España. Además, se analizan las diferencias existentes entre quienes ejercen la profesión en las televisiones públicas y en las privadas. En el marco del proyecto internacional Worlds of Journalism Study y a través de una encuesta representativa a 390 periodistas españoles (70 de ellos de televisión), encontramos que quienes trabajan en las televisiones privadas confían más en el gobierno y que los periodistas de televisión reconocen mayores influencias políticas y organizativas que los profesionales de otros medios. Asimismo, observamos que en las televisiones privadas se muestran más influenciados por aspectos económicos y por los grupos de referencia que sus colegas de la televisión pública y que, en todos los casos, las influencias de las rutinas profesionales y las organizativas resultaron ser más altas que las políticas, económicas o de los grupos de referencia. Se explica cómo el tipo y propiedad del medio están relacionados con las percepciones sobre la propia cultura profesional. Se sugiere seguir profundizando en modelos que puedan explicar en mayor medida las varianzas encontradas en los dos tipos de percepciones.
The scientific community has shown an increasing interest in exploring the practices and routines... more The scientific community has shown an increasing interest in exploring the practices and routines of journalists in different contexts (Hanitzsch et al., 2011). The trust journalists place in public institutions is a key variable to understand their professional culture (Hanitzsch & Berganza, 2012; Brants, de Vreese, Möller & van Praag, 2010; van Dalen, Albæk & de Vreese, 2011), as well as citizens’ interest and trust in politics (Cappella & Jamieson, 1997). The goal of this paper is to identify the level of trust of Spanish journalists in public institutions and to verify whether media type, regional scope and ownership influence these trust levels. As part of the “Worlds of Journalism Study”, an international research project, we surveyed a probabilistic sample (n=390) of Spanish journalists, stratified by media type and region, from March 2014 to May 2015. In comparison to the results of the last survey carried out by Hanitzsch & Berganza (2014), the findings of this study show a significant decrease in trust levels (specially towards politicians), probably as a consequence of the economic crisis. The analysis also revealed partial differences in journalists’ trust levels according to media type (TV, radio, printed press, online press, etc.), but showed homogeneous trust levels among journalists working for media with different geographical reach (regional, national) and ownership (public, private, etc.). It is necessary to further develop this line of research with explanatory models that allow delving into the origins of the distrust of Spanish journalists.
ABSTRACT In this article, we analyze political parties' campaign communication during the... more ABSTRACT In this article, we analyze political parties' campaign communication during the 2009 European Parliamentary election in 11 countries (Austria, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, The Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, and the UK). We study which types of issues Euroskeptic fringe and Euroskeptic mainstream parties put on their campaign agendas and the kind and extent of EU opposition they voice. Further, we seek to understand whether Euroskeptic and non-Euroskeptic parties co-orient themselves toward each other within their national party systems with regard to their campaigns. To understand the role of Euroskeptic parties in the 2009 European Parliamentary elections, we draw on a systematic content analysis of parties' posters and televised campaign spots. Our results show that it is Euroskeptic parties at the edges of the political spectrum who discuss polity questions of EU integration and who most openly criticize the union. Principled opposition against the project of EU integration, however, can only be observed in the UK. Finally, we find indicators for co-orientation effects regarding the tone of EU mobilization: In national political environments where Euroskeptic parties strongly criticize the EU, pro-European parties at the same time publicly advance pro-EU positions.
El presente estudio comprueba la teoría de la exposición selectiva durante las elecciones naciona... more El presente estudio comprueba la teoría de la exposición selectiva durante las elecciones nacionales españolas de 1996. Se analizan dos hipótesis principales. En la primera de ellas se exploran las relaciones entre el recuerdo de voto y el consumo de medios de difusión, es decir, la tendencia de los ciudadanos a preferir aquellos medios que son consonantes con su ideología y creencias políticas y a rechazar aquellos que perciben que son disonantes con ellas. La segunda hipótesis está dirigida a comprobar que los medios españoles poseen una agenda altamente politizada mediante un análisis de contenido de algunos periódicos nacionales (El País y El Mundo), locales (Diario de Navarra y Diario de Noticias) y dos cadenas de televisión (TVE1 y Antena 3). --- The present study tests the theory of selective exposure during 1996 national election campaign in Spain. Two main hypothesis are explored. The first one concerns the relationships between vote recall and media consumption, that is to...
Personal influence is extensively documented as a determinant of public opinion and political beh... more Personal influence is extensively documented as a determinant of public opinion and political behavior. In this paper, we examine how the unequal distribution and use of digital information and communication technologies (DICT) affects opinion leadership, and how the digital divide may determine the perpetuation of existing endogenous and exogenous social-political inequalities (within and across EU nations). Employing Eurobarometer cross-sectional data, we evidence how media information-seeking behaviors differ across national contexts, though levels of interpersonal political discussion and socio-psychological traits do not. We also demonstrate, according to opinion leadership theory, a significant variation in the characteristics of influentials determined by disparities in development, IT infrastructures, IT implementation opportunities, and usage of the DICT. Although opinion leaders are present at all social strata, being for the most part politically aware and socially active...
El estudio aporta datos sobre el papel que los teléfonos móviles juegan en la vida de los menores... more El estudio aporta datos sobre el papel que los teléfonos móviles juegan en la vida de los menores y cómo han modificado de manera significativa sus formas de relación y de comunicación grupal. El análisis fue realizado a partir de una encuesta entre 1.345 menores de entre 10 y 16 años, grupos de discusión con menores y padres y entrevistas con las principales operadoras de telefonía móvil.
Introduction There is a lack of systematic research on populism and populist political communicat... more Introduction There is a lack of systematic research on populism and populist political communication in Spain, consisting as it does of mainly descriptive and case study work. This state of research contrasts to the greater body of work carried out in the Latin American context. The absence of a developed corpus of theoretical and empirical research leads us to argue that caution should be exercised in assessing and classifying populism and populist communication in the Spanish context at this stage. However, the evidence that we have been able to collect from published research, survey data, media accounts, and interviews with political actors allows us to present what we hope is a useful review of the state of political populism scholarship regarding Spain.
Conocer lo social: estrategias, técnicas de construcción y análisis de datos, Chapter: 8, Publisher: Fragua, Editors: Antonio Lucas, Alejandro Noboa, pp.227-261, 2014
Political Communication in European Parliamentary elections, Publisher: Farnham, Ashgate, Editors: M. Maier, J. Strömbäck, L. L. Kaid, pp.161-174, 2011
A teoria de la informaçao, A era glacial do Jornalismo. Teorias soiais da imprensa, Publisher: Porto Alegre, Editora Sulina, Editors: Christa Berger, Beatriz Marocco, pp.15-32, 2008
Formación en igualdad de oportunidades II, Chapter: Las figuras de agente y de promotor/a de igualdad y sus funciones, Publisher: Editorial FOREM, pp. 43-84, 2008
Campaigning for Europe. Parties, Campaigns, Mass Media and the European Parliamentary Elections 2004, Publisher: Berlín, LIT Publishers, Editors: Michaela Maier, Jens Tenscher, pp.261-277, 2006
Investigar en comunicación: guía práctica de métodos y técnicas de investigación social en comunicación, Chapter: Metodología y uso estratégico de fuentes estadísticas y bases de datos de contenidos de medios, Publisher: McGraw-Hill, pp.77-111, 2005
A lo largo del presente capítulo recogeremos algunas de las fuentes estadísticas básicas que pued... more A lo largo del presente capítulo recogeremos algunas de las fuentes estadísticas básicas que pueden servir de base para trabajos de investigación que se realicen en el campo de la Comunicación. También llamaremos la atención sobre las posibilidades que ofrecen algunas bases de datos y otros sistemas de almacenamiento que recogen el contenido publicado o emitido por distintos medios de comunicación, tanto nacionales como internacionales. Estos sistemas facilitan enormemente el trabajo de campo cuando se desea analizar el contenido de los mensajes de los medios a través de técnicas como, por ejemplo, el análisis del discurso o en análisis de contenido.
Mujer publicada, mujer maltratada. Libro de estilo para informar en los medios de comunicación sobre la mujer, Chapter: Recomendaciones sobre el tratamiento de la violencia contra las mujeres en los medios de difusión, Publisher: Instituto Navarro de la Mujer, Gobierno de Navarra, 2003
L’Europa dell’euro e della guerra. La campagna elettorale 1999 in Italia e in sette paesi dell’Unione. . Edition: Roma, RAI, Editors: Rolando Marini, pp. 91-121, 2001
En este trabajo se analiza la cobertura otorgada por dos de las principales cadenas de televisión... more En este trabajo se analiza la cobertura otorgada por dos de las principales cadenas de televisión nacionales en sus telediarios de máxima audiencia (TVE1, 21h y Tele 5, 20.30h) y los tres diarios nacionales de información general más importantes (El País, El Mundo y ABC). En el caso de los telediarios se han estudiado todas las informaciones emitidas durante la última semana de campaña electoral de los comicios europeos de 2004. Para la prensa, el estudio abarca toda la campaña. Para el análisis se ha utilizado la técnica del análisis de contenido tanto cuantitativo como cualitativo.
Desde la década de los 70, el número de informaciones sobre la violencia contra las mujeres que h... more Desde la década de los 70, el número de informaciones sobre la violencia contra las mujeres que han aparecido en los medios de difusión ha ido aumentado de forma importante. En ello ha jugado un papel fundamental el creciente compromiso de los medios y la profesión periodística respecto al tema y también la labor de las asociaciones de mujeres, gracias a las cuales empezó a tener visibilidad pública el problema. Los medios han conseguido que este tema pase a ser considerado por la sociedad española como un tema importante. El tratamiento informativo ha mejorado sensiblemente si lo comparamos con el de pocos años atrás, pero todavía es susceptible de mejora.
Este trabajo presenta la evolución de los temas tratados por parte de los medios de comunicación ... more Este trabajo presenta la evolución de los temas tratados por parte de los medios de comunicación en la prensa diaria española entre 1995 y 2000. Se examinó una muestra aleatoria de 14.274 artículos publicados en las portadas de trece diarios nacionales y regionales de diferentes provincias españolas. Se utilizó la técnica de análisis de contenido con el fin de examinar las tendencias y la evolución de 188 temas, algunos de ellos considerados emergentes y otros, de menor interés mediático.
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This paper presents the evolution of media issues in Spanish daily press between 1995 and 2000. We examined a random sample of 14.274 news published in the front page of 13 national and regional representative newspapers of the different geographical regions of Spain. We used content analysis technique in order to examine the trends and evolution of 188 issues, some of them emergent ones and others of decreasing media interest.
Considero que los medios no representan adecuadamente a la mujer contemporánea y lo hacen de una ... more Considero que los medios no representan adecuadamente a la mujer contemporánea y lo hacen de una forma no intencionada, fruto de una ausencia de reflexión suficiente sobre el tema. En torno a cómo se representa a la mujer en los medios de difusión, algunos expertos y periodistas hablan del desconcierto que hay en la profesión periodística sobre las cuestiones de género. Por eso, son cada vez más los estudios que se realizan en España con el fin de hacer reflexionar a los y las profesionales de la información sobre el retrato de la mujer que ofrecen a la sociedad y también con el objetivo de sensibilizar a los ciudadanos acerca de las diferencias en el tratamiento periodístico de los dos sexos y que no proceden.
Most Spanish journalists have endured harsh working conditions for years, even when the economic ... more Most Spanish journalists have endured harsh working conditions for years, even when the economic situation was much better than today (Cantalapiedra, Coca & Bezunartea, 2000; Calvo, 2005; Caro & Jiménez, 2006). However, the global economic downturn, as well as the recession in the country, contributes to the present deteriorating work circumstances of Spanish journalists. For some time now, the media sector itself has also been suffering from structural crises. With the internet threatening the way the media business is conducted, journalists not only have to take on more and more diverse functions, they also face a lack of job security, wage cuts, layoff plans and the closure of media outlets – all to the detriment of traditional journalistic standards. The plight of Spanish journalists’ working conditions have in recent years been the topic of a number of research and other reports, for instance, the report of the Association of Journalists of Madrid (2013) deals broadly with the journalistic profession; Roses (2011) reports on journalists’ wage structure during the economic crisis; and a study conducted by the company Easypress (2013) reports on journalists’ opinions and expectations. However, the available data does not provide a comprehensive picture of the present-day working conditions of Spanish journalists. Neither does it differentiates between job categories and the type of media for which journalists work. The Worlds of Journalism Study (WJS) appears to offer a solid opportunity to obtain, through a random and representative sample of Spanish journalists (N=400), a much more detailed description of the working condition of the journalists. Our results include answers to questions such as job categories, time dedication, type of work contract, the need for other paid activities and monthly salaries. The responses to these questions will be compared to the data obtained in the WJS pilot study of 2007-2009, as well as with the Spanish studies
mentioned above. This paper also describes which methodological decisions the WJS Spanish team had to take in the selection of the sample of journalists to be surveyed in a country where an official register of journalists does not exist. We also distinguish between big and small media companies to explain better the conditions under which Spanish journalists work.
Se analizan las características sociodemográficas y su peso relativo en la brecha de género entre... more Se analizan las características sociodemográficas y su peso relativo en la brecha de género entre los/as periodistas españoles/ as. Para ello se realizó una encuesta nacional representativa a 390 periodistas dentro del estudio internacional “Worlds of journalism study”. Los resultados muestran que los patrones de desigualdad femenina más citados en la bibliografía científica (infrarrepresentación, barreras en la carrera profesional y salarios inferiores) prevalecen en las empresas de comunicación españolas. También confirman la hipótesis de las 3R (la ratio del Residuo Reforzado Recurrente): los hombres ocupan tres cuartas partes de los cargos de máxima responsabilidad gerencial y dos tercios de los puestos de toma de decisiones sobre contenidos, a pesar de que ellas poseen mayor formación académica y mayor nivel de estudios de capacitación en la práctica del periodismo. Ellas obtienen, además, salarios inferiores y tienden a ocupar cargos de mayor responsabilidad editorial en los medios digitales, donde se observan mayores avances hacia la igualdad.Abstract Sociodemographic features and their relative weight related to the gender gap between male and female journalists in Spain are analyzed. A national representative survey of 390 journalists was carried out as part of an international study “Worlds of journalism”. The results show that patterns of female inequality within Spanish media companies are routinely cited in scientific literature (underrepresentation, barriers in their professional careers, and lower salaries than men). The results also confirm the 3R hypothesis (ratio of Recurrent and Reinforced Residuum): men hold three quarters of the posts with managerial responsibility and make two thirds of the decisions related to content, in spite of the fact that female journalists have higher levels of academic education and are therefore better trained for journalistic practice. Women are also paid lower salaries and tend to hold positions with a higher editorial responsibility in digital media, where the greatest progress towards equality is shown.
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as. Para ello se realizó una encuesta nacional representativa a 390 periodistas dentro del estudio internacional “Worlds
of journalism study”. Los resultados muestran que los patrones de desigualdad femenina más citados en la bibliografía
científica (infrarrepresentación, barreras en la carrera profesional y salarios inferiores) prevalecen en las empresas de
comunicación españolas. También confirman la hipótesis de las 3R (la ratio del Residuo Reforzado Recurrente): los hombres
ocupan tres cuartas partes de los cargos de máxima responsabilidad gerencial y dos tercios de los puestos de toma de decisiones
sobre contenidos, a pesar de que ellas poseen mayor formación académica y mayor nivel de estudios de capacitación
en la práctica del periodismo. Ellas obtienen, además, salarios inferiores y tienden a ocupar cargos de mayor responsabilidad
editorial en los medios digitales, donde se observan mayores avances hacia la igualdad.
Spain are analyzed. A national representative survey of 390 journalists was carried out as part of an international study
“Worlds of journalism”. The results show that patterns of female inequality within Spanish media companies are routinely
cited in scientific literature (underrepresentation, barriers in their professional careers, and lower salaries than men). The
results also confirm the 3R hypothesis (ratio of Recurrent and Reinforced Residuum): men hold three quarters of the posts
with managerial responsibility and make two thirds of the decisions related to content, in spite of the fact that female
journalists have higher levels of academic education and are therefore better trained for journalistic practice. Women are
also paid lower salaries and tend to hold positions with a higher editorial responsibility in digital media, where the greatest
progress towards equality is shown.
as. Para ello se realizó una encuesta nacional representativa a 390 periodistas dentro del estudio internacional “Worlds
of journalism study”. Los resultados muestran que los patrones de desigualdad femenina más citados en la bibliografía
científica (infrarrepresentación, barreras en la carrera profesional y salarios inferiores) prevalecen en las empresas de
comunicación españolas. También confirman la hipótesis de las 3R (la ratio del Residuo Reforzado Recurrente): los hombres
ocupan tres cuartas partes de los cargos de máxima responsabilidad gerencial y dos tercios de los puestos de toma de decisiones
sobre contenidos, a pesar de que ellas poseen mayor formación académica y mayor nivel de estudios de capacitación
en la práctica del periodismo. Ellas obtienen, además, salarios inferiores y tienden a ocupar cargos de mayor responsabilidad
editorial en los medios digitales, donde se observan mayores avances hacia la igualdad.
Spain are analyzed. A national representative survey of 390 journalists was carried out as part of an international study
“Worlds of journalism”. The results show that patterns of female inequality within Spanish media companies are routinely
cited in scientific literature (underrepresentation, barriers in their professional careers, and lower salaries than men). The
results also confirm the 3R hypothesis (ratio of Recurrent and Reinforced Residuum): men hold three quarters of the posts
with managerial responsibility and make two thirds of the decisions related to content, in spite of the fact that female
journalists have higher levels of academic education and are therefore better trained for journalistic practice. Women are
also paid lower salaries and tend to hold positions with a higher editorial responsibility in digital media, where the greatest
progress towards equality is shown.
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This paper presents the evolution of media issues in Spanish daily press between 1995 and 2000. We examined a random sample of 14.274 news published in the front page of 13 national and regional representative newspapers of the different geographical regions of Spain. We used content analysis technique in order to examine the trends and evolution of 188 issues, some of them emergent ones and others of decreasing media interest.
mentioned above. This paper also describes which methodological decisions the WJS Spanish team had to take in the selection of the sample of journalists to be surveyed in a country where an official register of journalists does not exist. We also distinguish between big and small media companies to explain better the conditions under which Spanish journalists work.